We thank Rachelle Kanippayoor for her help in identifying the new wild-type strain as being of the melanogaster species. R.W.F, O.F. and A.F.S were responsible for research design; R.W.F, M.N. and O.F. performed the experiments. R.W.F, M.N., O.F. and A.F.S. analyzed the data; R.W.F., I.S.M. and A.F.S. wrote the manuscript. 
This work was supported by PSC-CUNY research awards, jointly funded by The Professional Staff Congress and The City University of New York to A.F.S.; by internal funding from Western University to A.F.S. and I.S.M.; by a training support from the National Alliance for Hispanic Health&#8217;s Alliance/Merck Ciencia (Science) Hispanic Scholars Program and a University Fellowship from the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences to R.W.F.

社内で作成1.機器および試薬（他のためのマテリアルのリストを参照してください） <ol><li>フライ作業を実行するために、ショウジョウバエ冷たい麻酔装置を準備します。 <ol><li>小さなプラスチックの箱（10.2センチ幅12.7センチ）、ピペットチップボックスの一般的に、トップカバー（3.8センチメートル深い10.2センチ幅12.7センチ）を覆うように多孔質ポリエチレンシートをカット。 </li><li>砕いた氷の箱を埋める、多孔性ポリエチレンシートでカバーしています。 </li></ol></li><li> T-迷路装置を準備します。以前に詳細28-31に記載された装置を適応させる。 </li><li> 32は説明したように、フライアスピレーターを準備します。 </li><li>ストレスなくテストバイアルの内外ハエを変位させる走光性応答装置を準備します。 <ol><li> 29,33に記載されているように、向流装置を使用してください。 </li></ol></li></ol> NOTE：28によって記載されるようにT字型迷路はまた、他の目的に使用することができる。 <ol start="5"><li> HOMを確認してくださいogeneous照明条件は：白ベンチカバーで覆われたベンチに実験を行い、ホワイトボードの前に。 注：これらの実験のために、使用されるフライ株はショウジョウバエた野生型をキイロ ：カントン-S、オレゴン州とサマルカンドは、私たちの研究室のストックから34を飛ぶ。エルウッドハエはロングアイランド、ニューヨーク、米国で、ハンチントンのエルウッド周辺に秋2011年に収集した。 </li></ol> 2.実験前にハエの準備実験を行う前に1〜2日： <ol><li> 12時間の明/暗サイクルで25℃における標準コーンミール寒天 - 糖蜜 - 酵母媒体上のハエを維持します。 </li><li>実験を行うことに1〜2日前に風邪麻酔下のレスポンダハエを収集<ol><li>彼らは漏斗を用いて、50ミリリットルファルコンチューブに提起されている中でボトルからハエを転送します。 </li><li>に、氷のレベルの下のハエでファルコンチューブを置きます絶縁されたアイスバケット。 </li><li>冷却するで-4℃、砕いた氷と冷たい麻酔装置を配置します。 </li><li>ハエは寒さ昏睡を入力するための5分待ちます。 </li><li>冷たい麻酔装置の多孔質ポリエチレンシート上にハエを転送します。 </li><li>冷たい麻酔装置上​​のレスポンダハエを収集します。 RTで、実体顕微鏡下で、女性のハエから3-7日歳の男性を分離し、40のグループでこれらのハエを維持する。 </li></ol></li><li>実験を行うことに1〜2日前にエミッタハエを収集します。 <ol><li>静かにカントン-S混在セックスはその数をコントロールし、口の吸引器を使用して、彼らのボトルから飛ぶ集める。 </li><li>彼らはエミッタであるように、60〜100のグループでこれらのハエを維持します。 </li><li>データ点は、必要に応じて発光体のように多くのサンプルを準備します。 </li></ol></li><li>冷たい麻酔のいずれかの交絡影響を最小化するために、応答者およびエミッタの収集後の回復の少なくとも夜を許可する行動に、口アスピレーターコレクション。 </li><li>少なくとも1日実験前に、新鮮な空気に置き換えられるように袋に入れて古くなったプラスチック製の香りの空気を可能にするために、テスト用バイアルの袋を開きます。 </li></ol>実験を行う前に、2時間。 <ol start="6"><li>でも光で、実験が行われる室内の温度は約23-25​​℃であることを確認し、30％の上記の湿度。 </li><li>これらのハエが飢えていないことを確実にするために生鮮食品バイアルに応答者およびエミッタショウジョウバエを転送します。 </li><li>ショウジョウバエは、実験が実行される上のベンチに、2時間の環境に適応してみましょう。 </li></ol> 3.ソーシャル回避実験を行うこと<ol><li> Zeitgeber時間ZT5とZT9間午後3〜4時間の範囲で、一日の同じ時刻に、それぞれの実験を行います。 </li><li>ドキドキパッド上でT-迷路を置き、およびtので、ネジクリップを締め彼はエレベーター安定している。 </li><li>新鮮な試験バイアルにレスポンダハエを転送します。 T-迷路の上部に、レスポンダハエを含むこのバイアルをスナップ。 </li><li> T-迷路装置を傾斜し、ショウジョウバエがエレベーターに落ちるようにドキドキマットの上をタップします。 </li><li>ハエは、T-迷路の上部と下部の間にあるので、ダウンエレベーターの上部に移動しますが、選択点以上のエレベーターを維持するために注意を払う - 逃げるのハエを防ぐために。 </li><li> DSO（以前にハエによって占有されたDSOのないバイアルを生成するために、第5節を参照）のバイアルを取得します。 <ol><li>応答者のハエは、この新しい環境に適応しているが、試験バイアルにエミッタハエを配置。 </li><li>ミバエが逃げないように、バイアルを閉じるために綿の部分を置きます。 </li><li> 15秒間ボルテックスを5秒間ボルテックスからバイアルを取り外し、次のように機械的にミニ渦にこのバイアルを攪拌する。 55秒の合計3回繰り返します。 </li><li>レム食品バイアルに転送することによって - - エミッタOVE新鮮なバイアルから飛ぶとすぐにT-迷路装置の両側のいずれかにこのDSO満たされたバイアルを置く。 </li><li>それぞれの新しい目でDSO埋めバイアルの配置の側面を交互に。 </li></ol></li><li> T-迷路の反対側に新鮮な試験バイアルを置きます。 </li><li>ショウジョウバエは、新鮮な試験バイアルとDSOで試験バイアルの間で選択することができるように、完全にダウンしてエレベーターを持参し、タイマーを開始。 </li><li>特に断りのない限り、ハエは、1分間、新鮮なバイアルとDSOバイアルのいずれかを選択しましょう​​。 </li><li> 1分後、新鮮なバイアル、DSOバイアル、およびエレベーターの中で立ち往生ものでハエを分離するためにエレベーターを上に移動。 </li><li>各バイアルにハエの数をカウントし、エレベーターで。 </li><li>各遺伝子型/条件のためにこれを繰り返します。 </li></ol> 4.ソーシャル回避データの分析<ol><li>各ジュノのための各バイアルにミバエの数を数えYPE、およびスプレッドシートにデータを転送。 </li><li>表計算プログラムを使用して、DSOのないバイアル中のハエの数からDSOバイアルにハエの数を減算し、その後、ハエの総数で割ることによって、各遺伝子型のための性能指数（PI）を計算する。 </li><li>結果の分析のための統計解析ソフトを用いてPIは「手段の比較。 <ol><li>理想的には、各実験のための2-3内部反復、および3つの独立した繰り返しの準備、別のボトルで、異なる日に行わまたは30を横切る。 </li><li>データが正規分布に従うように、ガウス分布の統計的検定を使用してください。 </li><li> 1効果をテストするとき（ すなわち 、密度- 図2）、コントロールにそれぞれの結果を比較するために、（列ごと）の多重比較のための試験後、または単純なt検定で、一方向ANOVAを使用しています。 </li><li>グループ実験が行われた場合、条件および性別（空のバイアルの両方をテストし、強調Dの未強調したハエ。ジェンダー影響- 図1）は 、双方向ANOVAを使用して。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.以前はストレスのないハエによって占有バイアルの生成 - その代わりに3.5から3.6の実行<ol><li>コントロールとして、強調されていないハエが占有するバイアルを準備する走光性を使用してください。 </li><li>試験バイアルにハエを転送し、反対の場所で新鮮な空のバイアルで、向流装置にはめ込みます。 </li><li> 15 W蛍光クール白色光の前で直接遠位バイアルで水平に装置を置き、そして黒の布でカバーしています。 </li><li>ハエが優しく新鮮なバイアルに移動しましょう​​。これには数分かかることがあります。ハエのほとんどは遠位バイアル中の光に向かって歩いていると、1分間のタイマーを起動します。 </li><li>静かに、黒い布を削除する光の位置を切り替えて、黒い布で回復し、ハエが試験バイアルを残すことができます。 </li><li>その時、私3.2から3.5のように選択肢実験をnitiate。 3.6と3.7をスキップします。 </li><li>他の側からの試験バイアルを空いたハエを分離するために、装置のスライダを移動します。 </li><li> 3.7のように、選択肢の実験のためにすぐにT-迷路に空いた試験バイアルを使用してください。 </li></ol>

