Name: straightforward assay for quantification of social avoidance in drosophila melanogaster
Uploaded: 2014-12-13T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 8 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

We thank Rachelle Kanippayoor for her help in identifying the new wild-type strain as being of the melanogaster species. R.W.F, O.F. and A.F.S were responsible for research design; R.W.F, M.N. and O.F. performed the experiments. R.W.F, M.N., O.F. and A.F.S. analyzed the data; R.W.F., I.S.M. and A.F.S. wrote the manuscript. 
This work was supported by PSC-CUNY research awards, jointly funded by The Professional Staff Congress and The City University of New York to A.F.S.; by internal funding from Western University to A.F.S. and I.S.M.; by a training support from the National Alliance for Hispanic Health&#8217;s Alliance/Merck Ciencia (Science) Hispanic Scholars Program and a University Fellowship from the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences to R.W.F.

1. Ekipman ve In-house düzenlendi Reaktifler (Diğerleri için Malzeme Listesi) <ol><li> Sinek işi gerçekleştirmek için bir Drosophila soğuk anestezi cihazı hazırlayın. <ol><li> Küçük bir plastik kutu (10.2 cm genişliğinde, 12.7 cm uzunluğunda), bir pipet uçları kutusunun tipik üst kapağını (3.8 cm derinliğinde, 10.2 cm genişliğinde, 12.7 cm uzunluğunda) kapsayacak şekilde bir gözenekli polietilen levha kesti. </li><li> Ezilmiş buz ile doldurun kutu, gözenekli polietilen levha ile kaplayın. </li></ol></li><li> T-labirent aparatı hazırlayın; Daha önce ayrıntıları 28-31 açıklanan aparatların adapte olur. </li><li> 32 anlatıldığı gibi bir sinek aspiratör hazırlayın. </li><li> Ve deney şişeleri dışarı stres olmadan sinekler yerinden bir Phototaxis tepki cihazı hazırlayın: <ol><li> 29,33 tarafından tarif edildiği gibi, bir karşı cihazı kullanın. </li></ol></li></ol> NOT: 28 tarafından tarif edildiği gibi T-labirent da başka amaçlar için de kullanılabilir. <ol start="5"><li> Hom olunogeneous aydınlatma koşulları: beyaz tezgah örtüsü ile kaplı bir bankta deney gerçekleştirmek ve bir beyaz tahta önünde. NOT: Bu deneyler için kullanılan sinek suşları Drosophila vahşi türleri melanogaster vardı: Kanton-S, Oregon ve Semerkant laboratuvar stokları 34 uçar; Elwood sinekler Long Island, New York, ABD tarihinde, Huntington Elwood Mahallesi&#39;nde Güz 2011 yılında toplanmıştır. </li></ol> 2. Deney öncesi Sinekler hazırlanması Deney yapmadan önce 1-2 gün: <ol><li> 12 saat ışık / karanlık döngüsü 25 ° C&#39;de standart mısır unu-agar-pekmez-maya ortamda sinekler koruyun. </li><li> Deney yapmadan 1-2 gün önce soğuk anestezi altında cevap sinekler toplayın <ol><li> Bir huni kullanılarak, 50 ml Falcon tüpleri içine yükseltilmiş edildiği şişe sinekler aktarın. </li><li> Bir içine buz seviyesinin altında sinekler şahin tüp yerleştirinyalıtılmış buz kovası. </li><li> En -4 ° C soğuk ° ezilmiş buz ile soğuk anestezi cihazı yerleştirin. </li><li> Sinekler chill komaya girmek için 5 dakika bekleyin. </li><li> Soğuk anestezi cihazının gözenekli polietilen levha üzerine sinekler aktarın. </li><li> Soğuk anestezi cihazında cevap sinekleri toplayın. Oda sıcaklığında, bir stereo mikroskop altında, dişi sinekler 3-7 gün eski erkek ayırmak ve 40 kişilik gruplar halinde bu sinekler korumak. </li></ol></li><li> Deney yapmadan 1-2 gün önce yayıcı sinekleri toplayın. <ol><li> Yavaşça Kanton-S karma kendi numarasını kontrol, bir ağız aspiratörü kullanarak, kendi şişe uçar toplamak. </li><li> Bunlar yayıcılar olacak, 60-100 grubunda bu sinekler koruyun. </li><li> Veri noktaları gerektiği gibi yayıcılar gibi birçok örnekleri hazırlayın. </li></ol></li><li> Soğuk anestezi herhangi karıştırıcı etkisini en aza indirmek için, yanıt ve vericilerin toplandıktan sonra iyileşme en az bir gece izin verdavranış ve ağız aspiratörü koleksiyonu. </li><li> En az 1 gün önce deney, taze hava ile değiştirilmesi çanta bayat plastik kokulu hava sağlamak için, deney şişeleri çanta açın. </li></ol> Deney yapmadan önce 2 saat: <ol start="6"><li> Hatta hafif olan, deney yapıldığı odanın sıcaklığı yaklaşık 23-25 ​​° C olduğundan emin olun, ve% 30 üzerinde nem. </li><li> Bu sinekler hasret değil emin olmak için taze gıda şişeleri içine müdahale ve yayıcılar meyve sinekleri aktarın. </li><li> Meyve sinekleri deney yapılacaktır hangi bankta, 2 saat boyunca çevreye uyum edelim. </li></ol> 3. Sosyal Kaçınma Deneme Sahne <ol><li> Zeitgeber zaman ZT5 ve ZT9 arasında öğleden sonra 3-4 saatlik bir aralıkta, günün aynı zamanda her bir deney yapın. </li><li> Vurma pedi T-labirent yerleştirin ve t böylece vida klibi sıkınO asansör kararlı. </li><li> Taze bir test şişenin içine cevap sinekler aktarın. T-labirent üst kısmına cevap sinekleri içeren bu şişeyi çekin. </li><li> T-labirent aparatı eğik ve meyve sinekleri asansörde düşmek böylece vurma mat üzerine dokunun. </li><li> Sinekler T-labirent üst ve alt kısmı arasında bu yüzden aşağı asansörün üst kısmını taşımak, ancak seçim noktasının üzerinde asansör tutmak için dikkat - kaçmasını sinekleri önlemek için. </li><li> DSO (önceden sinekler tarafından işgal edildi DSO-serbest şişeleri üretmek için bakınız Bölüm 5) ile şişeleri alın. <ol><li> Cevap sinekler bu yeni ortama uyum iken, bir test flakon yayıcı sinekler yerleştirin. </li><li> Meyve sinekleri kaçış yok bu yüzden şişeyi kapatın pamuk bir parça yerleştirin. </li><li> 15 sn için vorteks 5 saniye vorteks gelen flakon kaldırmak: Mekanik aşağıdaki gibi bir mini girdap bu flakon çalkalayın. 55 saniyelik bir toplam 3 kez tekrarlayın. </li><li> RemBir gıda şişe içinde aktarılarak - - taze şişeden dışarı yayıcı sinekleri ove ve hızlı bir şekilde T-labirent tertibatının iki yüzünden birinin içine bu DSO dolu şişe yerleştirin. </li><li> Her yeni dönemde DSO dolu şişenin için yerleştirme tarafını alternatif. </li></ol></li><li> T-labirent diğer tarafında temiz bir test şişe yerleştirin. </li><li> Meyve sinekleri, taze bir test şişeye ve DSO test flakon arasındaki seçti, böylece tamamen asansör getir, ve Sayacı başlatmak. </li><li> Aksi belirtilmediği sürece, sinekler, 1 dakika boyunca, taze şişe DSO şişe arasında seçim olsun. </li><li> 1 dakika sonra, taze flakon, DSO flakon ve asansörde sıkışmış olanlar sinekler ayırmak için asansör yukarı taşımak. </li><li> Her flakon sinek sayısını ve asansörde. </li><li> Her genotip / koşul için bu işlemi tekrarlayın. </li></ol> 4. Sosyal Kaçınma Veri Analizi <ol><li> Her Genot için her flakon meyve sinekleri sayısınıype ve bir elektronik veri aktarmak. </li><li> Bir