Name: a mouse model of fatigue induced by peripheral irradiation
Uploaded: 2017-03-17T14:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mouse Model of Fatigue Induced by Peripheral Irradiation at JoVE.com

Os autores gostariam de agradecer Michele Allen do National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) dos Institutos Nacionais de Saúde (NIH) para generosamente compartilhando sua experiência em métodos fenotípicos murino e por sua assistência técnica em curso, bem como para Timothy Hunt, da NHLBI por nos ajudar a desenvolver o dispositivo de blindagem. Este estudo é apoiado pela Divisão de Investigação Intramural do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa em Enfermagem do NIH, e parte do julgamento de validação é apoiado por uma bolsa da Fundação Oncology Nursing Society.

Declaração de Ética: Este estudo foi aprovado pelo National Institutes of Health (NIH) Animal Care e do Comitê Use. Todos os investigadores que participam no manejo dos animais e medição dos resultados do estudo foram devidamente treinados pelo Gabinete NIH da Animal Care e Use e do National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Murino fenotipagem Core. Todos os aspectos de testes em animais, habitação e condições ambientais utilizados neste estudo estavam em conformidade com o Guia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laboratório 11. 1. Habitação e animais experimentais NOTA: Casa do sexo masculino camundongos C57BL / 6 (cerca de cinco semanas de idade no momento da chegada) individualmente ao longo da experiência e fornecer acesso ad libitum a comida e água. Todas as gaiolas são mantidos em um ciclo claro-escuro 12:12 h com a fase de luz a partir das 06:00 e fase escura às 6 da tarde. <ol><li> Identificar os ratos e atribuí-los a ventilar norma individualgaiolas d mouse. Permitir que 24 horas após o procedimento de identificação para a recuperação. NOTA: tatuagem da cauda é recomendada como um meio de identificação para eliminar a possibilidade de que uma marca auricular pode ser pego em uma roda de corrida. Tatuar uma série na cauda de cada ratinho, com o número na cauda correspondente ao número escrito na gaiola do rato. </li><li> Permitir que a aclimatar os ratos às suas gaiolas durante pelo menos mais três dias, tratamento de cada rato suavemente durante um período de três minutos por dia. </li></ol> 2. roda Running Aclimatação e Linha de Base <ol><li> Introduzir os ratos para gaiolas VWRA individuais, cada um equipado com uma roda de corrida conectado a um contador eletrônico para a gravação contínua. NOTA: Todos os contadores de rodas conectar a um computador através de uma única interface USB (veja Lista de Materiais). O software calcula o número de rotações das rodas, a distância percorrida e velocidade média em cada intervalo de tempo designado do duratio total especificadon. Uma vez que a gravação é interrompida, os dados são salvos automaticamente tanto como texto e, como planilhas. </li><li> Iniciar a gravação de VWRA através da interface do software de computador. Definir intervalos de gravação a uma hora e a duração de pelo menos cinco dias. Continuar a gravar VWRA durante pelo menos cinco dias. NOTA: No final