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R., Waddell, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+30.">Ch. 30.</a> Drosophila Neurobiology, A Laboratory Manual. , 475-481 (2010).</li><li>Benzer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+mutants+of+Drosophila+melanogaster+isolated+by+countercurrent+distribution.">Behavioral mutants of Drosophila melanogaster isolated by countercurrent distribution.</a> PNAS. 58, 1112-1119 (1967).</li><li>Simon, A. F., Shih, C., Mack, A., Benzer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Steroid+control+of+longevity+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Steroid control of longevity in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Science. 299, 1407-1410 (2003).</li><li>Vaux, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Research+methods:+Know+when+your+numbers+are+significant.">Research methods: Know when your numbers are significant.</a> Nature. 492, 180-181 (2012).</li><li>Stowers, L., Logan, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sexual+dimorphism+in+olfactory+signaling.">Sexual dimorphism in olfactory signaling.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 20, 770-775 (2010).</li><li>Simon, A. F., Liang, D. T., Krantz, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+decline+in+behavioral+performance+of+Drosophila+melanogaster+with+age.">Differential decline in behavioral performance of Drosophila melanogaster with age.</a> Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. , 127-647 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

このプロトコルは、社会的な回避アッセイのための詳細な手順を説明します。カントン-Sのみが飛んでいるバイアルを避けることができます以前に機械的に強調されてきた、と応答者のその性別と数は、その社会的な回避性能には影響しません。しかし、応答者の遺伝的背景に大きな影響を有する。 以下では正常にこの実験を実施するためのいくつかの重要なステップで...