elektronik tablo programı kullanarak, sineklerin toplam sayısına bölünmesi ardından DSO-serbest şişe içinde sinekler sayısından DSO şişe içinde sinekler sayısını çıkartarak, ve her genotip için Performans Endeksi (PI) hesaplayın. </li><li> Sonuçların analizi için istatistiksel analiz yazılımı kullanılarak pis &#39;anlamına gelir karşılaştırın. <ol><li> İdeal olarak, her bir deney için, 2-3 iç tekrarlar ve 3 bağımsız tekrarlar hazırlamak, farklı şişe, farklı günlerde yapılan ya da 30 geçer. </li><li> Veriler normal dağılıma takip gibi, Gauss dağılımı istatistiksel testler kullanın. </li><li> Bir etkisi sınarken (yani, yoğunluk - Şekil 2), bir kontrol için her sonucu karşılaştırmak için (kolon sütun) çoklu karşılaştırma için post-testi, veya basit bir t-testi ile, bir tek-yönlü ANOVA kullanın. </li><li> Grup deneyleri yapıldığında, koşulları ve cinsiyetleri (boş şişeleri hem test vurguladı bird un-vurguladı sinekler; ve cinsiyet etkisi - Şekil 1), iki yönlü ANOVA kullanılmıştır. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. Daha önce gerilmemiş Sinekler tarafından işgal küçük şişeler oluşturun - yerine 3,5-3,6 arasında gerçekleştirin <ol><li> Bir kontrol olarak, stresli değil sinekler tarafından işgal şişeleri hazırlamak için phototaxis kullanın. </li><li> Ters konumda taze boş şişeleri ile, bir test flakon sinekler aktarın ve karşı akımlı aparatı oturtun. </li><li> Doğrudan 15 W floresan soğuk-beyaz ışığın önünde uzak şişeye yatay cihazı Lay ve siyah bir bezle örtün. </li><li> Sinekler hafifçe taze flakon hareket edelim. Bu işlem birkaç dakika sürebilir. Sineklerin en uzak flakon ışığa doğru yürüyorlar sonra, 1 dakika için Sayacı başlatmak. </li><li> Yavaşça, ışığın konumunu değiştirmek, siyah bez kaldırmak siyah bezle kurtarmak ve sinekler testi flakon bırakmak için izin. </li><li> O zaman, ben3,2-3,5 gibi seçim deneyi nitiate. 3.6 ve 3.7 yap. </li><li> Diğer taraftan deney şişesini boşalan sinekler ayırmak için, cihazın kaydırıcıyı hareket ettirin. </li><li> Hemen seçim deney için, 3.7 gibi T-labirent boşalan deney şişesini kullanın. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Fry, S. N., Rohrseitz, N., Straw, A. D., Dickinson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TrackFly:+virtual+reality+for+a+behavioral+system+analysis+in+free-flying+fruit+flies.">TrackFly: virtual reality for a behavioral system analysis in free-flying fruit flies.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 171, 110-117 (2008).</li><li>Slawson, J. B., Kim, E. Z., Griffith, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+video+tracking+of+locomotion+in+adult+Drosophila+melanogaster.">High-resolution video tracking of locomotion in adult Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Vis Exp. 24, 1096 (2009).</li><li>Dankert, H., Wang, L., Hoopfer, E. D., Anderson, D. J., Perona, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+monitoring+and+analysis+of+social+behavior+in+Drosophila.">Automated monitoring and analysis of social behavior in Drosophila.</a> Nat Methods. 6, 297-303 (2009).</li><li>Branson, K., Robie, A. A., Bender, J., Perona, P., Dickinson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+ethomics+in+large+groups+of+Drosophila.">High-throughput ethomics in large groups of Drosophila.</a> Nat Methods. 6, 451-457 (2009).</li><li>Simon, J. C., Dickinson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+chamber+for+studying+the+behavior+of+Drosophila.">A new chamber for studying the behavior of Drosophila.</a> PLoS One. 5, 8793 (2010).</li><li>Wang, L., Dankert, H., Perona, P., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inaugural+Article:+A+common+genetic+target+for+environmental+and+heritable+influences+on+aggressiveness.">Inaugural Article: A common genetic target for environmental and heritable influences on aggressiveness.</a> in Drosophila. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105, 5657-5663 (2008).</li><li>Schneider, J., Dickinson, M. H., Levine, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+structures+depend+on+innate+determinants+and+chemosensory+processing+in+Drosophila.">Social structures depend on innate determinants and chemosensory processing in Drosophila.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2, 17174-17179 (2012).</li><li>Miyamoto, T., Amrein, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+male+courtship+by+a+Drosophila+pheromone+receptor.">Suppression of male courtship by a Drosophila pheromone receptor.</a> Nat Neurosci. 11, 874-876 (2008).</li><li>Villella, A., Hall, J. C., Jeffrey, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+3+Neurogenetics+of+Courtship+and+Mating+in+Drosophila.+.">Chapter 3 Neurogenetics of Courtship and Mating in Drosophila. .</a> Advances in Genetics. 62, 67-184 (2008).</li><li>Ejima, A., Griffith, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Courtship+Initiation+Is+Stimulated+by+Acoustic+Signals+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Courtship Initiation Is Stimulated by Acoustic Signals in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> PLoS ONE. 3, 3246 (2008).</li><li>Mery, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Public+Versus+Personal+Information+for+Mate+Copying+in+an+Invertebrate.">Public Versus Personal Information for Mate Copying in an Invertebrate.</a> Current Biology. 19, 730-734 (2009).</li><li>Montell, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+taste+of+the+Drosophila+gustatory+receptors.">A taste of the Drosophila gustatory receptors.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 19, 345-353 (2009).</li><li>Billeter, J. -. C., Atallah, J., Krupp, J. J., Millar, J. G., Levine, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specialized+cells+tag+sexual+and+species+identity+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Specialized cells tag sexual and species identity in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Nature. 461, 987-991 (2009).</li><li>Krupp, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+experience+modifies+pheromone+expression+and+mating+behavior+in+male+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Social experience modifies pheromone expression and mating behavior in male Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Curr Biol. 18, 1373-1383 (2008).</li><li>Kent, C., Azanchi, R., Smith, B., Formosa, A., Levine, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+context+influences+chemical+communication+in+D.