We thank Rachelle Kanippayoor for her help in identifying the new wild-type strain as being of the melanogaster species. R.W.F, O.F. and A.F.S were responsible for research design; R.W.F, M.N. and O.F. performed the experiments. R.W.F, M.N., O.F. and A.F.S. analyzed the data; R.W.F., I.S.M. and A.F.S. wrote the manuscript. 
This work was supported by PSC-CUNY research awards, jointly funded by The Professional Staff Congress and The City University of New York to A.F.S.; by internal funding from Western University to A.F.S. and I.S.M.; by a training support from the National Alliance for Hispanic Health&#8217;s Alliance/Merck Ciencia (Science) Hispanic Scholars Program and a University Fellowship from the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences to R.W.F.

1.设备和试剂创造了内部（见材料清单等） <ol><li>准备果蝇冷麻醉机进行飞行工作。 <ol><li>切的多孔聚乙烯片以覆盖一个小塑料盒（12.7厘米长，10.2厘米宽），一个移液管尖端盒子通常顶盖（12.7厘米长，10.2厘米宽，3.8厘米深）。 </li><li>装满碎冰的箱子，盖上多孔聚乙烯片材。 </li></ol></li><li>准备一个T-迷宫器具;适应先前在细节28-31所描述的装置。 </li><li>准备描述32苍蝇吸引。 </li><li>准备趋光反应装置取代苍蝇进出测试小瓶无压力: <ol><li>使用逆流装置中，所描述的29,33。 </li></ol></li></ol>注:T迷宫也可用于其它目的，如所描述的28。 <ol start="5"><li>确保坎ogeneous照明条件:执行上覆盖有白色长椅罩长凳的实验中，并在一个白色板的前面。 注:对于这些实验，所用的飞株果蝇野生类型:广-S，俄勒冈州和撒马尔罕航班从我们的实验室库存34;埃尔伍德苍蝇被收集在2011年秋季在亨廷顿的埃尔伍德附近，长岛，纽约，美国。 </li></ol> 2.准备蝇实验前在进行实验前1-2天: <ol><li>保持苍蝇标准玉米面琼脂-糖蜜酵母培养基中于25℃在12小时光照/黑暗周期。 </li><li>收集响应苍蝇在冷麻醉前1-2天进行实验<ol><li>从它们已经提出入50ml Falcon管，用漏斗将瓶子转移苍蝇。 </li><li>将猎鹰管冰下一级苍蝇，成保温冰桶。 </li><li>将冷麻醉设备用在-4℃，寒意碎冰。 </li><li>等待5分钟，苍蝇进入寒意昏迷。 </li><li>转移苍蝇到冷麻醉装置的多孔聚乙烯片材。 </li><li>收集响应苍蝇在冰冷的麻醉设备。在室温下，体视显微镜，分离3-7日龄的男性从女性的苍蝇，在40组维持这些苍蝇。 </li></ol></li><li>收集发射苍蝇1-2天前进行的实验。 <ol><li>轻轻地收集广-S混合性苍蝇从他们的瓶子，用口吸气，控制了他们的号码。 </li><li>在组的60-100维持这些苍蝇，因为它们将是发射器。 </li><li>根据需要，数据点准备发射的许多样本。 </li></ol></li><li>允许恢复至少一晚集合反应和发射器后，以减少冷麻醉任何混杂效应和对行为的嘴吸集合。 </li><li>开放测试瓶的袋子，以允许陈旧的塑料气味的空气袋被新鲜空气取代，实验至少1天前。 </li></ol> 2小时进行实验前: <ol start="6"><li>确保在将实验进行房间内的温度是大约23-25​​℃，甚至光，湿度30％以上。 </li><li>转移反应和发射果蝇到新鲜食品小瓶，以确保这些苍蝇不饿死。 </li><li>让果蝇适应环境2小时，在该实验将进行在板凳上。 </li></ol> 3.执行的社交回避实验<ol><li>在Zeitgeber时间ZT5和ZT9之间下午进行每个实验在一天的同一时间，在范围3-4小时的。 </li><li>广场上的冲击垫的T-迷宫，并拧紧螺丝夹因此T他的电梯是稳定的。 </li><li>传送应答苍蝇到一个新的测试瓶。管理单元该小瓶含有响应苍蝇到T迷宫的顶部。 </li><li>倾斜的T-迷宫设备和挖掘它的冲击垫使果蝇倒在了电梯。 </li><li>移动电梯的顶部向下所以苍蝇是T型迷宫的顶部和底部部分之间的，但要注意，以保持上述的选择点的电梯 - 防止苍蝇逸出。 </li><li>获得小瓶DSO（见第5生成以前由苍蝇占领DSO-免费瓶）。 <ol><li>而响应苍蝇正在适应这个新的环境中，将发射器苍蝇在测试小瓶。 </li><li>将一块棉花的收小瓶使果蝇不要逃避。 </li><li>机械搅动此小瓶上的小型涡旋如下:涡流15秒，从涡流取出小瓶，持续5秒。重复3次，总共55秒。 </li><li>雷姆奥雅纳发射苍蝇出新鲜小瓶 - 通过在食品小瓶转移 - 和快速地将本DSO填充小瓶插入T迷宫装置的两个侧面中的一个。 </li><li>交替放置一边在每个新运行的DSO填补小瓶。 </li></ol></li><li>放置一个新鲜的测试小瓶在T迷宫的另一侧。 </li><li>把电梯完全放下，让果蝇可以新鲜的测试瓶和小瓶测试与DSO之间选择，并开始计时。 </li><li>让我们，新鲜瓶和小瓶DSO之间的苍蝇选择，1分钟，除非另有说明。 </li><li> 1分钟后，将电梯向上分开苍蝇在新鲜小瓶中，小瓶DSO，和那些被困在电梯。 </li><li>算在每个小瓶蝇的数目，并在电梯。 </li><li>重复此为每个基因型/条件。 </li></ol> 4.分析了社交回避数据<ol><li>算在每个小瓶的每个热诺果蝇数YPE，并且将数据传输到电子表格。 </li><li>使用电子表格程序，通过减去苍蝇在DSO小瓶的数量从果蝇中DSO无小瓶的数量，再由蝇的总数除以计算出的性能指数（PI）为每个基因型。 </li><li>通过比较统计分析软件对结果的分析督察"的意思。 <ol><li>理想情况下，预备2-3内部重复每个实验，和3个独立的重复序列，在不同的日子进行的，用不同的瓶子或跨越30。 </li><li>使用高斯分布的统计测试，作为数据遵循正态分布。 </li><li>当测试一个效果（ 即 ，密度- 图2），使用单向方差分析，具有检测后对多重比较（逐列），或简单t检验每个结果比较的对照。 </li><li>当组实验中进行，同时测试条件和性别（空药瓶，强调了ð未强调苍蝇;和性别的影响- 图1），使用两因素ANOVA。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.生成瓶由非重读苍蝇此前占用 - 执行取而代之3.5〜3.6 <ol><li>使用的趋光性，制备由苍蝇，但没有强调占用小瓶，作为对照。 </li><li>转让苍蝇在测试瓶中，并卡入逆流装置，在相反的位置，新鲜的空药瓶。 </li><li>与远端瓶直接在一个15瓦荧光灯冷白光前水平奠定了设备，并盖上黑布。 </li><li>让苍蝇在新鲜小瓶轻轻移动。这可能需要几分钟的时间。一旦大多数苍蝇的行走朝向远端小瓶的光，启动计时器，持续1分钟。 </li><li>轻轻取出黑色布，开关的光的位置，恢复与黑色布，并且允许苍蝇离开测试小瓶中。 </li><li>在那个时候，我nitiate选择实验在3.2至3.5。跳过3.6和3.7。 </li><li>移动装置的滑动件，该腾空从另一侧的测试小瓶苍蝇分离。 </li><li>使用在T型迷宫的测试腾空小瓶马上供选择的实验，如3.7。 </li></ol>

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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+decline+in+behavioral+performance+of+Drosophila+melanogaster+with+age.">Differential decline in behavioral performance of Drosophila melanogaster with age.</a> Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. , 127-647 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

本协议描述为社会避免检测的详细过程。广-S只会避免在飞行以前一直强调机械小瓶和应答者的性别和数量不影响社交回避的性能。然而，反应的遗传背景有重要的影响。 以下是几个关键的步骤成功完成这个实验:1）实验前总是转移苍蝇2小时，并确保不影响他们的环境; 2）在一天的同一时间进行的实验总是理想地之间Zeitgeber时间光的发病后ZT5（小时）和ZT9减少的变化表现挂钩...

