Work in the Barton lab was supported by a grant from the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT RP110471). This research was supported in part, by a training grant fellowship for Ryan L. McCarthy from the National Institutes of Health Training Program in Molecular Genetics 5 T32 CA009299. The core facility that maintains and runs the mass cytometry machine is supported by CPRIT grant (RP121010) and NIH core grant (CA016672).

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

ここで提示されたプロトコルが正常に様々な培養細胞株（H1及びH9 hESCを、たmESC、MCF7、HEK 293、KBM5、HMEC、MCF10A）および原発組織サンプル（マウス骨髄、マウス胎児肝臓、マウス成体の処理のために使用されています肝臓、マウス腫瘍）。関わらず、ソースの、細胞の状態を維持しながら、単一の細胞に解離させることができる任意の組織は、質量サイトメトリーにより解析に従順であるべき?...

フローサイトメトリーは、細胞の大集団を横切る単一細胞レベルでの複数の標的抗体の同時測定を可能にします。従来の蛍光ベースのフローサイトメトリーでは、定量化可能なパラメータの数は、パラメータの数が増加するにつれてますます複雑補償計算を必要とする複数のフルオロフォアの発光スペクトルとの間のスペクトルの重なりによって制限されます。これらの制限は、重金属標識抗体が検出され、大幅に同時に収集するパラメータの数を拡張し、個々のセルのために高次元のタンパク質存在量プロファイルを生成するフライト（TOF）質量分析の時間によって定量化されているマスサイトメトリーによって対処されます。 器具サイトメトリー質量の仕組みの基本的な理解は、ユーザーにとって有益であり、トラブルシューティングのために不可欠であり得ます。より徹底したチューニングの説明とマスサイトメトリーのマシンを実行するために、関連の原稿1を参照してください。簡潔には、細胞試料は、細胞表面マーカー、細胞質タンパク質、核タンパク質、クロマチン結合タンパク質または目的の他のエピトープ（ 図1I）を標的と金属結合した抗体のパネルで標識されます。標識された細胞は、手動注射によって一度に一つまたはその96ウェルプレートからサンプルをオートサンプラーを使用してのいずれかで、機械にロードされています。ロードされた細胞は、細胞（ 図1II）を封入液滴のスプレーを生成する噴霧器を介して注入されます。細胞は、アルゴンプラズマトーチによってイオン化されるように、このスプレーは配置されています。このイオン化は、各セルを構成する全原子からなる粒子雲（ 図1iii）を生成します。この粒子雲が検出器に移動するように、低原子質量の原子は四重極質量フィルタによって高質量のイオンから分離されます。残りの高質量イオンは検出器、abundに進み各同位体のANCEは（ 図1iv）定量化されます。検出器によって収集された生データは、細胞イベントを識別するために、マスサイトメトリー機器ソフトウェアによって分析されます。識別された各セルのイベントのために、各チャネルで検出された信号を定量化して出力.fcsファイルに保存します。重金属結合した抗体を検出するための質量チャネルは1％以下、最も貢献して0から4パーセントの範囲で最小のスペクトルオーバーラップを示します。そのため、チャネル間のこの低クロストークのために、それは分析2の前に補償行列にデータを変換するために、一般的に不要です。しかし、注意は、この可能性があるため、高存在量のエピトープを有する抗体は、低存在量の抗体に割り当てられたチャネルに信号を寄与質量チャネルに割り当てられていないことを保証するために、抗体の実験パネルの設計時に注意すべきです信号寄与を受信チャンネルに人為的に高い人口を作成します。 <p cl尻=「jove_content」&gt;サイトメトリー分析、質量のためのサンプルの正確な製造は、収集されるサンプルの種類に大きく依存する、実験仮説が試験されます。私たちは、異なる種類の細胞（ヒト胚性幹細胞）および初代細胞（マウス乳腺腫瘍上皮細胞の単離）を採取するための2つのプロトコルの例を提供しています。質量サイトメトリーの研究を始めたとき、最初に利用されるすべてのプロトコルおよび抗体は、研究者の手の中にうまく機能していることを確認するために、小さなパイロット実験を実施することをお勧めします。カスタム結合した抗体を使用するようにしているとき、これは抗体結合時の部分還元反応として抗体の親和性を破壊する可能性があり、特に不可欠です。そのため、各カスタム抗体は、データの正確性を保証するために、実験的に検証する必要があります。アッセイに使用する細胞表面の抗体が固定した後、または、彼らはNE場合はそれらのエピトープを認識する場合、他の考慮事項が決定することを含みますedは、細胞を生きて適用されます。ペプチドMHC染色3,4で発生することが知られているように、いくつかの固定は、細胞表面抗体と適切な染色を防止することができます。生細胞上の細胞表面抗体染色を実行するいくつかの抗体のために必要であるが、これは抗体ベースのバーコード6、7は例外であるが、ほとんどのバーコード法は固定5の後に実行される抗体標識の前にバーコード化のオプションを排除することができます。 分析のために調製される細胞の数を決定するとき、マシンにロードされた細胞の画分のみが検出され、データを生成することを知ることが重要です。ネブライザーは、トーチでサンプルを噴霧するとき、この損失は、非効率性が主な要因です。正確なパーセント損失は50から85パーセントの範囲であることができる機械のセットアップおよび細胞型が、フローサイトメトリー質量に依存しなければなりません実験を設計する際に考慮しました。このプロトコルは、サンプルあたり2×10 6個の細胞のために最適化されているが、より小さいまたはより大きいサンプルサイズを処理するために適合させることができます。このプロトコルは、しかし、サンプルサイズが実験内一貫性が保たれることが重要であり、4×10 6、1×10 6からのサンプルサイズに対して最小の変更を加えて使用することができます。細胞数の変化は、バーコードおよび抗体染色の強度に影響を与えることができると直接比較されるべきサンプルを横切って概ね一貫性が保たれるべきです。 すべての実験デザインされていない場合、このような死んだ細胞標識およびDNA標識のようないくつかの手順は、、大多数で行われるべきです。唯一の表面マーカーを分析する実験における死細胞の標識はRh103を用いて達成することができるが、Rh103は、それは染色損失をもたらすよう透過が必要とされる実験のために避けるべきです。透過性を含む実験のために、シスプラチンを利用することをお勧めします<sクラスアップ=「外部参照」&gt; 8と、可能性、アポトーシスおよび死細胞を検出するために、切断されたPARPまたは切断されたカスパーゼを認識する抗体。 