+melanogaster+males.">Social context influences chemical communication in D. melanogaster males.</a> Curr Biol. 18, 1384-1389 (2008).</li><li>Levine, J. D., Funes, P., Dowse, H. B., Hall, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resetting+the+Circadian+Clock+by+Social+Experience+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Resetting the Circadian Clock by Social Experience in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Science. 298, 2010-2012 (2002).</li><li>Ganguly-Fitzgerald, I., Donlea, J., Shaw, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Waking+Experience+Affects+Sleep+Need+in+Drosophila.">Waking Experience Affects Sleep Need in Drosophila.</a> Science. 313, 1775-1781 (2006).</li><li>Billeter, J. -. C., Levine, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Who+is+he+and+what+is+he+to+you?+Recognition+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Who is he and what is he to you? Recognition in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 23, 17-23 (2013).</li><li>Suh, G. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+population+of+olfactory+sensory+neurons+mediates+an+innate+avoidance+behaviour+in+Drosophila.">A single population of olfactory sensory neurons mediates an innate avoidance behaviour in Drosophila.</a> Nature. 431, 854-859 (2004).</li><li>Bonini, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Tribute+to+Seymour+Benzer+1921-2007.">A Tribute to Seymour Benzer 1921-2007.</a> 180, 1265-1273 (2008).</li><li>Castermans, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neurobeachin+gene+is+disrupted+by+a+translocation+in+a+patient+with+idiopathic+autism.">The neurobeachin gene is disrupted by a translocation in a patient with idiopathic autism.</a> Journal of Medical Genetics. 40, 352-356 (2003).</li><li>Medrihan, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurobeachin,+a+protein+implicated+in+membrane+protein+traffic+and+autism,+is+required+for+the+formation+and+functioning+of+central+synapses.">Neurobeachin, a protein implicated in membrane protein traffic and autism, is required for the formation and functioning of central synapses.</a> J Physiol. 587, 5095-5106 (2009).</li><li>Simon, A. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+assay+to+study+social+behavior+in+Drosophila:+measurement+of+social+space+within+a+group.">A simple assay to study social behavior in Drosophila: measurement of social space within a group.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 11, 243-252 (2012).</li><li>Venkatesh, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Meeting: From Molecules to Circuit Behavior. , (2013).</li><li>Hamilton, P. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=De+novo+mutation+in+the+dopamine+transporter+gene+associates+dopamine+dysfunction+with+autism+spectrum+disorder.">De novo mutation in the dopamine transporter gene associates dopamine dysfunction with autism spectrum disorder.</a> Mol Psychiatry. 18, 1315-1323 (2013).</li><li>Gadow, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+of+dopamine+gene+variants,+emotion+dysregulation+and+ADHD+in+autism+spectrum+disorder.">Association of dopamine gene variants, emotion dysregulation and ADHD in autism spectrum disorder.</a> Research in Developmental Disabilities. 35, 1658-1665 (2014).</li><li>Fernandez, R. W., Akinleye, A. A., Nurilov, M., Rouzyi, Z., Simon, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> , (2014).</li><li>Ali, Y. O., Escala, W., Ruan, K., Zhai, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assaying+Locomotor,+Learning,+and+Memory+Deficits+in+Drosophila+Models+of+Neurodegeneration.">Assaying Locomotor, Learning, and Memory Deficits in Drosophila Models of Neurodegeneration.</a> J Vis Exp. , 2504 (2011).</li><li>Connolly, J. B., Tully, T., Roberts, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila: A Practical Approach. 1, 265-317 (1998).</li><li>Tully, T., Quinn, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classical-conditioning+and+retention+in+normal+and+mutant+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Classical-conditioning and retention in normal and mutant Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Comp Physiol [A]. 157, 263-277 (1985).</li><li>Krashes, M. J., Waddell, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+Aversive+Olfactory+Conditioning.">Drosophila Aversive Olfactory Conditioning.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2011, (2011).</li><li>Ejima, A., Griffith, L. C., Zhang, B., Freeman, M. R., Waddell, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+30.">Ch. 30.</a> Drosophila Neurobiology, A Laboratory Manual. , 475-481 (2010).</li><li>Benzer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+mutants+of+Drosophila+melanogaster+isolated+by+countercurrent+distribution.">Behavioral mutants of Drosophila melanogaster isolated by countercurrent distribution.</a> PNAS. 58, 1112-1119 (1967).</li><li>Simon, A. F., Shih, C., Mack, A., Benzer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Steroid+control+of+longevity+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Steroid control of longevity in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Science. 299, 1407-1410 (2003).</li><li>Vaux, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Research+methods:+Know+when+your+numbers+are+significant.">Research methods: Know when your numbers are significant.</a> Nature. 492, 180-181 (2012).</li><li>Stowers, L., Logan, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sexual+dimorphism+in+olfactory+signaling.">Sexual dimorphism in olfactory signaling.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 20, 770-775 (2010).</li><li>Simon, A. F., Liang, D. T., Krantz, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+decline+in+behavioral+performance+of+Drosophila+melanogaster+with+age.">Differential decline in behavioral performance of Drosophila melanogaster with age.</a> Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. , 127-647 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Bu protokol, sosyal kaçınma tahlil için ayrıntılı bir yordam açıklanır. Kanton-S sadece daha önce mekanik olmuştur vurguladı var uçar hangi bir şişe önlemek ve yanıt verenlerin seks ve sayı sosyal kaçınma performansı olduğunu etkilemez. Ancak, yanıt genetik arka önemli bir etkisi vardır. Bu denemeyi başarılı gerçekleştirmek için pek çok kritik adımlar şunlardır: 1) her zaman deneyden önce Sinekler 2 saat aktarmak ve çevrelerini rahatsız değil emin olun;...