该方法的目标是很容易量化的果蝇简单的社会行为，独立于求偶和侵略一个新的方面。 社会互动是至关重要的内一个社会的正常发育和健康个体，以及一个社会群体作为一个整体的功能。这些相互作用的高复杂性就必须大的样本大小和一个系统，它允许为行为简化为社会行为的遗传和神经基础仍然知之甚少。 果蝇是可用于识别基因的有力的遗传模型，并社会互动的神经基础。事实上，D.果蝇有复杂的社会行为剧目和社会化的一些直接测量已经完成1-7。不过，这些努力都集中在相对复杂的社会行为，如aggres西伯相互作用3,6，求爱3,8-12的各个方面，以及如何社会经验影响其他行为，如学习，或昼夜节律13-17。此外，许多这些测定依赖于分析蝇基的复杂的交互模式，利用视频跟踪和计算机软件来分析得到的数据的丰度。这样的分析是非常宝贵的，并导致重要的新见解，如在组7苍蝇飞相互作用的动态。一个限制，但是，这些检测到社会大众的交通不便，和基本认同他人的机制的了解有限。换句话说，信号由一个单独的和其识别由另一个发射的基础仍然知之甚少18。 相比之下，苍蝇也表现出一个简单的行为，社交回避，使个人从强调苍蝇发出的信号搬开:该D.黑素ogaster应力加臭剂或DSO 19。在高通量测定法中，此行为可以量化为避免由其他蝇，或社交回避19射出的应力的信号。苍蝇被放置在一个T型迷宫装置和给予的选择，以避免含有DSO的小瓶。使用此测定，CO 2被证明是在DSO的组分必要响应为CO 2解剖19所述的神经电路，和一部分。 这里介绍的社交回避法类似概念在西摩·本泽的实验室开发的简单行为检测的启用几代科研人员解剖复杂的行为20。社交回避的分析，可以进行低成本地使用T型迷宫测定中，允许社会行为的更广泛的研究。例如，使用这种测定法，我们最近证明了孤独症不同的遗传风险在社会B对比效果ehavior检测。突变的候选基因自闭症- neurobeachin 21,22 -目前存在的缺陷无论是在社会空间（23别处描述）和社交回避24。异常的多巴胺信号也提出了自闭症在人类25,26的病因中发挥作用。与此相反，以与neurobeachin所获得的结果，我们发现，社交回避表现是不受增加或多巴胺能细胞减少果蝇囊泡单胺转运（VMAT）的水平，尽管社会空间直接相关，这些水平VMAT 27。与neurobeachin和VMAT得到的对比结果强调了识别各种形式的反社会行为，并且因此不同的底层神经电路系统调节响应于他人的可能性。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Stereo Zoom Microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nikon&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SMZ-645</td><td>Any other standard scope for fly handling would work</td></tr><tr><td>Small paint brushes&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>for pushing flies</td></tr><tr><td>Porous Polyethylene, 12&quot; x 12&quot; Sheet</td><td>Flystuff - Genesee</td><td>46-100</td><td>http://www.flystuff.com/ProductInfo.php?productID=46-100&lt;br/&gt; Porous Plastic sheet for the cold anesthesia box</td></tr><tr><td>Mini-Alarm Timer/Stopwatch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sharpie pens</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive Tape</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mini vortex</td><td>Fisher</td><td>14-955-151&amp;nbsp;</td><td>http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/itemdetail&lt;br/&gt; For mechanical agitation of the flies - any vortex would work.</td></tr><tr><td>Corning Life Sciences DL No.:352017, Falcon test tube; round bottom; disposable; no closure, 14 ml; 17 x 100 mm</td><td>Fisher</td><td>14-959-8 &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/itemdetail?storeId=10652&amp;amp;langId=-1&amp;amp;catalogId=29104&amp;amp;productId=2771811&amp;amp;distype=0&amp;amp;highlightProductsItemsFlag=Y&amp;amp;fromSearch=1&amp;amp;searchType=PROD&amp;amp;hasPromo=0&lt;br/&gt; These snap in place in the in-house made T-maze and counter-current apparatus (see text)</td></tr><tr><td>cotton balls</td><td></td><td></td><td>to close the vials after the experiment.</td></tr><tr><td>trifold board and white bench cover</td><td></td><td></td><td>to provide a white background, and a homogeneous light.</td></tr><tr><td>white bench cover</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pounding pad</td><td></td><td></td><td>any mouse pad works.</td></tr><tr><td>large black cloth</td><td></td><td></td><td>to cover the counter-current apparatus in phototaxis response.</td></tr><tr><td>cool-white light&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>1000516563</td><td>http://www.homedepot.ca/product/illume-26-fluorescent-plug-in-linear/911423&lt;br/&gt; any similar linear light with fluorescent light bulb cool-white at 13-15 W would work</td></tr></tbody></table>