バーコードのサンプルは、サンプル間の変動性を、抗体の消費を減らす取得時間を減少させ、除去することができる9。バーコードのプロセスは、その起源のサンプルに各セルを割り当てるために使用されている全ての細胞に固有のサンプル固有のコードを適用することを含みます。サンプルをバーコード化した後、抗体染色、すべてのサンプルを均等に染色されることを保証する工程の前にプールされてもよいです。実験誤差を最小にするために、それはバーコードに慎重であり、互いに直接比較される任意の試料をプールします。現在（下記参照）、ここで提示されているそのうちの2つ質量サイトメトリー分析5、6、7、のためのバーコードサンプルのいくつかの方法が存在します。 現在入手可能なreagen付きTSは、38個の抗体の標的の存在量を定量S期10で細胞を同定、生細胞と死細胞8を区別し、複数のサンプルの多重化実験における低酸素11の細胞レベルを測定することが可能です。大きな細胞集団のための高パラメーター単一細胞データを収集するこの能力は、非常に不均一な細胞集団の改善されたプロファイリングを可能にし、既に新規な生物学的洞察12、13、14、15、16の数を生産しています。解釈情報に得られた複素データを蒸留すると、スパニングツリー密度正規化イベントの進行（SPADE）17とviSNE 18を含む計算アルゴリズムの使用を必要としています。 この記事では、アクセスを提供します設計・マスサイトメトリー実験を実施する方法の概要とマスサイトメトリーデータの基本的な分析を紹介します。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>mTeSR1 medium kit</td>
			<td>Stem Cell technologies</td>
			<td>05850</td>
			<td>Warm at room temperature before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM F-12</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>11330-032</td>
			<td>Warm at 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutase</td>
			<td>Stem Cell technologies</td>
			<td>07920</td>
			<td>Warm at 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Equitech</td>
			<td>BAH62</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30256.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saponin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>47036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell ID Pt194</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Provided at 1mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell ID Pt195</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Provided at 1mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell ID Pt196</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Provided at 1mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cisplatin</td>
			<td>Enzo Life Sciences</td>
			<td>ALX-400-040-M250</td>
			<td>Soluble to 25mg/ml in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell-ID 20-plex Pd Barcoding Kit</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>201060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-Iodo-2&#39;-deoxyuridine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I7125</td>
			<td>Soluble to 74mg/ml in 0.2N NaOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhodium 103 intercelating agent</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>201103A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP1105-4</td>
			<td>Chill at -20&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Azide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5ml round bottom tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5ml 35um filter cap tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EQ four element calibration beads</td>
			<td>Fluidigm</td>
			<td>201078</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronidase Type I-S</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C9891</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Scalpel #10</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z69239</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sample preparation for mass cytometry analysis