Bu yöntemin amacı kolayca kur ve saldırganlık bağımsız Drosophila melanogaster basit sosyal davranış, yeni bir yönünü ölçmek için. Sosyal etkileşimler doğru gelişme ve sağlık bireylerin toplum içinde, hem de bir bütün olarak bir toplumsal grubun işlevselliğine önemlidir. Bu etkileşimlerin yüksek karmaşıklığı büyük örnek boyutları ve sosyal davranış genetik ve nöral temelleri hala tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır gibi davranış basitleştirilmesi sağlayan bir sistem gerektirir. Drosophila melanogaster genetik tanımlamak için kullanılabilecek güçlü bir genetik model ve Sosyal etkileşim nöral temelleri. Gerçekten de, D. melanogaster karmaşık sosyal davranışların bir repertuara sahiptir ve sosyalleşme bazı direkt ölçümler zaten 1-7 yapılmıştır. Ancak bu çabaların çoğu gibi saldırganlığı gibi oldukça karmaşık sosyal davranışlar üzerinde odaklanmıştırsive etkileşimler 3,6, kur 3,8-12 çeşitli yönleri ve nasıl sosyal bir deneyim gibi öğrenme, ya da sirkadiyen ritim 13-17 gibi diğer davranışları etkiler. Buna ek olarak, bu deneylerin çoğuna sineklerin gruplarının karmaşık etkileşimi örüntüye verilerin elde edilen bolluk analiz video izleme ve bilgisayar yazılımı kullanılarak dayanır. Bu tür analizler çok değerli ve bu gruplarda 7 sinek sinek etkileşimlerinin dinamik olarak önemli yeni anlayışlar yol. Bir sınırlama, ancak, geniş topluma bu analizlerin erişilememesi, ve diğerleri tanınmasını altında yatan mekanizmaların sınırlı bilgidir. Başka bir deyişle, bir birey ve bir başka tarafından tanınması bir sinyalin emisyon temeli hala tam olarak 18 anlaşılmaktadır. D.: Buna karşılık, aynı zamanda basit bir davranış, bireylerin stresli sinekler tarafından yayılan bir sinyal uzaklaşmaya sosyal kaçınma, sergiler sineklerin melanStres Odorant veya DSO 19 ogaster. Bir yüksek verimli bir deney, bu davranış, diğer sinekler veya kaçınma 19 tarafından yayılan bir gerilim sinyalinin önlenmesi olarak belirlenebilir. Sinekler T-labirent aparatı yerleştirilmiş ve DSO içeren bir şişe önlemek için seçim verilir. Bu deneme kullanılarak, CO2 2 19 kesitlere ayrılmıştır CO yanıt için gerekli nöral DSO bileşeni, ve bir parçası olduğu gösterilmiştir. Burada sunulan sosyal kaçınma tahlil karmaşık davranışları 20 incelemek için araştırmacıların nesiller etkin Seymour BENZER laboratuvarında geliştirilen basit davranış deneyleri kavramsal benzer. Kaçınma analizi maliyet etkin sosyal davranışlarının daha yaygın çalışma için izin T-labirent tahlili kullanılarak gerçekleştirilebilir. Örneğin, bu deneyde kullanılan son zamanlarda ortaya otizm, farklı genetik riski sosyal b zıt etkilere sahip olduğuehavior deneyler. 21,22 neurobeachin - - otizm için bir aday gen için mutantlar mevcut eksiklikler hem sosyal alanda (başka yerde 23 tarif) ve sosyal kaçınma 24. Anormal dopaminerjik sinyal de insanlarda 25,26 otizm etiyolojisinde rol oynadığı ileri sürülmektedir. Neurobeachin ile elde edilen sonuçların aksine, artmış ya da dopaminerjik hücrelerin Drosophila veziküler Monoamin Taşıyıcı (VMAT) düzeylerini azaltırken sosyal alanı ile doğrudan VMAT 27 bu seviyelere ilişkili, ancak kaçınma performansı, etkilenmemiş olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. neurobeachin ve VMAT ile elde edilen zıt sonuçlar böylece çeşitli asosyal davranış biçimlerini ve başkalarına yanıt modüle farklı altta yatan nöral devreler belirlenmesi olasılığını altını çiziyor.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Stereo Zoom Microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nikon&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SMZ-645</td><td>Any other standard scope for fly handling would work</td></tr><tr><td>Small paint brushes&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>for pushing flies</td></tr><tr><td>Porous Polyethylene, 12&quot; x 12&quot; Sheet</td><td>Flystuff - Genesee</td><td>46-100</td><td>http://www.flystuff.com/ProductInfo.php?productID=46-100&lt;br/&gt; Porous Plastic sheet for the cold anesthesia box</td></tr><tr><td>Mini-Alarm Timer/Stopwatch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sharpie pens</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive Tape</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mini vortex</td><td>Fisher</td><td>14-955-151&amp;nbsp;</td><td>http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/itemdetail&lt;br/&gt; For mechanical agitation of the flies - any vortex would work.</td></tr><tr><td>Corning Life Sciences DL No.:352017, Falcon test tube; round bottom; disposable; no closure, 14 ml; 17 x 100 mm</td><td>Fisher</td><td>14-959-8 &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/itemdetail?storeId=10652&amp;amp;langId=-1&amp;amp;catalogId=29104&amp;amp;productId=2771811&amp;amp;distype=0&amp;amp;highlightProductsItemsFlag=Y&amp;amp;fromSearch=1&amp;amp;searchType=PROD&amp;amp;hasPromo=0&lt;br/&gt; These snap in place in the in-house made T-maze and counter-current apparatus (see text)</td></tr><tr><td>cotton balls</td><td></td><td></td><td>to close the vials after the experiment.</td></tr><tr><td>trifold board and white bench cover</td><td></td><td></td><td>to provide a white background, and a homogeneous light.</td></tr><tr><td>white bench cover</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pounding pad</td><td></td><td></td><td>any mouse pad works.</td></tr><tr><td>large black cloth</td><td></td><td></td><td>to cover the counter-current apparatus in phototaxis response.</td></tr><tr><td>cool-white light&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>1000516563</td><td>http://www.homedepot.ca/product/illume-26-fluorescent-plug-in-linear/911423&lt;br/&gt; any similar linear light with fluorescent light bulb cool-white at 13-15 W would work</td></tr></tbody></table>