straightforward assay for quantification of social avoidance in drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by stressed conspecifics due to an odorant released during stress known as the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO). Through the use of the T-maze apparatus, one can quantify the avoidance of the dSO by responder flies in a very affordable and robust assay. Conditions necessary to obtain a strong performance are presented here. A stressful experience is necessary for the flies to emit dSO, as well as enough emitter flies to cause a robust avoidance response to the presence of dSO. Genetic background, but not their group size, strongly altered the avoidance of the dSO by the responder flies. Canton-S and Elwood display a higher performance in avoiding the dSO than Oregon and Samarkand strains. This behavioral assay will allow identification of mechanisms underlying this social behavior, and the assessment of the influence of genes and environmental conditions on both emission and avoidance of the dSO. Such an assay can be included in batteries of simple diagnostic tests used to identify social deficiencies of mutants or environmental conditions of interest.

社交回避试验是一个强大的测试定量果蝇识别一个应力信号（DSO）被其他蝇发射的能力，并因此评估社会互动的一个方面。使用已知作为T迷宫，其具有两个不同的选项之间进行选择呈现苍蝇各种行为测定常用的装置进行测定-左或右19,28-31。在这种情况下，效率在该苍蝇避免DSO是通过计算和比较它们的性能指数（PI）的定量。零P​​I表示50-50分布或没有回避，而100 PI表明，所有的苍?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

简单的检测方法的社交回避的量化<em&gt;果蝇</em

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

straightforward-assay-for-quantification-social-avoidance-drosophila

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

11.2K 次观看.  Yale University. Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

视频: Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Assaying Locomotor, Learning, and Memory Deficits in Drosophila Models of Neurodegeneration

Advances in genetic methods have enabled the study of genes involved in human neurodegenerative diseases using Drosophila as a model system1. Most of these diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease are characterized by age-dependent deterioration in learning and memory functions and movement coordination2. Here we use behavioral assays, including the negative geotaxis assay3 and the aversive phototaxic suppression assay (APS assay)4,5, to show that some of the behavior characteristics associated with human neurodegeneration can be recapitulated in flies. In the negative geotaxis assay, the natural tendency of flies to move against gravity when agitated is utilized to study genes or conditions that may hinder locomotor capacities. In the APS assay, the learning and memory functions are tested in positively-phototactic flies trained to associate light with aversive bitter taste and hence avoid this otherwise natural tendency to move toward light. Testing these trained flies 6 hours post-training is used to assess memory functions. Using these assays, the contribution of any genetic or environmental factors toward developing neurodegeneration can be easily studied in flies.

Assaying Locomotor, Learning, and Memory Deficits in Drosophila Models of Neurodegeneration

Behavior assays for measuring locomotor functions, learning, and memory abilities in Drosophila.