この方法の目的は、容易に求愛と侵略から独立したキイロショウジョウバエにおける単純な社会的行動の新たな側面を定量化することである。 社会的相互作用は、社会の中の個人の適切な発達と健康に重要であるだけでなく、全体としての社会集団の機能性。これらの相互作用の複雑性の高い大規模なサンプルサイズおよび社会的行動の遺伝的及び神経塩基はまだよく理解されて動作の簡略化を可能にするシステムが必要となる。 キイロショウジョウバエの遺伝子を同定するために使用できる強力な遺伝モデルである社会的相互作用の神経基盤。実際、D.キイロは、複雑な社会的行動のレパートリーを持ち、社会のいくつかの直接測定は、すでに1-7行われている。しかしながら、これらの努力のほとんどは、aggresのような比較的複雑な社会的行動に焦点を当ててきたSIVEの相互作用3,6、求愛3,8-12のさまざまな側面、そしてどのように社会的な経験は、学習、または概日リズム13-17のような他の行動に影響を与えます。また、これらのアッセイの多くは、結果として生じるデータの存在量を分析するためにビデオトラッキングとコンピュータソフトウェアを使用して、ハエの群の複雑な相互作用のパターンを分析に依存する。このような分析は非常に貴重であり、そのようなグループ7のフライフライ相互作用の動的などの重要な新しい洞察をもたらす。一つの制限は、しかしながら、一般社会にこれらのアッセイの到達不能などの認識の基礎となるメカニズムの限られた知識である。つまり、一人の個人と他者によるその認識による信号の放射の基礎はまだよく理解されている18。 D.：これとは対照的に、個人が離れてストレスをハエによって放出された信号から移動するシンプルな行動、社会的な回避を呈するもハエメランストレス匂いやDSO 19 ogaster。ハイスループットアッセイでは、この動作は、他のハエ、または社会的回避19によって放射されるストレスシグナルの回避のように定量化することができる。ハエをT迷路装置に入れ、DSOを含むバイアルを回避する選択肢を与えられている。このアッセイを用いて、CO 2は、DSOの成分、および2 19を切開したCOに応答するのに必要な神経回路の一部であることが示された。 ここに提示され、社会的回避アッセイは、概念的に、複雑な振る舞い20を解剖するために、研究者の世代を有効にシーモア·ベンザーの研究室で開発されたシンプルな行動アッセイに似ています。社会的回避の分析は、社会的行動のより広範な研究を可能にする、T迷路アッセイを用いてコスト効率よく行うことができる。例えば、このアッセイを使用して、我々は最近実証自閉症の異なる遺伝的リスクは、社会的なB内の対照的な効果を有することehaviorアッセイ。自閉症の候補遺伝子についての変異体- 21,22 neurobeachin - （他の場所で23を参照）の両方の社会的空間に存在する欠陥および社会的な回避24。異常なドーパミン作動性シグナル伝達はまた、ヒト25,26における自閉症の病因に役割を果たすことが提案されている。 neurobeachinで得られた結果とは対照的に、社会的空間を直接VMAT 27のこれらのレベルと相関したが、社会的回避のパフォーマンスは、ドーパミン作動性細胞ショウジョウバエ胞性モノアミン輸送体（VMAT）の増加または減少したレベルによって影響されなかったことを見出した。 neurobeachinとVMATで得られた対照的な結果は、反社会的行動の様々な形態を識別するため、異なる基礎となる神経回路網が他の応答を調節する可能性を強調する。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Stereo Zoom Microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nikon&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SMZ-645</td><td>Any other standard scope for fly handling would work</td></tr><tr><td>Small paint brushes&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>for pushing flies</td></tr><tr><td>Porous Polyethylene, 12&quot; x 12&quot; Sheet</td><td>Flystuff - Genesee</td><td>46-100</td><td>http://www.flystuff.com/ProductInfo.php?productID=46-100&lt;br/&gt; Porous Plastic sheet for the cold anesthesia box</td></tr><tr><td>Mini-Alarm Timer/Stopwatch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sharpie pens</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive Tape</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mini vortex</td><td>Fisher</td><td>14-955-151&amp;nbsp;</td><td>http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/itemdetail&lt;br/&gt; For mechanical agitation of the flies - any vortex would work.</td></tr><tr><td>Corning Life Sciences DL No.:352017, Falcon test tube; round bottom; disposable; no closure, 14 ml; 17 x 100 mm</td><td>Fisher</td><td>14-959-8 &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/itemdetail?storeId=10652&amp;amp;langId=-1&amp;amp;catalogId=29104&amp;amp;productId=2771811&amp;amp;distype=0&amp;amp;highlightProductsItemsFlag=Y&amp;amp;fromSearch=1&amp;amp;searchType=PROD&amp;amp;hasPromo=0&lt;br/&gt; These snap in place in the in-house made T-maze and counter-current apparatus (see text)</td></tr><tr><td>cotton balls</td><td></td><td></td><td>to close the vials after the experiment.</td></tr><tr><td>trifold board and white bench cover</td><td></td><td></td><td>to provide a white background, and a homogeneous light.</td></tr><tr><td>white bench cover</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pounding pad</td><td></td><td></td><td>any mouse pad works.</td></tr><tr><td>large black cloth</td><td></td><td></td><td>to cover the counter-current apparatus in phototaxis response.</td></tr><tr><td>cool-white light&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>1000516563</td><td>http://www.homedepot.ca/product/illume-26-fluorescent-plug-in-linear/911423&lt;br/&gt; any similar linear light with fluorescent light bulb cool-white at 13-15 W would work</td></tr></tbody></table>