da etapa 2.2, todos os ratos devem atingir uma quantidade relativamente consistente de atividade diária roda de corrida. Se não, então identificar e excluir os valores atípicos. </li><li> Pare VWRA gravação através da interface do software, e retornar os ratos às suas gaiolas convencionais descritos no passo 1.1 (gaiolas sem correr rodas). </li><li> Randomize ratos em qualquer controle sham-irradiado ou grupos irradiados. </li></ol> 3. irradiação Nota: Execute as seguintes etapas para todos os ratos de ambos os grupos, uma vez por dia durante três dias sequenciais. Tratar os ratos na mesma ordem em cada dia. <ol><li> Anestesiar cada rato por injeção intraperitoneal deuma mistura de cetamina (100 mg / kg) e xilazina (10 mg / kg) mistura. </li><li> Confirmar anestesia com uma pitada dedo do pé e usar pomada sobre os olhos para evitar a secura e sob anestesia. </li><li> Transferir o mouse anestesiados em um dispositivo de protecção de chumbo. Organizar o mouse na blindagem para que apenas a região abdominal inferior / pélvica é exposto. NOTA: A blindagem é composto por duas caixas de chumbo &quot;,&quot; com um estreito espaço aberto entre em que permite a exposição às radiações de uma pequena região, alvo do rato (ver Figura 1). </li><li> Use fita adesiva médica para fixar a base da cauda do rato em posição dentro da blindagem. NOTA: Passo 3.4 é opcional, mas isso pode ajudar a garantir que a posição do mouse não muda durante o passo seguinte. </li><li> Transportar o dispositivo de blindagem para o irradiador, garantir que a posição de animais dentro da blindagem é mantida. </li><li> Se o mouse está no grupo de irradiação, entregar 800 cGy em um dostaxa e de cerca de 110 cGy / min. Se o mouse está no grupo controle de irradiação simulada, deixe o mouse na irradiador inactivo durante o tempo equivalente. NOTA: As configurações irradiadores Optimal dependerá do dispositivo em particular. A taxa de dose de 110 cGy / min entregues a partir de uma fonte de Césio 137 é a taxa de dose central do irradiador usado aqui. O tempo de exposição foi ajustado para atingir a dose total desejada de 800 cGy. </li><li> Remover o mouse do irradiador e blindagem, e, em seguida, devolvê-lo ao seu original gaiola, padrão mencionado na etapa 1.1. </li><li> monitorar continuamente o rato até que ele recuperou a consciência suficiente para manter decúbito esternal. </li></ol> 4. Medição Fadiga induzida por radiação <ol><li> No dia após a conclusão de três dias sucessivos de irradiação, transferir os ratos às suas gaiolas individuais VWRA descritos no passo 2.1. </li><li> VWRA ficha, tal como descrito na etapa 2.2, excepto aqui definindo a gravaçãoduração a mais de 15 dias. No final dos 15 dias, parar manualmente VWRA gravação através do interface de software. NOTA: Os dados de cada período de gravação são salvos automaticamente como planilhas, cada um dos quais inclui as rotação, distância e medições de velocidade para todos os animais (colunas) e em todos os intervalos (linhas) durante toda a duração da gravação. No final da experiência, existem duas folhas de cálculo gerados pelo programa de gravação: uma para o VWRA pré-irradiação, e uma para o VWRA pós-irradiação. </li></ol>

