This research was supported by the FP7 European Research Council Grant 281501, ENGVASC.

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

ההתקדמות בהנדסת רקמות כבר נפגשה עם דרישה גוברת לרקמות תחליף לבנייה מחדש של רקמות מסוגים שונים. מגוון של 14-16 חומרים סינטטיים 1,17,18 וביולוגיים, כמו גם שיטות ייצור כבר העריך ליכולתם כדי לטפל בדרישות אלה. עם זאת, למרות ההתקדמות בטיפול קליני ובהנדסת רקמות, השיקו...

פגמים בדופן בטן לעתים קרובות מתעוררים בעקבות טראומה קשה, טיפול בסרטן, כוויות וההסרה של רשת נגועה. פגמים אלה לעתים קרובות כרוכים באובדן רקמה משמעותי, הדורשים ניתוחים מסובכים והצגת אתגר גדול עבור מנתחים פלסטיים שחזור 1-4. חוקרי הנדסת רקמות מחפשים מקורות חדשים לרקמות מלאכותיות בחנו חומרים שונים, מקורות תא וגורמי גדילה. שחזורים מוצלחים של רקמות שונות, כגון 5,6 קנה הנשימה, שלפוחית ​​השתן 7, קרנית 8, 9 עצם ועור 10, על ידי השתלה של רקמות מהונדסות דווחו בעבר. עם זאת, ייצור של רקמה מהונדסת כלי דם עבה, במיוחד לשיקום של פגמים גדולים, עדיין מהוות אתגר משמעותי בהנדסת רקמות. אחד הגורמים העיקריים המגבילים את העובי של מבנה רקמת קיימא היא השליטה של ​​אספקת חמצן לחסרונות שלהתאי tituent. כאשר הסתמכות על דיפוזיה, לבנות עובי מוגבל לזה של שכבה דקה מאוד. המרחק המרבי בין החמצן ונימי אספקת מזין in vivo הוא כ 200 מיקרומטר, אשר בקורלציה עם מגבלת דיפוזיה של חמצן 11,12. כלי דם בלתי מספקים עלולים לגרום לאיסכמיה רקמות ולהסלים לספיגת רקמה או נמק 13. בנוסף, החומר האידיאלי המשמש לשחזור רקמות חייב להיות ביולוגית ולא-חיסוני. גם הוא חייב להיות מסוגל לקדם אינטגרציה נוספת של תאי מארח עם החומר הביולוגי, ושמירה על שלמות מבנית. 1,17,18 מטריצות ביולוגיות וסינתטיות שונות 14-16 נחקרו בעבר לשיקום רקמות, אך השימוש בם יישארו מוגבל בשל חוסר אספקת דם יעיל, זיהומים או כוח רקמה מספק. במחקר זה, תא-EMB ביולוגית,פיגום edded המורכב ממזון ותרופות אמריקאים (FDA) חומצת L-לקטית פולי -approved (PLLA) / פולי חומצה לקטית-שיתוף גליקולית (PLGA), הושתל סביב כלי עורק וריד הירך (AV) של עכבר בעירום ו נפרדו מהרקמה הסובבת, הבטחת כלי דם מכלי AV בלבד. שבוע לאחר ההשתלה, השתל היה קיימא, עבה וגם כלי דם. רקמת כלי דם עבה זה עם כלי AV, אז הועברה כדש pedicled לפגם בעובי מלא בבטן באותו העכבר. שבוע לאחר העברה-, הדש היה קיימא, כלי דם ומשולב היטב עם הרקמה הסובבת, נושאות חזקות מספיק כדי לתמוך הקרביים בטן. לפיכך, הדש המהונדס העבה, כלי דם ברקמה, הנושא pedicle אוטולוגית, מציג שיטה חדשנית לתיקון פגמים בדופן בטן בעובי מלא.