質量サイトメトリーは、重金属標識とコンジュゲートした抗体、大幅に良く従来の蛍光ベースのフローサイトメトリーを用いて可能であるものを超えて深い分析のためのパラメータと機会の数を増加させたアプローチを利用します。すべての新しい技術と同様に、高品質、信頼性の高いデータの生成を確保するための重要なステップがあります。ここに提示質量サイトメトリー分析のための細胞試料を処理するための複数の技術を組み込んで最適化されたプロトコルです。ここで説明する方法は、ユーザーが一般的な落とし穴を回避し、不正確なデータにつながる可能性の変動を、最小限に抑えることにより、一貫性のある結果を達成するのに役立ちます。実験計画を通知するために、プロトコルと調査されているシステムの生物学に新たな知見を暴くにおけるそれらの効果でオプションまたは代替の手順の理論的根拠が覆われています。最後に、代表的なデータは、技術のpresenteから予想される結果を説明するために提示されていますここでdは。

ここで提示されたプロトコルは、広くわずかな修正を加えて培養し、一次細胞サンプルの広範囲に適用することができます。このようなバーコード又は細胞表面染色などの特定の要素は、必要でない場合、実験の要件に応じて、それはモジュール方式で行うことができます。その全体で利用このプロトコルは、死細胞の排除、S期集団同定のために標識し、最大38個の?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sample Preparation for Mass Cytometry Analysis at JoVE.com

Sample Preparation for Mass Cytometry Analysis

This article describes the collection and processing of samples for mass cytometry analysis.

質量サイトメトリー分析のための試料調製

Mass cytometry utilizes antibodies conjugated with heavy metal labels, an approach that has greatly increased the number of parameters and opportunities ...

sample-preparation-for-mass-cytometry-analysis

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

16.0K ビュー.  The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. This article describes the collection and processing of samples for mass cytometry analysis.

ビデオ: Sample Preparation for Mass Cytometry Analysis

MALDI Sample Preparation: the Ultra Thin Layer Method

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) 1,2. The ultra-thin layer method involves the production of a substrate layer of matrix crystals (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) on the sample plate, which serves as a seeding ground for subsequent crystallization of a matrix/analyte mixture. Advantages of the ultra-thin layer method over other sample deposition approaches (e.g. dried droplet) are that it provides (i) greater tolerance to impurities such as salts and detergents, (ii) better resolution, and (iii) higher spatial uniformity. This method is especially useful for the accurate mass determination of proteins. The protocol was initially developed and optimized for the analysis of membrane proteins and used to successfully analyze ion channels, metabolite transporters, and receptors, containing between 2 and 12 transmembrane domains 2. Since the original publication, it has also shown to be equally useful for the analysis of soluble proteins. Indeed, we have used it for a large number of proteins having a wide range of properties, including those with molecular masses as high as 380 kDa 3. It is currently our method of choice for the molecular mass analysis of all proteins. The described procedure consistently produces high-quality spectra, and it is sensitive, robust, and easy to implement.