straightforward assay for quantification of social avoidance in drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by stressed conspecifics due to an odorant released during stress known as the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO). Through the use of the T-maze apparatus, one can quantify the avoidance of the dSO by responder flies in a very affordable and robust assay. Conditions necessary to obtain a strong performance are presented here. A stressful experience is necessary for the flies to emit dSO, as well as enough emitter flies to cause a robust avoidance response to the presence of dSO. Genetic background, but not their group size, strongly altered the avoidance of the dSO by the responder flies. Canton-S and Elwood display a higher performance in avoiding the dSO than Oregon and Samarkand strains. This behavioral assay will allow identification of mechanisms underlying this social behavior, and the assessment of the influence of genes and environmental conditions on both emission and avoidance of the dSO. Such an assay can be included in batteries of simple diagnostic tests used to identify social deficiencies of mutants or environmental conditions of interest.

ソーシャル回避アッセイは、他のハエによって放出されるストレスシグナル（DSO）を認識するキイロショウジョウバエの能力を定量化する堅牢な試験であるため、社会的相互作用の一つの側面を評価する。このアッセイは、一般に、2つの異なるオプションの選択にハエを提示するT字型迷路、として知られている種々の行動アッセイで使用される装置を用いて行われる-左または右19...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

社会回避での定量化のための簡単​​なアッセイ<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

straightforward-assay-for-quantification-social-avoidance-drosophila

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

11.2K ビュー.  Yale University. Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

ビデオ: Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Assaying Locomotor, Learning, and Memory Deficits in Drosophila Models of Neurodegeneration

Advances in genetic methods have enabled the study of genes involved in human neurodegenerative diseases using Drosophila as a model system1. Most of these diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease are characterized by age-dependent deterioration in learning and memory functions and movement coordination2. Here we use behavioral assays, including the negative geotaxis assay3 and the aversive phototaxic suppression assay (APS assay)4,5, to show that some of the behavior characteristics associated with human neurodegeneration can be recapitulated in flies. In the negative geotaxis assay, the natural tendency of flies to move against gravity when agitated is utilized to study genes or conditions that may hinder locomotor capacities. In the APS assay, the learning and memory functions are tested in positively-phototactic flies trained to associate light with aversive bitter taste and hence avoid this otherwise natural tendency to move toward light. Testing these trained flies 6 hours post-training is used to assess memory functions. Using these assays, the contribution of any genetic or environmental factors toward developing neurodegeneration can be easily studied in flies.

Assaying Locomotor, Learning, and Memory Deficits in Drosophila Models of Neurodegeneration

Behavior assays for measuring locomotor functions, learning, and memory abilities in Drosophila.

でアッセイする運動、学習、記憶障害ショウジョウバエ</em神経変性の>モデル

Advances in genetic methods have enabled the study of genes involved in human neurodegenerative diseases using Drosophila as a model system1. Most of ...