<table><tbody><tr><td>small fine straight scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td><td>14090-09</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>spring scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td><td>15003-08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>straight forceps with fine tip</td><td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td><td>11251-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>serrated forceps&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td><td>11050-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>needle holder</td><td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td><td>12500-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small vessel cauterizer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td><td>18000-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Duratears</td><td>Alcon</td><td>5686</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sedaxylan</td><td>Euravet</td><td>DJ03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Clorketam 1000</td><td>Vetoquinol</td><td>4A0726B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Buprenorphine</td><td>vetmarket</td><td>B15100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-0 silk sutures</td><td>Assut sutures</td><td>647</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6-0 polypropylene sutures</td><td>Assut sutures</td><td>9351F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>8-0 silk sutures</td><td>Assut sutures</td><td>684568</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insulin syringe (6 mm needle)</td><td>BD</td><td>324911</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vevo 2100 high-resolution ultrasound system</td><td>VisualSonics inc.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MS250 non-linear transducer</td><td>VisualSonics inc.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micromarker non-targeted contrast agent</td><td>VisualSonics inc.</td><td>VS-11694</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tail vein catheter</td><td>VisualSonics inc.</td><td>VS-11912</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vevo 2100 software</td><td>VisualSonics inc.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran</td><td>Sigma</td><td>FD500S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matlab</td><td>Mathworks, MA, USA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kimwipes</td><td>Kimtech</td><td>34120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>antigen unmasking solution</td><td>Vector laboratories</td><td>H-3300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-CD31 antibody</td><td>Abcam&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ab28364</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>biotinylated goat anti-rabbit (secondary) antibody</td><td>Vector laboratories</td><td>BA-1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>streptavidin-peroxidase</td><td>Jackson&amp;nbsp;</td><td>016-030-084</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mayer&#039;s hamatoxylin solution</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>MHS-16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>aminoethylcarbazole (AEC) substrate kit</td><td>Life technologies, Invitrogen&amp;nbsp;</td><td>00-2007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vectamount</td><td>Vector laboratories</td><td>H-5501</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

engineered vascularized muscle flap

One of the main factors limiting the thickness of a tissue construct and its consequential viability and applicability in vivo, is the control of oxygen supply to the cell microenvironment, as passive diffusion is limited to a very thin layer. Although various materials have been described to restore the integrity of full-thickness defects of the abdominal wall, no material has yet proved to be optimal, due to low graft vascularization, tissue rejection, infection, or inadequate mechanical properties. This protocol describes a means of engineering a fully vascularized flap, with a thickness relevant for muscle tissue reconstruction. Cell-embedded poly L-lactic acid/poly lactic-co-glycolic acid constructs are implanted around the mouse femoral artery and vein and maintained in vivo for a period of one or two weeks. The vascularized graft is then transferred as a flap towards a full thickness defect made in the abdomen. This technique replaces the need for autologous tissue sacrifications and may enable the use of in vitro engineered vascularized flaps in many surgical applications.

כלי דם שתל וזלוף in vivo השתלים הושתלו שבוע או שבועות עד להעברתם כדשים ציריות. בעת ובשבועות לאחר ההשתלה, תצפית ברוטו של אזור השתל גילתה שתלי רקמת קיימא וכלי דם. שתלים אלה הוכיחו את עצמו כלי דם מאוד, כפי שנקבעו על ידי immunostaining החיוב...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Engineered Vascularized Muscle Flap at JoVE.com

Engineered Vascularized Muscle Flap

To date, thick tissue defects are typically reconstructed by applying autologous tissue flaps or engineered tissues. In this protocol, we present a new method for engineering vascularized tissue flap bearing an autologous pedicle, to serve as a substitute to autologous flaps.

דש שריר כלי דם מהונדס

One of the main factors limiting the thickness of a tissue construct and its consequential viability and applicability in vivo, is the control of oxygen ...

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

8.2K Views.  Kaplan Medical Center. To date, thick tissue defects are typically reconstructed by applying autologous tissue flaps or engineered tissues. In this protocol, we present a new method for engineering vascularized tissue flap bearing an autologous pedicle, to serve as a substitute to autologous flaps. 