straightforward assay for quantification of social avoidance in drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by stressed conspecifics due to an odorant released during stress known as the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO). Through the use of the T-maze apparatus, one can quantify the avoidance of the dSO by responder flies in a very affordable and robust assay. Conditions necessary to obtain a strong performance are presented here. A stressful experience is necessary for the flies to emit dSO, as well as enough emitter flies to cause a robust avoidance response to the presence of dSO. Genetic background, but not their group size, strongly altered the avoidance of the dSO by the responder flies. Canton-S and Elwood display a higher performance in avoiding the dSO than Oregon and Samarkand strains. This behavioral assay will allow identification of mechanisms underlying this social behavior, and the assessment of the influence of genes and environmental conditions on both emission and avoidance of the dSO. Such an assay can be included in batteries of simple diagnostic tests used to identify social deficiencies of mutants or environmental conditions of interest.

sosyal kaçınma tahlil diğer sinekler tarafından yayılan bir stres sinyali tanımak için Drosophila melanogaster yeteneğini (DSO) ölçülmesi ve böylece sosyal etkileşimlerin bir yönünü değerlendiren sağlam bir testtir. Deney genellikle iki farklı seçenek arasında bir seçim ile sinekler mevcut T-labirent olarak bilinen çeşitli davranış deneylerinde kullanılan bir aygıt kullanılarak gerçekleştirilir - sola veya sağa 19,28-31. Bu durumda, sinekler DSO önlemek hangi verimlil...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