含量的运动能力，学习和记忆的赤字果蝇</em神经退行性疾病>模型

Advances in genetic methods have enabled the study of genes involved in human neurodegenerative diseases using Drosophila as a model system1. Most of ...

科研

神经科学

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and various neurological diseases1. We have optimized simple and robust behavioral assays for determining larval locomotion, adult climbing ability (RING assay), and courtship behaviors of Drosophila. These behavioral assays are widely applicable for studying the role of genetic and environmental factors on fly behavior. Larval crawling ability can be reliably used for determining early stage changes in the crawling abilities of Drosophila larvae and also for examining effect of drugs or human disease genes (in transgenic flies) on their locomotion. The larval crawling assay becomes more applicable if expression or abolition of a gene causes lethality in pupal or adult stages, as these flies do not survive to adulthood where they otherwise could be assessed. This basic assay can also be used in conjunction with bright light or stress to examine additional behavioral responses in Drosophila larvae. Courtship behavior has been widely used to investigate genetic basis of sexual behavior, and can also be used to examine activity and coordination, as well as learning and memory. Drosophila courtship behavior involves the exchange of various sensory stimuli including visual, auditory, and chemosensory signals between males and females that lead to a complex series of well characterized motor behaviors culminating in successful copulation. Traditional adult climbing assays (negative geotaxis) are tedious, labor intensive, and time consuming, with significant variation between different trials2-4. The rapid iterative negative geotaxis (RING) assay5 has many advantages over more widely employed protocols, providing a reproducible, sensitive, and high throughput approach to quantify adult locomotor and negative geotaxis behaviors. In the RING assay, several genotypes or drug treatments can be tested simultaneously using large number of animals, with the high-throughput approach making it more amenable for screening experiments.

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster is a genetically and behaviorally tractable model system that has been used to understand the molecular and cellular basis of many important biological processes for over a century 1. Drosophila has been well exploited to gain insights into the genetic basis of fly behavior.

对检测方法果蝇行为

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular ...

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In a light-tight box illuminated by red light that is invisible to fruit flies, a camera linked to custom data acquisition software monitors the position of six flies simultaneously. Each fly is confined to walk in individual arenas containing a food odor at the center. The testing arenas rest on a porous floor that functions to prevent odor accumulation. Latency to locate the odor source, a metric that reflects olfactory sensitivity under different physiological states, is determined by software analysis. Here, we discuss the critical mechanics of running this behavioral paradigm and cover specific issues regarding fly loading, odor contamination, assay temperature, data quality, and statistical analysis.

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

单苍蝇检测方法的觅食行为的<em&gt;果蝇</em

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video ...

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

This protocol describes a new paradigm for analyzing aversive associative learning in adult flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The paradigm is analogous to passive avoidance behavior in laboratory rodents in which animals learn to avoid a compartment where they have previously received an electric shock. The assay takes advantage of negative geotaxis in flies, which manifests as an urge to climb up when they are placed on a vertical surface. The setup consists of vertically oriented upper and lower compartments. On the first trial, a fly is placed into a lower compartment from where it usually exits&#160;within 3-15 s, and steps into the upper compartment where it receives an electric shock. During the second trial, 24 h later, the latency is significantly increased. At the same time, the number of shocks is decreased compared to the first trial, indicating that flies formed long-term memory about the upper compartment. The recordings of latencies and number of shocks could be performed with a tally counter and a stopwatch or with an Arduino-based simple device. To illustrate how the assay can be used, the passive avoidance behavior of D. melanogaster and D. simulans male and female were characterized here. Comparison of latencies and number of shocks revealed that both D. melanogaster and D. simulans flies efficiently learned the passive avoidance behavior. No statistical differences were observed between male and female flies. However, males were a little faster while entering the upper compartment on the first trial, while females received a slightly higher number of shocks in every retention trial. The Western diet (WD) significantly impaired learning and memory in male flies while flight exercise counterbalanced this effect. Taken together, the passive avoidance behavior in flies offers a simple and reproducible assay that could be used for studying basic mechanisms of learning and memory.