Video: Engineered Vascularized Muscle Flap

Generation and Grafting of Tissue-engineered Vessels in a Mouse Model

The construction of vascular conduits is a fundamental strategy for surgical repair of damaged and injured vessels resulting from cardiovascular diseases. The current protocol presents an efficient and reproducible strategy in which functional tissue engineered vessel grafts can be generated using partially induced pluripotent stem cell (PiPSC) from human fibroblasts. We designed a decellularized vessel scaffold bioreactor, which closely mimics the matrix protein structure and blood flow that exists within a native vessel, for seeding of PiPSC-endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells prior to grafting into mice. This approach was demonstrated to be advantageous because immune-deficient mice engrafted with the PiPSC-derived grafts presented with markedly increased survival rate 3 weeks after surgery. This protocol represents a valuable tool for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and potentially patient-specific cell-therapy in the near future.

Here, we present a protocol to generate tissue engineered vessel grafts that are functional for grafting into mice by double seeding partially induced pluripotent stem cell (PiPSC) - derived smooth muscle cells and PiPSC - derived endothelial cells on a decellularized vessel scaffold bioreactor.

דור והארכת כלי רקמות מהונדסות במודל עכבר

The construction of vascular conduits is a fundamental strategy for surgical repair of damaged and injured vessels resulting from cardiovascular diseases. ...

Engineered 3D Silk-collagen-based Model of Polarized Neural Tissue

Despite huge efforts to decipher the anatomy, composition and function of the brain, it remains the least understood organ of the human body. To gain a deeper comprehension of the neural system scientists aim to simplistically reconstruct the tissue by assembling it in vitro from basic building blocks using a tissue engineering approach. Our group developed a tissue-engineered silk and collagen-based 3D brain-like model resembling the white and gray matter of the cortex. The model consists of silk porous sponge, which is pre-seeded with rat brain-derived neurons, immersed in soft collagen matrix. Polarized neuronal outgrowth and network formation is observed with separate axonal and cell body localization. This compartmental architecture allows for the unique development of niches mimicking native neural tissue, thus enabling research on neuronal network assembly, axonal guidance, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and electrical functions.

Insight into the complex actions of the brain requires advanced research tools. Here we demonstrate a novel silk-collagen-based 3D engineered model of neural tissue resembling brain-like architecture. The model can be used to study neuronal network assembly, axonal guidance, cell-cell interactions and electrical activity.

דגם של רקמות עצביות מקוטב מבוסס משי-קולגן מהונדס 3D

Despite huge efforts to decipher the anatomy, composition and function of the brain, it remains the least understood organ of the human body. To gain a ...

Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber

In reconstructive surgery, there is a clinical need for an alternative to the current methods of autologous reconstruction which are complex, costly and trade one defect for another. Tissue engineering holds the promise to address this increasing demand. However, most tissue engineering strategies fail to generate stable and functional tissue substitutes because of poor vascularization. This paper focuses on an in vivo tissue engineering chamber model of intrinsic vascularization where a perfused artery and a vein either as an arteriovenous loop or a flow-through pedicle configuration is directed inside a protected hollow chamber. In this chamber-based system angiogenic sprouting occurs from the arteriovenous vessels and this system attracts ischemic and inflammatory driven endogenous cell migration which gradually fills the chamber space with fibro-vascular tissue. Exogenous cell/matrix implantation at the time of chamber construction enhances cell survival and determines specificity of the engineered tissues which develop. Our studies have shown that this chamber model can successfully generate different tissues such as fat, cardiac muscle, liver and others. However, modifications and refinements are required to ensure target tissue formation is consistent and reproducible. This article describes a standardized protocol for the fabrication of two different vascularized tissue engineering chamber models in vivo.

Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber

This is a guideline for constructing in vivo vascularized tissue using a microsurgical arteriovenous loop or a flow-through pedicle configuration inside a tissue engineering chamber. The vascularized tissues generated can be employed for organ regeneration and replacement of tissue defects, as well as for drug testing and disease modeling.

הנדסת רקמות ידי עצמותי כלי דם בתוך<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; הנדסת רקמות קאמרית

In reconstructive surgery, there is a clinical need for an alternative to the current methods of autologous reconstruction which are complex, costly and ...

