26.22 : 影响呼吸中枢的其他因素

The human body responds to various stimuli to regulate the breathing rate via receptors present in respiratory organs.

Physical and chemical irritants in the larynx and pharynx trigger an abrupt halt in breathing, swiftly followed by either a cough or a sneeze.

Overinflation of the lungs activates stretch receptors in the bronchi and bronchioles, beginning the Hering-Breuer reflex that stops inhalation and initiates exhalation.

An increase in body temperature during fever or exercise increases the breathing rate, while a decrease in temperature causes a slowdown.

A sudden cold stimulus can also cause a temporary pause in breathing or apnea.

Factors like prolonged somatic pain increase breathing rate, whereas visceral pain can slow down breathing by acting through the hypothalamus and limbic system.

Although breathing is regulated involuntarily, individuals can also consciously control their breathing rate through higher centers in the brain.

During such voluntary control, the cerebral motor cortex communicates with motor neurons, activating respiratory muscles and effectively circumventing the medullary centers.