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Esta pesquisa foi apoiada pela Divisão de Investigação Intramural, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa em Enfermagem, National Institutes of Health.

Nós descrevemos um protocolo usando irradiação periférica direcionada para induzir uma redução de VWRA em camundongos sem confundir morbidade ou mortalidade. Importante, um dispositivo de blindagem simples permite a irradiação neste protocolo para alvejar uma região desejada de forma consistente, imitando os tratamentos de radiação recebidas por pacientes com câncer pélvico. Em contraste com modelos de CRF existentes que envolvem o cérebro ou irradiação total do corpo 8,</sup...

A fadiga relacionada ao câncer (CRF) é uma condição angustiante e caro que muitas vezes afeta os pacientes que receberam tratamentos de câncer 1. A fadiga é proporcional à actividade nem recente nem aliviada pelo repouso, e que está associada com uma grande variedade de distúrbios relacionados com o humor, a motivação, a atenção, a cognição e 2. As causas biológicas de CRF são desconhecidas, embora tenha sido demonstrado em muitos casos que se correlacionam com níveis de inflamação e citocinas, também, em alguns casos com níveis de hemoglobina e a função de vários sistemas hormonais (ver Saligan et al. 3 para uma revisão de biológico estudos de CRF). estudos controlados utilizando modelos animais são necessários para entender o comportamento e biologia associada com esta condição complexa. Enquanto 4 ou 5 relacionadas com quimioterapia relacionado com o tumor, 6 gorduraIgue foi estudada em modelos de roedores, a etiologia de CRF pode ser específica do tratamento. Para investigar CRF relacionado com a terapia de radiação, o nosso grupo desenvolveu recentemente um modelo do rato da fadiga induzida por irradiação 7. Em contraste com modelos de CRF existentes que envolvem o cérebro ou irradiação total do corpo 8, 9, este modelo explora como uma mudança no comportamento centralmente-driven, como fadiga, pode ser desencadeada por um procedimento de irradiação perifericamente-alvo. O procedimento aqui descrito é concebido para modelar a terapia de radiação administrada a doentes com cancro pélvica, usando protecção de chumbo para atingir a parte inferior região abdominal / pélvica com irradiação. No entanto, pela modificação da protecção de chumbo ou a sua colocação em relação aos animais experimentais, este procedimento pode ser adaptado para modelar a irradiação de outras partes do corpo. Voluntária atividade de execução roda (VWRA) é usado para medir a fadiga behavio-likeR; porque é um comportamento voluntário e normal 10, deve permitir o uso concomitante de outros testes comportamentais e biológicos. Nós descobrimos que a irradiação periférica é suficiente para reduzir VWRA em ratos sem causar morbidade ostensiva 7. Experiências futuras com este modelo pode ajudar a revelar os efeitos de irradiação periférica sobre a sinalização imune biológica e outros, bem como as alterações a jusante no sistema nervoso central que podem produzir défices associadas com o CRF.

<table><tbody><tr><td>C57BL/6 Mice</td><td>Charles River</td><td></td><td>Strain code 027 (http://www.criver.com/products-services/basic-research/find-a-model/c57bl-6n-mouse)</td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine HCl</td><td>Putney</td><td></td><td>100 mg/mL stock solution</td></tr><tr><td>Xylazine HCl</td><td>Lloyd Laboratories</td><td></td><td>100 mg/mL stock solution</td></tr><tr><td>Rodent Tattoo System</td><td>AIMS</td><td>ATS-3</td><td>http://animalid.com/lab-animal-identification-systems/ats-3-general-rodent-tattoo-system</td></tr><tr><td>Lead Shielding Apparatus</td><td>(custom made)</td><td></td><td>One-inch thick lead shielding arranged as two boxes with a one-inch thick gap between them for targeted irradiation</td></tr><tr><td>Plexiglass shielding container</td><td>(custom made)</td><td></td><td>Plexiglass container filled with styrofoam. Styrofoam cutouts hold the lead shielding in place.</td></tr><tr><td>GammaCell 40 Exactor</td><td>Best Theratronics</td><td></td><td>http://www.theratronics.ca/product_gamma40.html</td></tr><tr><td>RAD Disk Ultra</td><td>Best Theratronics</td><td></td><td>http://www.theratronics.ca/product_rad.html</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse Single Activity Wheel Chamber</td><td>Lafayette Instrument Company</td><td>#80820</td><td>http://www.lafayetteneuroscience.com/product_detail.asp?itemid=980</td></tr><tr><td>Activity Wheel Counter for Computer Monitoring</td><td>Lafayette Instrument Company</td><td>#86061</td><td>http://www.lafayetteneuroscience.com/product_detail.asp?itemid=1052</td></tr><tr><td>Modular Cable for Wheel Counters</td><td>Lafayette Instrument Company</td><td>#86051-7</td><td>http://www.lafayetteneuroscience.com/product_detail.asp?itemid=1046</td></tr><tr><td>USB Computer Interface for Activity Wheel Counters</td><td>Lafayette Instrument Company</td><td>#86056A</td><td>http://www.lafayetteneuroscience.com/product_detail.asp?itemid=1047</td></tr><tr><td>Activity Wheel Monitor Software</td><td>Lafayette Instrument Company</td><td>#86065</td><td>http://www.lafayetteneuroscience.com/product_detail.asp?itemid=1053</td></tr></tbody></table>