Sosyal Kaçınma Niceleme için Basit Testi<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

straightforward-assay-for-quantification-social-avoidance-drosophila

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

11.2K Görüntüleme.  Yale University. Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

Video: Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Assaying Locomotor, Learning, and Memory Deficits in Drosophila Models of Neurodegeneration

Advances in genetic methods have enabled the study of genes involved in human neurodegenerative diseases using Drosophila as a model system1. Most of these diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease are characterized by age-dependent deterioration in learning and memory functions and movement coordination2. Here we use behavioral assays, including the negative geotaxis assay3 and the aversive phototaxic suppression assay (APS assay)4,5, to show that some of the behavior characteristics associated with human neurodegeneration can be recapitulated in flies. In the negative geotaxis assay, the natural tendency of flies to move against gravity when agitated is utilized to study genes or conditions that may hinder locomotor capacities. In the APS assay, the learning and memory functions are tested in positively-phototactic flies trained to associate light with aversive bitter taste and hence avoid this otherwise natural tendency to move toward light. Testing these trained flies 6 hours post-training is used to assess memory functions. Using these assays, the contribution of any genetic or environmental factors toward developing neurodegeneration can be easily studied in flies.

Assaying Locomotor, Learning, and Memory Deficits in Drosophila Models of Neurodegeneration

Behavior assays for measuring locomotor functions, learning, and memory abilities in Drosophila.

Assaying Lokomotor, Öğrenme ve Hafıza Açıkları. Drosophila Nörodejenerasyon, modeller

Advances in genetic methods have enabled the study of genes involved in human neurodegenerative diseases using Drosophila as a model system1. Most of ...

Nörobilim

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and various neurological diseases1. We have optimized simple and robust behavioral assays for determining larval locomotion, adult climbing ability (RING assay), and courtship behaviors of Drosophila. These behavioral assays are widely applicable for studying the role of genetic and environmental factors on fly behavior. Larval crawling ability can be reliably used for determining early stage changes in the crawling abilities of Drosophila larvae and also for examining effect of drugs or human disease genes (in transgenic flies) on their locomotion. The larval crawling assay becomes more applicable if expression or abolition of a gene causes lethality in pupal or adult stages, as these flies do not survive to adulthood where they otherwise could be assessed. This basic assay can also be used in conjunction with bright light or stress to examine additional behavioral responses in Drosophila larvae. Courtship behavior has been widely used to investigate genetic basis of sexual behavior, and can also be used to examine activity and coordination, as well as learning and memory. Drosophila courtship behavior involves the exchange of various sensory stimuli including visual, auditory, and chemosensory signals between males and females that lead to a complex series of well characterized motor behaviors culminating in successful copulation. Traditional adult climbing assays (negative geotaxis) are tedious, labor intensive, and time consuming, with significant variation between different trials2-4. The rapid iterative negative geotaxis (RING) assay5 has many advantages over more widely employed protocols, providing a reproducible, sensitive, and high throughput approach to quantify adult locomotor and negative geotaxis behaviors. In the RING assay, several genotypes or drug treatments can be tested simultaneously using large number of animals, with the high-throughput approach making it more amenable for screening experiments.