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS).

MALDIサンプル調製：超薄層法

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption ...

生物学

Western Blotting: Sample Preparation to Detection

Western blotting is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It uses gel electrophoresis to separate native or denatured proteins by the length of the polypeptide (denaturing conditions) or by the 3-D structure of the protein (native/ non-denaturing conditions). The proteins are then transferred to a membrane (typically nitrocellulose or PVDF), where they are probed (detected) using antibodies specific to the target protein.

Western blotting is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract.

ウェスタンブロッティング：サンプル調製を検出する

Western blotting is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It uses gel ...

Sample Preparation for Single Virion Atomic Force Microscopy and Super-resolution Fluorescence Imaging

Immobilization of virions to glass surfaces is a critical step in single virion imaging. Here we present a technique&#160;adopted from single molecule imaging assays which allows adhesion of single virions to glass surfaces with specificity. This preparation is based on grafting the surface of the glass with a mixture of PLL-g-PEG and PLL-g-PEG-Biotin, adding a layer of avidin, and finally creating virion anchors through attachment of biotinylated virus specific antibodies. We have applied this technique across a range of experiments including atomic force microscopy (AFM) and super-resolution fluorescence imaging. This sample preparation method results in a control adhesion of the virions to the surface.

The attachment of virions to a surface is a requirement for single virion imaging by Super-resolution fluorescence imaging or atomic force microscopy (AFM). Here we demonstrate a sample preparation method for controlled adhesion of virions to glass surfaces suitable for use in AFM and super-resolution fluorescence imaging.

単一のビリオン原子間力顕微鏡と超解像蛍光イメージングのサンプル調製

Immobilization of virions to glass surfaces is a critical step in single virion imaging. Here we present a technique&#160;adopted from single molecule ...

Techniques for the Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Using Flow Cytometry

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help regulate a diverse range of biological processes. Analysis of EVs using flow cytometry (FCM) has been notoriously difficult due to their small size and lack of discrete populations positive for markers of interest. Methods for EV analysis, while considerably improved over the last decade, are still a work in progress. Unfortunately, there is no one-size-fits-all protocol, and several aspects must be considered when determining the most appropriate method to use. Presented here are several different techniques for processing EVs and two protocols for analyzing EVs using either individual detection or a bead-based approach. The methods described here will assist with eliminating the antibody aggregates commonly found in commercial preparations, increasing signal&#8211;to-noise ratio, and setting gates in a rational fashion that minimizes detection of background fluorescence. The first protocol uses an individual detection method that is especially well suited for analyzing a high volume of clinical samples, while the second protocol uses a bead-based approach to capture and detect smaller EVs and exosomes.

Many different methods exist for the measurement of extracellular vesicles (EVs) using flow cytometry (FCM). Several aspects should be considered when determining the most appropriate method to use. Two protocols for measuring EVs are presented, using either individual detection or a bead-based approach.

フローサイトメトリーを用いて細胞外小胞の分析のための技術

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help ...

An Alternative Approach for Sample Preparation with Low Cell Number for TEM Analysis

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides details of the cellular organization and ultrastructure. However, TEM analysis of rare cell populations, especially cells in suspension such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), remains limited due to the requirement of a high cell number during sample preparation. There are a few cytospin or monolayer approaches for TEM analysis from scarce samples, but these approaches fail to get significant quantitative data from the limited number of cells. Here, an alternative and novel approach for sample preparation in TEM studies is described for rare cell populations that enables quantitative analysis.
A relatively low cell number, i.e., 10,000 HSCs, was successfully used for TEM analysis compared to the millions of cells typically used for TEM studies. In particular, Evans blue staining was performed after paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde (PFA-GA) fixation to visualize the tiny cell pellet, which facilitated embedding in agarose. Clusters of numerous cells were observed in ultra-thin sections. The cells had a well preserved morphology, and the ultra-structural details of the Golgi complex and several mitochondria were visible. This efficient, easy and reproducible protocol allows sample preparation from a low cell number and can be used for qualitative and quantitative TEM analysis on rare cell populations from limited biological samples.