a mouse model of fatigue induced by peripheral irradiation

A fadiga relacionada ao câncer (CRF) é uma condição angustiante e caro que muitas vezes afeta os pacientes que receberam tratamentos de câncer, incluindo a terapia de radiação. Aqui nós descrevemos um método que utiliza a irradiação periférica direcionada para induzir comportamento à fadiga, como em ratos. Com proteção adequada, a irradiação tem como alvo a região abdominal inferior / pélvica do rato, poupando o cérebro, em um esforço para modelar o tratamento de radiação recebida pelos indivíduos com câncer pélvico. Nós entregamos uma dose de irradiação que é suficiente para induzir comportamento à fadiga, como em ratos, medido pela atividade de execução roda voluntária (VWRA), sem causar morbidade óbvio. Desde roda de corrida é um comportamento normal, voluntária em ratos, a sua utilização deve ter pouco efeito de confusão em outros testes comportamentais ou medidas biológicas. Por isso, roda de corrida pode ser usado como uma medida do resultado viável na compreensão dos correlatos comportamentais e biológicos de fadiga. CRF é uma condição complexa com co frequentemorbidades, e provavelmente tem causas relacionadas tanto ao câncer e seus vários tratamentos. Os métodos descritos neste documento são úteis para investigar mudanças induzidas pela radiação que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de CRF e, mais genericamente, para explorar as redes biológicas que podem explicar o desenvolvimento e persistência de um comportamento perifericamente-acionada, mas centralmente dirigido como fadiga .

Três lotes de ratos foram realizadas por meio do protocolo descrito acima. Houve um total de 16 sham e 20 irradiadas (2400 cGy, 3 x 800 / dia cGy) ratinhos. Depois de três dias consecutivos de irradiação, o grupo irradiado apresentaram redução significativamente VWRA comparação com sham (medidas repetidas mistos ANOVA: efeito principal do tratamento de irradiação, F 1,13 = 19,233, p &lt;0,001). O efeito foi significativo para os primeiros sete dias após a irradiaç?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mouse Model of Fatigue Induced by Peripheral Irradiation at JoVE.com

A Mouse Model of Fatigue Induced by Peripheral Irradiation

Nós descrevemos um método que utiliza a irradiação periférica direcionada para induzir comportamento à fadiga, como em ratos. A dose de irradiação não letal selecionado leva a uma redução de uma semana em atividade de execução roda voluntária.

Um mouse modelo de fadiga induzida por irradiação periférica

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a distressing and costly condition that often affects patients receiving cancer treatments, including radiation therapy. ...

a-mouse-model-of-fatigue-induced-by-peripheral-irradiation

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

7.8K visualizações.  National Institutes of Health.  Nós descrevemos um método que utiliza a irradiação periférica direcionada para induzir comportamento à fadiga, como em ratos. A dose de irradiação não letal selecionado leva a uma redução de uma semana em atividade de execução roda voluntária. 

Vídeo: A Mouse Model of Fatigue Induced by Peripheral Irradiation

Fluorescent Orthotopic Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the cancers for which survival has not improved substantially in the last few decades. Only 7% of diagnosed patients will survive longer than five years. In order to understand and mimic the microenvironment of pancreatic tumors, we utilized a murine orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that allows non-invasive imaging of tumor progression in real time. Pancreatic cancer cells expressing green fluorescent protein (PANC-1 GFP) were suspended in basement membrane matrix, high concentration, (e.g., Matrigel HC) with serum-free media and then injected into the tail of the pancreas via laparotomy. The cell suspension in the high concentration basement membrane matrix becomes a gel-like substance once it reaches room temperature; therefore, it gels when it comes in contact with the pancreas, creating a seal at the injection site and preventing any cell leakage. Tumor growth and metastasis to other organs are monitored in live animals by using fluorescence. It is critical to use the appropriate filters for excitation and emission of GFP. The steps for the orthotopic implantation are detailed in this article so researchers can easily replicate the procedure in nude mice. The main steps of this protocol are preparation of the cell suspension, surgical implantation, and whole body fluorescent in vivo imaging. This orthotopic model is designed to investigate the efficacy of novel therapeutics on primary and metastatic tumors.