Applications of In Vivo Functional Testing of the Rat Tibialis Anterior for Evaluating Tissue Engineered Skeletal Muscle Repair

Despite the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle, permanent functional and/or cosmetic deficits (e.g., volumetric muscle loss (VML) resulting from traumatic injury, disease and various congenital, genetic and acquired conditions are quite common. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine technologies have enormous potential to provide a therapeutic solution. However, utilization of biologically relevant animal models in combination with longitudinal assessments of pertinent functional measures are critical to the development of improved regenerative therapeutics for treatment of VML-like injuries. In that regard, a commercial muscle lever system can be used to measure length, tension, force and velocity parameters in skeletal muscle. We used this system, in conjunction with a high power, bi-phase stimulator, to measure in vivo force production in response to activation of the anterior crural compartment of the rat hindlimb. We have previously used this equipment to assess the functional impact of VML injury on the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, as well as the extent of functional recovery following treatment of the injured TA muscle with our tissue engineered muscle repair (TEMR) technology. For such studies, the left foot of an anaesthetized rat is securely anchored to a footplate linked to a servomotor, and the common peroneal nerve is stimulated by two percutaneous needle electrodes to elicit muscle contraction and dorsiflexion of the foot. The peroneal nerve stimulation-induced muscle contraction is measured over a range of stimulation frequencies (1-200 Hz), to ensure an eventual plateau in force production that allows for an accurate determination of peak tetanic force. In addition to evaluation of the extent of VML injury as well as the degree of functional recovery following treatment, this methodology can be easily applied to study diverse aspects of muscle physiology and pathophysiology. Such an approach should assist with the more rational development of improved therapeutics for muscle repair and regeneration.

Applications of In Vivo Functional Testing of the Rat Tibialis Anterior for Evaluating Tissue Engineered Skeletal Muscle Repair

We describe an in vivo protocol to measure dorsiflexion of the foot following stimulation of the peroneal nerve and contraction of the anterior crural compartment of the rat hindlimb. Such measurements are an indispensable translational tool for evaluating skeletal muscle pathology and tissue engineering approaches to muscle repair and regeneration.

יישומים של<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; בדיקות פונקציונליות של עכברוש השוקה הקדמי להערכת רקמות מהונדסות תיקון שרירי שלד

Despite the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle, permanent functional and/or cosmetic deficits (e.g., volumetric muscle loss (VML) resulting from ...

A Model of Free Tissue Transfer: The Rat Epigastric Free Flap

Free tissue transfer has been increasingly used in clinical practice since the 1970s, allowing reconstruction of complex and otherwise untreatable defects resulting from tumor extirpation, trauma, infections, malformations or burns. Free flaps are particularly useful for reconstructing highly complex anatomical regions, like those of the head and neck, the hand, the foot and the perineum. Moreover, basic and translational research in the area of free tissue transfer is of great clinical potential. Notwithstanding, surgical trainees and researchers are frequently deterred from using microsurgical models of tissue transfer, due to lack of information regarding the technical aspects involved in the operative procedures. The aim of this paper is to present the steps required to transfer a fasciocutaneous epigastric free flap to the neck in the rat.
This flap is based on the superficial epigastric artery and vein, which originates from and drain into the femoral artery and vein, respectively. On average the caliber of the superficial epigastric vein is 0.6 to 0.8 mm, contrasting with the 0.3 to 0.5 mm of the superficial epigastric artery. Histologically, the flap is a composite block of tissues, containing skin (epidermis and dermis), a layer of fat tissue (panniculus adiposus), a layer of striated muscle (panniculus carnosus), and a layer of loose areolar tissue.
Succinctly, the epigastric flap is raised on its pedicle vessels that are then anastomosed to the external jugular vein and to the carotid artery on the ventral surface of the rat's neck. According to our experience, this model guarantees the complete survival of approximately 70 to 80% of epigastric flaps transferred to the neck region. The flap can be evaluated whenever needed by visual inspection. Hence, the authors believe this is a good experimental model for microsurgical research and training.

This paper describes the steps required to raise a fasciocutaneous epigastric free flap and transfer it to the neck in the rat.

מודל של העברת רקמות חינם: דש עכברוש ברום הבטן חינם

Free tissue transfer has been increasingly used in clinical practice since the 1970s, allowing reconstruction of complex and otherwise untreatable defects ...