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster is a genetically and behaviorally tractable model system that has been used to understand the molecular and cellular basis of many important biological processes for over a century 1. Drosophila has been well exploited to gain insights into the genetic basis of fly behavior.

Test için Yöntemler Drosophila Davranış

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular ...

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In a light-tight box illuminated by red light that is invisible to fruit flies, a camera linked to custom data acquisition software monitors the position of six flies simultaneously. Each fly is confined to walk in individual arenas containing a food odor at the center. The testing arenas rest on a porous floor that functions to prevent odor accumulation. Latency to locate the odor source, a metric that reflects olfactory sensitivity under different physiological states, is determined by software analysis. Here, we discuss the critical mechanics of running this behavioral paradigm and cover specific issues regarding fly loading, odor contamination, assay temperature, data quality, and statistical analysis.

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

Toplayıcılık Davranış için Tek-sinek Deneyi<em&gt; Drosophila</em

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video ...

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

This protocol describes a new paradigm for analyzing aversive associative learning in adult flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The paradigm is analogous to passive avoidance behavior in laboratory rodents in which animals learn to avoid a compartment where they have previously received an electric shock. The assay takes advantage of negative geotaxis in flies, which manifests as an urge to climb up when they are placed on a vertical surface. The setup consists of vertically oriented upper and lower compartments. On the first trial, a fly is placed into a lower compartment from where it usually exits&#160;within 3-15 s, and steps into the upper compartment where it receives an electric shock. During the second trial, 24 h later, the latency is significantly increased. At the same time, the number of shocks is decreased compared to the first trial, indicating that flies formed long-term memory about the upper compartment. The recordings of latencies and number of shocks could be performed with a tally counter and a stopwatch or with an Arduino-based simple device. To illustrate how the assay can be used, the passive avoidance behavior of D. melanogaster and D. simulans male and female were characterized here. Comparison of latencies and number of shocks revealed that both D. melanogaster and D. simulans flies efficiently learned the passive avoidance behavior. No statistical differences were observed between male and female flies. However, males were a little faster while entering the upper compartment on the first trial, while females received a slightly higher number of shocks in every retention trial. The Western diet (WD) significantly impaired learning and memory in male flies while flight exercise counterbalanced this effect. Taken together, the passive avoidance behavior in flies offers a simple and reproducible assay that could be used for studying basic mechanisms of learning and memory.

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

This work describes a simple behavioral paradigm that allows the analysis of aversive associative learning in adult fruit flies. The method is based on suppressing the innate negative geotaxis behavior due to the association formed between a specific environmental context and an electric shock.

Drosophila İlişkisel Aversive Öğrenmeyi İncelemek İçin Yeni Bir Paradigma Olarak Pasif Kaçınma Davranışı

This protocol describes a new paradigm for analyzing aversive associative learning in adult flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The paradigm is analogous to ...

Davranış

A Simple Technique to Assay Locomotor Activity in Drosophila

Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model organism for studying various diseases due to its abundance of advanced genetic manipulation techniques and diverse behavioral features. Identifying behavioral deficiency in animal models is a crucial measure of disease severity, for example, in neurodegenerative diseases where patients often experience impairments in motor function. However, with the availability of various systems to track and assess motor deficits in fly models, such as drug-treated or transgenic individuals, an economical and user-friendly system for precise evaluation from multiple angles is still lacking. A method based on the AnimalTracker application programming interface (API) is developed here, which is compatible with the Fiji image processing program, to systematically evaluate the movement activities of both adult and larval individuals from recorded video, thus allowing for the analysis of their tracking behavior. This method requires only a high-definition camera and a computer peripheral hardware integration to record and analyze behavior, making it an affordable and effective approach for screening fly models with transgenic or environmental behavioral deficiencies. Examples of behavioral tests using pharmacologically treated flies are given to show how the techniques can detect behavioral changes in both adult flies and larvae in a highly repeatable manner.

A Simple Technique to Assay Locomotor Activity in Drosophila

The present protocol assesses the locomotor activity of Drosophila by tracking and analyzing the movement of flies in a hand-made arena using open-source software Fiji, compatible with plugins to segment pixels of each frame based on high-definition video recording to calculate parameters of speed, distance, etc.

Drosophila'da Lokomotor Aktiviteyi Test Etmek İçin Basit Bir Teknik

Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model organism for studying various diseases due to its abundance of advanced genetic manipulation techniques and ...

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a straightforward manner. As we previously demonstrated 1, in a two-dimensional chamber, we first force the flies to form a tight group, subsequently allowing them to take their preferred distance from each other. After the flies have settled, we measure the distance to the closest neighbor (or social space), processing a static picture with free online software (ImageJ). The analysis of the distance to the closest neighbor allows researchers to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors on social interaction, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Diverse factors such as climbing ability, time of day, sex, and number of flies, can modify social spacing of flies. We thus propose a series of experimental controls to mitigate these confounding effects. This assay can be used for at least two purposes. First, researchers can determine how their favorite environmental shift (such as isolation, temperature, stress or toxins) will impact social spacing 1,2. Second, researchers can dissect the genetic and neural underpinnings of this basic form of social behavior 1,3. Specifically, we used it as a diagnostic tool to study the role of orthologous genes thought to be involved in social behavior in other organisms, such as candidate genes for autism in humans 4.