A procedure to implant green fluorescent protein-expressing pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 GFP) orthotopically into the pancreas of Balb-c Ola Hsd-Fox1nu mice to assess tumor progression and metastasis is presented here.

Fluorescente modelo de camundongo ortotópico de câncer de pâncreas

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the cancers for which survival has not improved substantially in the last few decades. Only 7% of diagnosed patients will ...

Pesquisa do câncer

Evaluating the Role of Mitochondrial Function in Cancer-related Fatigue

Fatigue is a common and debilitating condition that affects most cancer patients. To date, fatigue remains poorly characterized with no diagnostic test to objectively measure the severity of this condition. Here we describe an optimized method for assessing mitochondrial function of PBMCs collected from fatigued cancer patients. Using a compact extracellular flux system and sequential injection of respiratory inhibitors, we examined PBMC mitochondrial functional status by measuring basal mitochondrial respiration, spare respiratory capacity, and energy phenotype, which describes the preferred energy pathway to respond to stress. Fresh PBMCs are readily available in the clinical setting using standard phlebotomy. The entire assay described in this protocol can be completed in less than 4 hours without the involvement of complex biochemical techniques. Additionally, we describe a normalization method that is necessary for obtaining reproducible data. The simple procedure and normalization methods presented allow for repeated sample collection from the same patient and generation of reproducible data that can be compared between time points to evaluate potential treatment effects.

Our goal was to develop a practical protocol to evaluate mitochondrial dysfunction associated with fatigue in cancer patients. This innovative protocol is optimized for clinical use involving only standard phlebotomy and basic laboratory procedures.

Avaliando o papel da função mitocondrial em fadiga relacionadas ao câncer

Fatigue is a common and debilitating condition that affects most cancer patients. To date, fatigue remains poorly characterized with no diagnostic test to ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

A esteira de fadiga de teste: Um ensaio simples, de alta taxa de transferência de Fadiga-like Comportamento para o Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Comportamento

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral delivery or transgenic animals have potential confounds that make interpretation of results from these studies difficult. New radiological tools are emerging, however, that allow one to noninvasively investigate the function of select groups of adult-born neurons through accurate and precise anatomical targeting in small animals. Focal ionizing radiation inhibits the birth and differentiation of new neurons, and allows targeting of specific neural progenitor regions. In order to illuminate the potential functional role that adult hypothalamic neurogenesis plays in the regulation of physiological processes, we developed a noninvasive focal irradiation technique to selectively inhibit the birth of adult-born neurons in the hypothalamic median eminence. We describe a method for Computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR) delivery to enable precise and accurate anatomical targeting in small animals. CFIR uses three-dimensional volumetric image guidance for localization and targeting of the radiation dose, minimizes radiation exposure to nontargeted brain regions, and allows for conformal dose distribution with sharp beam boundaries. This protocol allows one to ask questions regarding the function of adult-born neurons, but also opens areas to questions in areas of radiobiology, tumor biology, and immunology. These radiological tools will facilitate the translation of discoveries at the bench to the bedside.

The function of adult-born mammalian neurons remains an active area of investigation. Ionizing radiation inhibits the birth of new neurons. Using computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR), three-dimensional anatomical targeting of specific neural progenitor populations can now be used to assess the functional role of adult neurogenesis.

Interrogatório funcional do Adulto Hypothalamic Neurogenesis com Focal Radiológica Inibição

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral ...