神経科学

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and various neurological diseases1. We have optimized simple and robust behavioral assays for determining larval locomotion, adult climbing ability (RING assay), and courtship behaviors of Drosophila. These behavioral assays are widely applicable for studying the role of genetic and environmental factors on fly behavior. Larval crawling ability can be reliably used for determining early stage changes in the crawling abilities of Drosophila larvae and also for examining effect of drugs or human disease genes (in transgenic flies) on their locomotion. The larval crawling assay becomes more applicable if expression or abolition of a gene causes lethality in pupal or adult stages, as these flies do not survive to adulthood where they otherwise could be assessed. This basic assay can also be used in conjunction with bright light or stress to examine additional behavioral responses in Drosophila larvae. Courtship behavior has been widely used to investigate genetic basis of sexual behavior, and can also be used to examine activity and coordination, as well as learning and memory. Drosophila courtship behavior involves the exchange of various sensory stimuli including visual, auditory, and chemosensory signals between males and females that lead to a complex series of well characterized motor behaviors culminating in successful copulation. Traditional adult climbing assays (negative geotaxis) are tedious, labor intensive, and time consuming, with significant variation between different trials2-4. The rapid iterative negative geotaxis (RING) assay5 has many advantages over more widely employed protocols, providing a reproducible, sensitive, and high throughput approach to quantify adult locomotor and negative geotaxis behaviors. In the RING assay, several genotypes or drug treatments can be tested simultaneously using large number of animals, with the high-throughput approach making it more amenable for screening experiments.

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster is a genetically and behaviorally tractable model system that has been used to understand the molecular and cellular basis of many important biological processes for over a century 1. Drosophila has been well exploited to gain insights into the genetic basis of fly behavior.

アッセイのメソッドショウジョウバエ行動

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular ...

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In a light-tight box illuminated by red light that is invisible to fruit flies, a camera linked to custom data acquisition software monitors the position of six flies simultaneously. Each fly is confined to walk in individual arenas containing a food odor at the center. The testing arenas rest on a porous floor that functions to prevent odor accumulation. Latency to locate the odor source, a metric that reflects olfactory sensitivity under different physiological states, is determined by software analysis. Here, we discuss the critical mechanics of running this behavioral paradigm and cover specific issues regarding fly loading, odor contamination, assay temperature, data quality, and statistical analysis.

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

での採餌行動のためのシングル·フライアッセイ<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video ...

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

This protocol describes a new paradigm for analyzing aversive associative learning in adult flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The paradigm is analogous to passive avoidance behavior in laboratory rodents in which animals learn to avoid a compartment where they have previously received an electric shock. The assay takes advantage of negative geotaxis in flies, which manifests as an urge to climb up when they are placed on a vertical surface. The setup consists of vertically oriented upper and lower compartments. On the first trial, a fly is placed into a lower compartment from where it usually exits&#160;within 3-15 s, and steps into the upper compartment where it receives an electric shock. During the second trial, 24 h later, the latency is significantly increased. At the same time, the number of shocks is decreased compared to the first trial, indicating that flies formed long-term memory about the upper compartment. The recordings of latencies and number of shocks could be performed with a tally counter and a stopwatch or with an Arduino-based simple device. To illustrate how the assay can be used, the passive avoidance behavior of D. melanogaster and D. simulans male and female were characterized here. Comparison of latencies and number of shocks revealed that both D. melanogaster and D. simulans flies efficiently learned the passive avoidance behavior. No statistical differences were observed between male and female flies. However, males were a little faster while entering the upper compartment on the first trial, while females received a slightly higher number of shocks in every retention trial. The Western diet (WD) significantly impaired learning and memory in male flies while flight exercise counterbalanced this effect. Taken together, the passive avoidance behavior in flies offers a simple and reproducible assay that could be used for studying basic mechanisms of learning and memory.

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

This work describes a simple behavioral paradigm that allows the analysis of aversive associative learning in adult fruit flies. The method is based on suppressing the innate negative geotaxis behavior due to the association formed between a specific environmental context and an electric shock.

ショウジョウバエ 連想回避学習を研究する新たなパラダイムとしての受動的回避行動

This protocol describes a new paradigm for analyzing aversive associative learning in adult flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The paradigm is analogous to ...