Here, we present a protocol to prepare samples with low cell numbers for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis.

TEM分析のための低細胞数とサンプル調製のための代替的アプローチ

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides details of the cellular organization and ultrastructure. However, TEM analysis of rare cell populations, ...

Sample Preparation and Imaging of Exosomes by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by body fluids and are known to represent the characteristics of cells that secrete them. The contents and morphology of the secreted vesicles reflect cell behavior or physiological status, for example cell growth, migration, cleavage, and death. The exosomes&#39; role may depend highly on size, and the size of exosomes varies from 30 to 300 nm. The most widely used method for exosome imaging is negative staining, while other results are based on Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy. The typical exosome&#39;s morphology assessed through negative staining is a cup-shape, but further details are not yet clear. An exosome well-characterized through structural study is necessary particular in medical and pharmaceutical fields. Therefore, function-dependent morphology should be verified by electron microscopy techniques such as labeling a specific protein in the detailed structure of exosome. To observe detailed structure, ultrathin sectioned images and negative stained images of exosomes were compared. In this protocol, we suggest transmission electron microscopy for the imaging of exosomes including negative staining, whole mount immuno-staining, block preparation, thin section, and immuno-gold labelling.

This protocol describes the various techniques necessary for transmission electron microscopy including negative staining, ultrathin sectioning for detailed structure, and immuno-gold labelling to determine the positions of specific proteins in exosomes.

サンプル準備および透過電子顕微鏡によるエクソソームのイメージ投射

Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by body fluids and are known to represent the characteristics of cells that secrete them. The ...

Miniaturized Sample Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy

Due to recent technological progress, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is rapidly becoming a standard method for the structural analysis of protein complexes to atomic resolution. However, protein isolation techniques and sample preparation methods for EM remain a bottleneck. A relatively small number (100,000 to a few million) of individual protein particles need to be imaged for the high-resolution analysis of proteins by the single particle EM approach, making miniaturized sample handling techniques and microfluidic principles feasible.
A miniaturized, paper-blotting-free EM grid preparation method for sample pre-conditioning, EM grid priming and post processing that only consumes nanoliter-volumes of sample is presented. The method uses a dispensing system with sub-nanoliter precision to control liquid uptake and EM grid priming, a platform to control the grid temperature thereby determining the relative humidity above the EM grid, and a pick-and-plunge-mechanism for sample vitrification. For cryo-EM, an EM grid is placed on the temperature-controlled stage and the sample is aspirated into a capillary. The capillary tip is positioned in proximity to the grid surface, the grid is loaded with the sample and excess is re-aspirated into the microcapillary. Subsequently, the sample film is stabilized and slightly thinned by controlled water evaporation regulated by the offset of the platform temperature relative to the dew-point. At a given point the pick-and-plunge mechanism is triggered, rapidly transferring the primed EM grid into liquid ethane for sample vitrification. Alternatively, sample-conditioning methods are available to prepare nanoliter-sized sample volumes for negative stain (NS) EM.
The methodologies greatly reduce sample consumption and avoid approaches potentially harmful to proteins, such as the filter paper blotting used in conventional methods. Furthermore, the minuscule amount of sample required allows novel experimental strategies, such as fast sample conditioning, combination with single-cell lysis for &#34;visual proteomics,&#34; or &#34;lossless&#34; total sample preparation for quantitative analysis of complex samples.

An instrument and methods for the preparation of nanoliter-sized sample volumes for transmission electron microscopy is presented. No paper-blotting steps are required, thus avoiding the detrimental consequences this can have for proteins, significantly reducing sample loss and enabling the analysis of single cell lysate for visual proteomics.

透過電子顕微鏡用小型サンプル準備

Due to recent technological progress, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is rapidly becoming a standard method for the structural analysis of protein ...