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

This work describes a simple behavioral paradigm that allows the analysis of aversive associative learning in adult fruit flies. The method is based on suppressing the innate negative geotaxis behavior due to the association formed between a specific environmental context and an electric shock.

果蝇 被动回避行为作为研究联想性厌恶学习的新范式

This protocol describes a new paradigm for analyzing aversive associative learning in adult flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The paradigm is analogous to ...

行为学

A Simple Technique to Assay Locomotor Activity in Drosophila

Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model organism for studying various diseases due to its abundance of advanced genetic manipulation techniques and diverse behavioral features. Identifying behavioral deficiency in animal models is a crucial measure of disease severity, for example, in neurodegenerative diseases where patients often experience impairments in motor function. However, with the availability of various systems to track and assess motor deficits in fly models, such as drug-treated or transgenic individuals, an economical and user-friendly system for precise evaluation from multiple angles is still lacking. A method based on the AnimalTracker application programming interface (API) is developed here, which is compatible with the Fiji image processing program, to systematically evaluate the movement activities of both adult and larval individuals from recorded video, thus allowing for the analysis of their tracking behavior. This method requires only a high-definition camera and a computer peripheral hardware integration to record and analyze behavior, making it an affordable and effective approach for screening fly models with transgenic or environmental behavioral deficiencies. Examples of behavioral tests using pharmacologically treated flies are given to show how the techniques can detect behavioral changes in both adult flies and larvae in a highly repeatable manner.

A Simple Technique to Assay Locomotor Activity in Drosophila

The present protocol assesses the locomotor activity of Drosophila by tracking and analyzing the movement of flies in a hand-made arena using open-source software Fiji, compatible with plugins to segment pixels of each frame based on high-definition video recording to calculate parameters of speed, distance, etc.

一种测定果蝇运动活性的简单技术

Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model organism for studying various diseases due to its abundance of advanced genetic manipulation techniques and ...

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a straightforward manner. As we previously demonstrated 1, in a two-dimensional chamber, we first force the flies to form a tight group, subsequently allowing them to take their preferred distance from each other. After the flies have settled, we measure the distance to the closest neighbor (or social space), processing a static picture with free online software (ImageJ). The analysis of the distance to the closest neighbor allows researchers to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors on social interaction, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Diverse factors such as climbing ability, time of day, sex, and number of flies, can modify social spacing of flies. We thus propose a series of experimental controls to mitigate these confounding effects. This assay can be used for at least two purposes. First, researchers can determine how their favorite environmental shift (such as isolation, temperature, stress or toxins) will impact social spacing 1,2. Second, researchers can dissect the genetic and neural underpinnings of this basic form of social behavior 1,3. Specifically, we used it as a diagnostic tool to study the role of orthologous genes thought to be involved in social behavior in other organisms, such as candidate genes for autism in humans 4.

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The effect of genes and environment on social space of Drosophila melanogaster can be quantified through a powerful but straightforward analytical paradigm. We show here different factors that can affect this social space, and thus need to be taken into consideration when designing experiments in this paradigm.

在条件影响社会空间<em&gt;果蝇</em

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a ...

High Throughput Assay to Examine Egg-Laying Preferences of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

Recently, egg-laying preference of Drosophila has emerged as a genetically tractable model to study the neural basis of simple decision-making processes. When selecting sites to deposit their eggs, female flies are capable of ranking the relative attractiveness of their options and choosing the &#34;greater of two goods.&#34; However, most egg-laying preference assays are not practical if one wants to take a systematic genetic screening approach to search for the circuit basis underlying this simple decision-making process, as they are population-based and laborious to set up. To increase the throughput of studying of egg-laying preferences of single females, we developed custom chambers that each can simultaneously assay egg-laying preferences of up to thirty individual flies as well as a protocol that ensures each female has a high egg-laying rate (so that their preference is readily discernable and more convincing). Our approach is simple to execute and produces very consistent results. Additionally, these chambers can be equipped with different attachments to allow video recording the egg-laying animals and to deliver light for optogenetics studies. This article provides the blueprints for fabricating these chambers and the procedure for preparing the flies to be assayed in these chambers.