行動学

A Simple Technique to Assay Locomotor Activity in Drosophila

Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model organism for studying various diseases due to its abundance of advanced genetic manipulation techniques and diverse behavioral features. Identifying behavioral deficiency in animal models is a crucial measure of disease severity, for example, in neurodegenerative diseases where patients often experience impairments in motor function. However, with the availability of various systems to track and assess motor deficits in fly models, such as drug-treated or transgenic individuals, an economical and user-friendly system for precise evaluation from multiple angles is still lacking. A method based on the AnimalTracker application programming interface (API) is developed here, which is compatible with the Fiji image processing program, to systematically evaluate the movement activities of both adult and larval individuals from recorded video, thus allowing for the analysis of their tracking behavior. This method requires only a high-definition camera and a computer peripheral hardware integration to record and analyze behavior, making it an affordable and effective approach for screening fly models with transgenic or environmental behavioral deficiencies. Examples of behavioral tests using pharmacologically treated flies are given to show how the techniques can detect behavioral changes in both adult flies and larvae in a highly repeatable manner.

A Simple Technique to Assay Locomotor Activity in Drosophila

The present protocol assesses the locomotor activity of Drosophila by tracking and analyzing the movement of flies in a hand-made arena using open-source software Fiji, compatible with plugins to segment pixels of each frame based on high-definition video recording to calculate parameters of speed, distance, etc.

ショウジョウバエの自発運動活性をアッセイする簡単な技術

Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model organism for studying various diseases due to its abundance of advanced genetic manipulation techniques and ...

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a straightforward manner. As we previously demonstrated 1, in a two-dimensional chamber, we first force the flies to form a tight group, subsequently allowing them to take their preferred distance from each other. After the flies have settled, we measure the distance to the closest neighbor (or social space), processing a static picture with free online software (ImageJ). The analysis of the distance to the closest neighbor allows researchers to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors on social interaction, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Diverse factors such as climbing ability, time of day, sex, and number of flies, can modify social spacing of flies. We thus propose a series of experimental controls to mitigate these confounding effects. This assay can be used for at least two purposes. First, researchers can determine how their favorite environmental shift (such as isolation, temperature, stress or toxins) will impact social spacing 1,2. Second, researchers can dissect the genetic and neural underpinnings of this basic form of social behavior 1,3. Specifically, we used it as a diagnostic tool to study the role of orthologous genes thought to be involved in social behavior in other organisms, such as candidate genes for autism in humans 4.

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The effect of genes and environment on social space of Drosophila melanogaster can be quantified through a powerful but straightforward analytical paradigm. We show here different factors that can affect this social space, and thus need to be taken into consideration when designing experiments in this paradigm.

で社会空間に影響を与える条件<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a ...

High Throughput Assay to Examine Egg-Laying Preferences of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

Recently, egg-laying preference of Drosophila has emerged as a genetically tractable model to study the neural basis of simple decision-making processes. When selecting sites to deposit their eggs, female flies are capable of ranking the relative attractiveness of their options and choosing the &#34;greater of two goods.&#34; However, most egg-laying preference assays are not practical if one wants to take a systematic genetic screening approach to search for the circuit basis underlying this simple decision-making process, as they are population-based and laborious to set up. To increase the throughput of studying of egg-laying preferences of single females, we developed custom chambers that each can simultaneously assay egg-laying preferences of up to thirty individual flies as well as a protocol that ensures each female has a high egg-laying rate (so that their preference is readily discernable and more convincing). Our approach is simple to execute and produces very consistent results. Additionally, these chambers can be equipped with different attachments to allow video recording the egg-laying animals and to deliver light for optogenetics studies. This article provides the blueprints for fabricating these chambers and the procedure for preparing the flies to be assayed in these chambers.

High Throughput Assay to Examine Egg-Laying Preferences of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

This protocol describes a high throughput assay for testing egg-laying preferences of Drosophila melanogaster at single-animal resolution. This assay provides a simple, efficient, and scalable platform to identify genes and circuit components that control a simple decision-making process.

個々の産卵環境を調べるために、ハイスループットアッセイ<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em

Recently, egg-laying preference of Drosophila has emerged as a genetically tractable model to study the neural basis of simple decision-making processes. ...