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The effect of genes and environment on social space of Drosophila melanogaster can be quantified through a powerful but straightforward analytical paradigm. We show here different factors that can affect this social space, and thus need to be taken into consideration when designing experiments in this paradigm.

Sosyal Space Etkileyen Koşullar<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a ...

High Throughput Assay to Examine Egg-Laying Preferences of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

Recently, egg-laying preference of Drosophila has emerged as a genetically tractable model to study the neural basis of simple decision-making processes. When selecting sites to deposit their eggs, female flies are capable of ranking the relative attractiveness of their options and choosing the &#34;greater of two goods.&#34; However, most egg-laying preference assays are not practical if one wants to take a systematic genetic screening approach to search for the circuit basis underlying this simple decision-making process, as they are population-based and laborious to set up. To increase the throughput of studying of egg-laying preferences of single females, we developed custom chambers that each can simultaneously assay egg-laying preferences of up to thirty individual flies as well as a protocol that ensures each female has a high egg-laying rate (so that their preference is readily discernable and more convincing). Our approach is simple to execute and produces very consistent results. Additionally, these chambers can be equipped with different attachments to allow video recording the egg-laying animals and to deliver light for optogenetics studies. This article provides the blueprints for fabricating these chambers and the procedure for preparing the flies to be assayed in these chambers.

High Throughput Assay to Examine Egg-Laying Preferences of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

This protocol describes a high throughput assay for testing egg-laying preferences of Drosophila melanogaster at single-animal resolution. This assay provides a simple, efficient, and scalable platform to identify genes and circuit components that control a simple decision-making process.

Yüksek Verimli Testi Bireyin Yumurta Yumurtlayan Tercihler incelemek için<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Recently, egg-laying preference of Drosophila has emerged as a genetically tractable model to study the neural basis of simple decision-making processes. ...

Drosophila Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunun Genetik ve Davranışsal Özelliklerine İlişkin Modeller

Paradigms for Behavioral Assessment in Drosophila Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders with common behavioral symptoms including deficits in social interaction and ability for communication, enhanced restricted or repetitive behaviors, and also, in some cases, learning disability and motor deficit. Drosophila has served as an unparalleled model organism for modeling a great number of human diseases. As many genes have been implicated in ASD, fruit flies have emerged as a powerful and efficient way to test the genes putatively involved with the disorder. As hundreds of genes, with varied functional roles, are implicated in ASD, a single genetic fly model of ASD is unfeasible; instead, individual genetic mutants, gene knockdowns, or overexpression-based studies of the fly homologs of ASD-associated genes are the common means for gaining insight regarding molecular pathways underlying these gene products. A host of behavioral techniques are available in Drosophila which provide easy readout of deficits in specific behavioral components. Social space assay and aggression and courtship assays in flies have been shown to be useful in assessing defects in social interaction or communication. Grooming behavior in flies is an excellent readout of repetitive behavior. Habituation assay is used in flies to estimate the ability for habituation learning, which is found to be affected in some ASD patients. A combination of these behavioral paradigms can be utilized to make a thorough assessment of the human ASD-like disease state in flies. Using Fmr1 mutant flies, recapitulating Fragile-X syndrome in humans, and POGZ-homolog row knockdown in fly neurons, we have shown quantifiable deficits in social spacing, aggression, courtship behavior, grooming behavior, and habituation. These behavioral paradigms are demonstrated here in their simplest and straightforward forms with an assumption that it would facilitate their widespread use for research on ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders in fly models.

Yazar Spotlight: Meyve Sineklerinde Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Belirtilerini Keşfetmek — Genetik Modeller ve Davranışsal Testler

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with impaired social and communicative behavior and the emergence of repetitive behavior. For studying the interrelation between ASD genes and behavioral deficits in the Drosophila model, five behavioral paradigms are described in this paper for assaying social spacing, aggression, courtship, grooming, and habituation behavior.

Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunun Drosophila Modelinde Davranışsal Değerlendirme Paradigmaları

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders with common behavioral symptoms including deficits in ...

Sosyal Kaçınma Niceleme için Basit Testi

Özet

Daha Fazla Video Keşfet

Bu videodaki bölümler

Assaying Lokomotor, Öğrenme ve Hafıza Açıkları. Drosophila Nörodejenerasyon, modeller

Test için Yöntemler Drosophila Davranış

Toplayıcılık Davranış için Tek-sinek Deneyi

Drosophila İlişkisel Aversive Öğrenmeyi İncelemek İçin Yeni Bir Paradigma Olarak Pasif Kaçınma Davranışı

Drosophila'da Lokomotor Aktiviteyi Test Etmek İçin Basit Bir Teknik

Sosyal Space Etkileyen Koşullar

Yüksek Verimli Testi Bireyin Yumurta Yumurtlayan Tercihler incelemek için

Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunun Drosophila Modelinde Davranışsal Değerlendirme Paradigmaları

Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunun Drosophila Modelinde Davranışsal Değerlendirme Paradigmaları

Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunun Drosophila Modelinde Davranışsal Değerlendirme Paradigmaları