High Throughput Assay to Examine Egg-Laying Preferences of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

This protocol describes a high throughput assay for testing egg-laying preferences of Drosophila melanogaster at single-animal resolution. This assay provides a simple, efficient, and scalable platform to identify genes and circuit components that control a simple decision-making process.

高通量检测，以检查个体产蛋首<em&gt;果蝇</em

Recently, egg-laying preference of Drosophila has emerged as a genetically tractable model to study the neural basis of simple decision-making processes. ...

果蝇 自闭症谱系障碍的遗传和行为特征模型

Paradigms for Behavioral Assessment in Drosophila Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders with common behavioral symptoms including deficits in social interaction and ability for communication, enhanced restricted or repetitive behaviors, and also, in some cases, learning disability and motor deficit. Drosophila has served as an unparalleled model organism for modeling a great number of human diseases. As many genes have been implicated in ASD, fruit flies have emerged as a powerful and efficient way to test the genes putatively involved with the disorder. As hundreds of genes, with varied functional roles, are implicated in ASD, a single genetic fly model of ASD is unfeasible; instead, individual genetic mutants, gene knockdowns, or overexpression-based studies of the fly homologs of ASD-associated genes are the common means for gaining insight regarding molecular pathways underlying these gene products. A host of behavioral techniques are available in Drosophila which provide easy readout of deficits in specific behavioral components. Social space assay and aggression and courtship assays in flies have been shown to be useful in assessing defects in social interaction or communication. Grooming behavior in flies is an excellent readout of repetitive behavior. Habituation assay is used in flies to estimate the ability for habituation learning, which is found to be affected in some ASD patients. A combination of these behavioral paradigms can be utilized to make a thorough assessment of the human ASD-like disease state in flies. Using Fmr1 mutant flies, recapitulating Fragile-X syndrome in humans, and POGZ-homolog row knockdown in fly neurons, we have shown quantifiable deficits in social spacing, aggression, courtship behavior, grooming behavior, and habituation. These behavioral paradigms are demonstrated here in their simplest and straightforward forms with an assumption that it would facilitate their widespread use for research on ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders in fly models.

作者聚焦：探索果蝇的自闭症谱系障碍症状 — 遗传模型和行为测试

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with impaired social and communicative behavior and the emergence of repetitive behavior. For studying the interrelation between ASD genes and behavioral deficits in the Drosophila model, five behavioral paradigms are described in this paper for assaying social spacing, aggression, courtship, grooming, and habituation behavior.

自闭症谱系障碍果 蝇 模型的行为评估范式

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders with common behavioral symptoms including deficits in ...

简单的检测方法的社交回避的量化

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

含量的运动能力，学习和记忆的赤字果蝇模型

对检测方法果蝇行为

单苍蝇检测方法的觅食行为的

果蝇被动回避行为作为研究联想性厌恶学习的新范式

一种测定果蝇运动活性的简单技术

在条件影响社会空间

高通量检测，以检查个体产蛋首

自闭症谱系障碍果蝇模型的行为评估范式

自闭症谱系障碍果蝇模型的行为评估范式

自闭症谱系障碍果蝇模型的行为评估范式

简单的检测方法的社交回避的量化

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

含量的运动能力，学习和记忆的赤字果蝇模型

对检测方法果蝇行为

单苍蝇检测方法的觅食行为的

果蝇 被动回避行为作为研究联想性厌恶学习的新范式

一种测定果蝇运动活性的简单技术

在条件影响社会空间

高通量检测，以检查个体产蛋首

自闭症谱系障碍果 蝇 模型的行为评估范式

自闭症谱系障碍果 蝇 模型的行为评估范式

自闭症谱系障碍果 蝇 模型的行为评估范式

果蝇被动回避行为作为研究联想性厌恶学习的新范式

自闭症谱系障碍果蝇模型的行为评估范式

自闭症谱系障碍果蝇模型的行为评估范式

自闭症谱系障碍果蝇模型的行为评估范式