Neurociência

Establishment of a Robust and Reproducible Model of Radiation-Induced Skin and Muscle Fibrosis

Radiation-induced skin fibrosis (RISF) can result from a plethora of scenarios including cancer therapy, accidental exposure, or acts of terrorism. Radioactive beams can penetrate through the skin and affect the structures in their path including skin, muscles, and internal organs. Skin is the first structure to get exposed to radiation and is susceptible to develop chronic fibrosis, which is challenging to treat. Currently, limited treatment options show moderate efficacy in mitigating radiation-related skin fibrosis. A key factor hindering the development of effective countermeasures is the absence of a convenient and robust model that could allow for translation of the experimental findings to humans. Here, a robust and reproducible murine hind limb skin fibrosis model has been established for prophylactic and therapeutic evaluation of possible agents for functional and molecular recovery.
The right hind limb was irradiated using a single dose of 40 (Gray) Gy to induce skin fibrosis. Subjects developed edema and dermatitis in the early stages proceeded by visible skin constriction. Irradiated limbs showed a significantly reduced limb range of motion in the following weeks. In late stages, acute side effects subsided, yet chronic fibrosis persisted. A gait index was performed as an additional functional assay, which demonstrated the development of functional impairment. These non-invasive methods demonstrated reliable measurements for tracing fibrosis progression, which is supported by histological analyses. The radiation dose, application, and post-irradiation analyses employed in this model offer a vigorous and reproducible method for studying radiation-induced skin fibrosis and testing the efficacy of therapeutical agents.

Here we present a protocol to induce radiation-induced skin fibrosis in the hind limb of mice and perform post-irradiation measurements of chronic impairment via limb excursion and gait index analyses to evaluate the functional outcome. The model elucidates radiation-related skin fibrosis mechanisms and is useful in subclinical therapeutic studies.

Radiation-induced skin fibrosis (RISF) can result from a plethora of scenarios including cancer therapy, accidental exposure, or acts of terrorism. ...

Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Assessment of Acute Ionizing Radiation Induced Skin Toxicity Using a Mouse Model

Acute skin toxicities from ionizing radiation (IR) are a common side effect from therapeutic courses of external beam radiation therapy (RT) and negatively impact patient quality of life and long term survival. Advances in the understanding of the biological pathways associated with normal tissue toxicities have allowed for the development of interventional drugs, however, current response studies are limited by a lack of quantitative metrics for assessing the severity of skin reactions. Here we present a diffuse optical spectroscopic (DOS) approach that provides quantitative optical biomarkers of skin response to radiation. We describe the instrumentation design of the DOS system as well as the inversion algorithm for extracting the optical parameters. Finally, to demonstrate clinical utility, we present representative data from a pre-clinical mouse model of radiation induced erythema and compare the results with a commonly employed visual scoring. The described DOS method offers an objective, high through-put evaluation of skin toxicity via functional response that is translatable to the clinical setting.

We present a diffuse optical spectroscopic (DOS) approach that provides quantitative optical biomarkers of skin response to radiation. We describe DOS instrumentation design, optical parameters extraction algorithms and the animal handling procedures required to yield representative data from a pre-clinical mouse model of radiation induced erythema.

Difusa espectroscopia óptica para a avaliação quantitativa da Aguda de Radiação Ionizante toxicidade cutânea induzida pelo uso de um modelo de rato

Acute skin toxicities from ionizing radiation (IR) are a common side effect from therapeutic courses of external beam radiation therapy (RT) and ...

Medicina

A Rat Model of Central Fatigue Using a Modified Multiple Platform Method

In this article, we introduced a rat model of central fatigue using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM). The Multiple Platform box was designed as a water tank with narrow platforms on the bottom. The model rats were put into the tank and stood on the platforms for 14 h (18:00 - 8:00) per day for a consecutive 21 days, with a blank control group set for contrast. At the end of modeling, rats in the model group showed an obvious fatigued appearance. To assess the model, we performed several behavioral tests, including the open field test (OFT), the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, and the exhaustive swimming (ES) test. The results showed that anxiety, spatial cognition impairment, poor muscle performance, and declined voluntary activity presented in model rats confirm the diagnosis of&#160;central fatigue. Changes of the central neurotransmitters also verified the result. In conclusion, the model successfully simulated central fatigue, and future study with the model may help reveal the pathological mechanism of the disease.

Here, we present a protocol to introduce a rat model of central fatigue using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM).

Um rato do modelo de fadiga Central usando um modificado método de plataforma múltipla

In this article, we introduced a rat model of central fatigue using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM). The Multiple Platform box was designed ...