Medicine

A Reliable Porcine Fascio-Cutaneous Flap Model for Vascularized Composite Allografts Bioengineering Studies

Vascularized Composite Allografts (VCA) such as hand, face, or penile transplant represents the cutting-edge treatment for devastating skin defects, failed by the first steps of the reconstructive ladder. Despite promising aesthetic and functional outcomes, the main limiting factor remains the need for a drastically applied lifelong immunosuppression and its well-known medical risks, preventing broader indications. Therefore, lifting the immune barrier in VCA is essential to tip the ethical scale and improve patients&#39; quality of life using the most advanced surgical techniques. De novo creation of a patient-specific graft is the upcoming breakthrough in reconstructive transplantation. Using tissue engineering techniques, VCAs can be freed of donor cells and customized for the recipient through perfusion-decellularization-recellularization. To develop these new technologies, a large-scale animal VCA model is necessary. Hence, swine fascio-cutaneous flaps, composed of skin, fat, fascia, and vessels, represent an ideal model for preliminary studies in VCA. Nevertheless, most VCA models described in the literature include muscle and bone. This work reports&#160;a reliable and reproducible technique for saphenous fascio-cutaneous flap harvest in swine, a practical tool for various research fields, especially vascularized composite tissue engineering.

The present protocol describes the porcine fascio-cutaneous flap model and its potential use in vascularized composite tissue research.

מודל אמין של דש פאסיו-עורי חזירי למחקרי ביו-הנדסה של אלוגרפטים מרוכבים מרוכבים בכלי דם

Vascularized Composite Allografts (VCA) such as hand, face, or penile transplant represents the cutting-edge treatment for devastating skin defects, ...

Fabrication of Engineered Vascular Flaps Using 3D Printing Technologies

Engineering implantable, functional, thick tissues requires designing a hierarchical vascular network. 3D bioprinting is a technology used to create tissues by adding layer upon layer of printable biomaterials, termed bioinks, and cells in an orderly and automatic manner, which allows for creating highly intricate structures that traditional tissue engineering techniques cannot achieve. Thus, 3D bioprinting is an appealing in vitro approach to mimic the native vasculature complex structure, ranging from millimetric vessels to microvascular networks. 
Advances in 3D bioprinting in granular hydrogels enabled the high-resolution extrusion of low-viscosity extracellular matrix-based bioinks. This work presents a combined 3D bioprinting and sacrificial mold-based 3D printing approach for fabricating engineered vascularized tissue flaps. 3D bioprinting of endothelial and support cells using recombinant collagen-methacrylate bioink within a gelatin support bath is utilized for the fabrication of a self-assembled capillary network. This printed microvasculature is assembled around a mesoscale vessel-like porous scaffold, fabricated using a sacrificial 3D printed mold, and is seeded with endothelial cells. 
This assembly induces the endothelium of the mesoscale vessel to anastomose with the surrounding capillary network, establishing a hierarchical vascular network within an engineered tissue flap. The engineered flap is then directly implanted by surgical anastomosis to a rat femoral artery using a cuff technique. The described methods can be expanded for the fabrication of various vascularized tissue flaps for use in reconstruction surgery and vascularization studies.

Engineered flaps require an incorporated functional vascular network. In this protocol, we present a method of fabricating a 3D printed tissue flap containing a hierarchical vascular network and its direct microsurgical anastomoses to rat femoral artery.

ייצור דשים וסקולריים מהונדסים באמצעות טכנולוגיות הדפסה בתלת-ממד

Engineering implantable, functional, thick tissues requires designing a hierarchical vascular network. 3D bioprinting is a technology used to create ...

Procurement and Perfusion-Decellularization of Porcine Vascularized Flaps in a Customized Perfusion Bioreactor