ショウジョウバエ 自閉症スペクトラム障害の遺伝的および行動的形質のモデル

Paradigms for Behavioral Assessment in Drosophila Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders with common behavioral symptoms including deficits in social interaction and ability for communication, enhanced restricted or repetitive behaviors, and also, in some cases, learning disability and motor deficit. Drosophila has served as an unparalleled model organism for modeling a great number of human diseases. As many genes have been implicated in ASD, fruit flies have emerged as a powerful and efficient way to test the genes putatively involved with the disorder. As hundreds of genes, with varied functional roles, are implicated in ASD, a single genetic fly model of ASD is unfeasible; instead, individual genetic mutants, gene knockdowns, or overexpression-based studies of the fly homologs of ASD-associated genes are the common means for gaining insight regarding molecular pathways underlying these gene products. A host of behavioral techniques are available in Drosophila which provide easy readout of deficits in specific behavioral components. Social space assay and aggression and courtship assays in flies have been shown to be useful in assessing defects in social interaction or communication. Grooming behavior in flies is an excellent readout of repetitive behavior. Habituation assay is used in flies to estimate the ability for habituation learning, which is found to be affected in some ASD patients. A combination of these behavioral paradigms can be utilized to make a thorough assessment of the human ASD-like disease state in flies. Using Fmr1 mutant flies, recapitulating Fragile-X syndrome in humans, and POGZ-homolog row knockdown in fly neurons, we have shown quantifiable deficits in social spacing, aggression, courtship behavior, grooming behavior, and habituation. These behavioral paradigms are demonstrated here in their simplest and straightforward forms with an assumption that it would facilitate their widespread use for research on ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders in fly models.

著者スポットライト:ショウジョウバエの自閉症スペクトラム障害症状の調査—遺伝モデルと行動検査

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with impaired social and communicative behavior and the emergence of repetitive behavior. For studying the interrelation between ASD genes and behavioral deficits in the Drosophila model, five behavioral paradigms are described in this paper for assaying social spacing, aggression, courtship, grooming, and habituation behavior.

自閉症スペクトラム障害の ショウジョ ウバエモデルにおける行動評価のパラダイム

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders with common behavioral symptoms including deficits in ...

社会回避での定量化のための簡単なアッセイ

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この動画の章

でアッセイする運動、学習、記憶障害ショウジョウバエモデル

アッセイのメソッドショウジョウバエ行動

での採餌行動のためのシングル·フライアッセイ

ショウジョウバエ連想回避学習を研究する新たなパラダイムとしての受動的回避行動

ショウジョウバエの自発運動活性をアッセイする簡単な技術

で社会空間に影響を与える条件

個々の産卵環境を調べるために、ハイスループットアッセイ

自閉症スペクトラム障害のショウジョウバエモデルにおける行動評価のパラダイム

自閉症スペクトラム障害のショウジョウバエモデルにおける行動評価のパラダイム

自閉症スペクトラム障害のショウジョウバエモデルにおける行動評価のパラダイム

社会回避での定量化のための簡単​​なアッセイ

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

でアッセイする運動、学習、記憶障害ショウジョウバエモデル

アッセイのメソッドショウジョウバエ行動

での採餌行動のためのシングル·フライアッセイ

ショウジョウバエ 連想回避学習を研究する新たなパラダイムとしての受動的回避行動

ショウジョウバエの自発運動活性をアッセイする簡単な技術

で社会空間に影響を与える条件

個々の産卵環境を調べるために、ハイスループットアッセイ

自閉症スペクトラム障害の ショウジョ ウバエモデルにおける行動評価のパラダイム

自閉症スペクトラム障害の ショウジョ ウバエモデルにおける行動評価のパラダイム

自閉症スペクトラム障害の ショウジョ ウバエモデルにおける行動評価のパラダイム

社会回避での定量化のための簡単なアッセイ

ショウジョウバエ連想回避学習を研究する新たなパラダイムとしての受動的回避行動

自閉症スペクトラム障害のショウジョウバエモデルにおける行動評価のパラダイム

自閉症スペクトラム障害のショウジョウバエモデルにおける行動評価のパラダイム

自閉症スペクトラム障害のショウジョウバエモデルにおける行動評価のパラダイム