Stomata Tape-Peel: An Improved Method for Guard Cell Sample Preparation

The study of guard cells is essential to the knowledge of the specific contributions of this cell type to the overall function of plants. However, it is often difficult to isolate and thus studying them often provides a challenge. 
This study establishes a stomatal guard cell enrichment method. The protocol utilizes Scotch tape to isolate guard cells and extract proteins from the cells. This method improves the integrity and yield of guard cell during isolation and provides a reliable sample for the study of cell signaling processes and how they correlate to stomatal movement phenotypes. In this method, the plant leaves were partitioned between two portions of tape and peeled apart to remove the abaxial side. This protocol was applied to Arabidopsis leaf tissue to isolate guard cells. The cells were treated with fluorescein diacetate (FDA) to determine viability and with abscisic acid (ABA) to assess stomata movement in response to ABA. In conclusion, this protocol proves useful for preparing enriched stomatal guard cells and isolating proteins. The quality of the cells and proteins obtained here enable physiological and other biological studies.

This protocol describes a method of preparing enriched stomatal guard cells that is useful for physiological and other biological studies.

気孔テープ剥離: 細胞試料の調製法の改良

The study of guard cells is essential to the knowledge of the specific contributions of this cell type to the overall function of plants. However, it is ...

Sample Preparation for Mass-spectrometry-based Proteomics Analysis of Ocular Microvessels

The use of isolated ocular blood vessels in vitro to decipher the pathophysiological state of the eye using advanced technological approaches has greatly expanded our understanding of certain diseases. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has emerged as a powerful tool to unravel alterations in the molecular mechanisms and protein signaling pathways in the vascular beds in health and disease. However, sample preparation steps prior to MS analyses are crucial to obtain reproducible results and in-depth elucidation of the complex proteome. This is particularly important for preparation of ocular microvessels, where the amount of sample available for analyses is often limited and thus, poses a challenge for optimum protein extraction. This article endeavors to provide an efficient, rapid and robust protocol for sample preparation from an exemplary retrobulbar ocular vascular bed employing the porcine short posterior ciliary arteries. The present method focuses on protein extraction procedures from both the supernatant and pellet of the sample following homogenization, sample cleaning with centrifugal filter devices prior to one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide purification steps for label-free quantification in a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-linear ion trap-Orbitrap MS system. Although this method has been developed specifically for proteomics analyses of ocular microvessels, we have also provided convincing evidence that it can also be readily employed for other tissue-based samples.

Proteome characterization of ocular microvascular beds is pivotal for in-depth understanding of many ocular pathologies in humans. This study demonstrates an effective, rapid, and robust method for protein extraction and sample preparation from small blood vessels employing the porcine short posterior ciliary arteries as model vessels for mass-spectrometry-based proteomics analyses.

眼微小循環の質量分析法を用いたプロテオミクス解析の前処理

The use of isolated ocular blood vessels in vitro to decipher the pathophysiological state of the eye using advanced technological approaches has greatly ...

Sample Preparation for Metabolic Profiling using MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Metabolomics, the study to identify and quantify small molecules and metabolites present in an experimental sample, has emerged as an important tool to investigate the biological activities during development and diseases. Metabolomics approaches&#160;are widely employed in the study of cancer, nutrition/diet, diabetes, and other physiological and pathological conditions involving metabolic processes. An advantageous tool that aids in metabolomic profiling advocated in this paper is matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI). Its ability to detect metabolites in situ without labeling, structural modifications, or other specialized reagents, such as those used in immunostaining, makes MALDI MSI a unique tool in advancing methodologies relevant in the field of metabolomics. An appropriate sample preparation process is critical to yield optimal results and will be the focus of this paper.

The goal of this protocol is to provide detailed guidance on the sample preparation when planning for experiments using MALDI MSI to maximize metabolic and molecular detection in biological samples.

MALDI質量分析イメージングを用いた代謝プロファイリングのサンプル調製

Metabolomics, the study to identify and quantify small molecules and metabolites present in an experimental sample, has emerged as an important tool to ...