Large volume soft tissue defects lead to functional deficits and can greatly impact the patient&#39;s quality of life. Although surgical reconstruction can be performed using autologous free flap transfer or vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA), such methods also have disadvantages. Issues such as donor site morbidity and tissue availability limit autologous free flap transfer, while immunosuppression is a significant limitation of VCA. Engineered tissues in reconstructive surgery using decellularization/recellularization methods represent a possible solution. Decellularized tissues are generated using methods that remove native cellular material while preserving the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM) microarchitecture. These acellular scaffolds can then be subsequently recellularized with recipient-specific cells.
This protocol details the procurement and decellularization methods used to achieve acellular scaffolds in a pig model. In addition, it also provides a description of the perfusion bioreactor design and setup. The flaps include the porcine omentum, tensor fascia lata, and the radial forearm. Decellularization is performed via ex vivo perfusion of low concentration sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) detergent followed by DNase enzyme treatment and peracetic acid sterilization in a customized perfusion bioreactor.
Successful tissue decellularization is characterized by a white-opaque appearance of flaps macroscopically. Acellular flaps show the absence of nuclei on histological staining and a significant reduction in DNA content. This protocol can be used efficiently to generate decellularized soft tissue scaffolds with preserved ECM and vascular microarchitecture. Such scaffolds can be used in subsequent recellularization studies and have the potential for clinical translation in reconstructive surgery.

The protocol describes the surgical procurement and subsequent decellularization of vascularized porcine flaps by the perfusion of sodium dodecyl sulfate detergent through the flap vasculature in a customized perfusion bioreactor.

רכש ופרפוזיה-דה-סלוליזציה של דשים וסקולריים חזיריים בביוריאקטור פרפוזיה מותאם אישית

Large volume soft tissue defects lead to functional deficits and can greatly impact the patient&#39;s quality of life. Although surgical reconstruction ...

Porcine As a Training Module for Head and Neck Microvascular Reconstruction

Live models that resemble surgical conditions of humans are needed for training free-flap harvesting and anastomosis. Animal models for training purposes have been available for years in many surgical fields. We used the female (because they are easy to handle for the procedure) Yorkshire pigs for the head and neck reconstruction by harvesting the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator or the superior epigastric artery perforator flap. The anastomosis site (neck skin defect or tracheal wall defect) was prepared via the dissection of the common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein, in which 3.5&#215; loupe magnification was used for anastomosis as we use on human cases in real life. This procedure demonstrates a new training method using a reliable learning model and provides a detailed anatomy in a live scenario. We focused on the ischemia time, harvesting, vessel anastomosis, and designing the flap to fit the defect site. This model improves tissue handling and with the use of proper instruments can be repeated many times so that the surgeon is fully confident before starting the surgery on humans.

Here we present a protocol for the use of the pig superior epigastric artery perforator flap as a learning module for head and neck microvascular reconstruction.

חזירי כמו מודול אימון עבור שחזור Microvascular הראש והצוואר

Live models that resemble surgical conditions of humans are needed for training free-flap harvesting and anastomosis. Animal models for training purposes ...

Modified Heterotopic Hindlimb Osteomyocutaneous Flap Model in the Rat for Translational Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Research

Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is a relatively new field in the reconstructive surgery. Clinical achievements in human VCA include hand and face transplants and, more recently, abdominal wall, uterus, and urogenital transplants. Functional outcomes have exceeded initial expectations, and most recipients enjoy an improved quality of life. However, as clinical experience accumulates, chronic rejection and complications from the immunosuppression must be addressed. In many cases where grafts have failed, the causative pathology has been ischemic vasculopathy. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 43, 49); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The biological mechanisms of the acute and chronic rejection associated with VCA, especially ischemic vasculopathy, are important areas of research. However, due to the very small number of VCA patients, the evaluation of proposed mechanisms is better addressed in an experimental model. Multiple groups have used animal models to address some of the relevant unsolved questions in VCA rejection and vasculopathy. Several model designs involving a variety of species are described in the literature. Here we present a reproducible model of VCA heterotopic hindlimb osteomyocutaneous flap in the rat that can be utilized for translational VCA research. This model allows for the serial evaluation of the graft, including biopsies and different imaging modalities, while maintaining a low level of morbidity.

Vascularized composite allograft offers life-altering benefits to transplant recipients, but the biological causes of graft rejection and vasculopathy remain poorly understood. The rodent surgical model presented here offers a reproducible, clinically relevant model of transplantation, allowing researchers to evaluate rejection events and potential therapeutic strategies to prevent their occurrence.

שונה הטרולנושא הגפיים האוסטאופהעורית מודל החולדה על השתלת ואסימטיקה מורכבת מחקר האלוגרפט

Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is a relatively new field in the reconstructive surgery. Clinical achievements in human VCA include hand ...

דש שריר כלי דם מהונדס

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