A Preclinical Model of Exertional Heat Stroke in Mice

Heat stroke is the most severe manifestation of heat-related illnesses. Classic heat stroke (CHS), also known as passive heat stroke, occurs at rest, whereas exertional heat stroke (EHS) occurs during physical activity. EHS differs from CHS in etiology, clinical presentation, and sequelae of multi-organ dysfunction. Until recently, only models of CHS have been well established. This protocol aims to provide guidelines for a refined preclinical mouse model of EHS that is free from major limiting factors such as the use of anesthesia, restraint, rectal probes, or electric shock. Male and female C57Bl/6 mice, instrumented with core temperature (Tc) telemetric probes were utilized in this model. For familiarization with the running mode, mice undergo 3 weeks of training using both voluntary and forced running wheels. Thereafter, mice run on a forced wheel inside a climatic chamber set at 37.5 &#176;C and 40%-50% relative humidity (RH) until displaying symptom limitation (e.g., loss of consciousness) at Tc of 42.1-42.5 &#176;C, although suitable results can be obtained at chamber temperatures between 34.5-39.5 &#176;C and humidity between 30%-90%. Depending on the desired severity, mice are removed from the chamber immediately for recovery in ambient temperature or remain in the heated chamber for a longer duration, inducing a more severe exposure and a higher incidence of mortality. Results are compared with sham-matched exercise controls (EXC) and/or na&#239;ve controls (NC). The model mirrors many of the pathophysiological outcomes observed in human EHS, including loss of consciousness, severe hyperthermia, multi-organ damage as well as inflammatory cytokine release, and acute phase responses of the immune system. This model is ideal for hypothesis-driven research to test preventative and therapeutic strategies that may delay the onset of EHS or reduce the multi-organ damage that characterizes this manifestation.

The protocol describes the development of a standardized, repeatable, preclinical model of exertional heat stroke (EHS) in mice free from adverse external stimuli such as electric shock. The model provides a platform for mechanistic, preventative, and therapeutic studies.

Um modelo pré-clínico de insolação exercional em camundongos

Heat stroke is the most severe manifestation of heat-related illnesses. Classic heat stroke (CHS), also known as passive heat stroke, occurs at rest, ...

Método do tubo de choque para modelar explosão de baixo nível altamente repetitiva em camundongos

Modeling Highly Repetitive Low-level Blast Exposure in Mice

Exposure to explosive blasts is a significant risk factor for brain trauma among exposed persons. Although the effects of large blasts on the brain are well understood, the effects of smaller blasts such as those that occur during military training are less understood. This small, low-level blast exposure also varies highly according to military occupation and training tempo, with some units experiencing few exposures over the course of several years whereas others experience hundreds within a few weeks. Animal models are an important tool in identifying both the injury mechanisms and long-term clinical health risks following low-level blast exposure. Models capable of recapitulating this wide range of exposures are necessary to inform acute and chronic injury outcomes across these disparate risk profiles.
Although outcomes following a few low-level blast exposures are easily modeled for mechanistic study, chronic exposures that occur over a career may be better modeled by blast injury paradigms with repeated exposures that occur frequently over weeks and months. Shown here are methods for modeling highly repetitive low-level blast exposure in mice. The procedures are based on established and widely used pneumatic shocktube models of open-field blast exposure that can be scaled to adjust the overpressure parameters and the number or interval of the exposures. These methods can then be used to either enable mechanistic investigations or recapitulate the routine blast exposures of clinical groups under study.

Autor em destaque: decifrando os efeitos a longo prazo de exposições a explosões de baixo nível em camundongos

Presented here are methods for producing repeated low-intensity blast exposures using mice.

Modelagem de exposição a explosões de baixo nível altamente repetitiva em camundongos

Exposure to explosive blasts is a significant risk factor for brain trauma among exposed persons. Although the effects of large blasts on the brain are ...

Um mouse modelo de fadiga induzida por irradiação periférica

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