The authors are grateful for the financial support from Ministry of Science and Technology.

1. Preparazione di Silver Precursore Ink <ol><li> Aggiungere 1,85 g di dietanolammina (DEA) in 3,15 ml di acqua deionizzata. </li><li> Sciogliere 0,15 g di nitrato d&#39;argento in 5 ml di acqua deionizzata. </li><li> Miscelare la soluzione acquosa di nitrato d&#39;argento con DEA in un rapporto 1: 1 volume avere inchiostro precursore 10 ml argento destra prima dell&#39;uso. </li></ol> 2. Realizzazione di Stretchable conduttivi film sottili <ol><li> Preparazione di inchiostro AgNW <ol><li> Diluire 2 ml di 0,5% in peso AgNWs in isopropanolo con 18 ml di acqua deionizzata. </li><li> Mettere in bagno ad ultrasuoni per 30 sec a 25 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Fabbricazione di film sottili AgNW da rivestimento auto-spruzzo <ol><li> Tagliare standard di vetrini da microscopio in pezzi di dimensioni pari a 1 × 2,5 cm 2. Preparare 16 pezzi di vetro di queste dimensioni e pulirli con pulizia delle lenti tessuto etanolo bagnate. </li><li> Trasferimento 16 ml AgNW inchiostro (dalla sezione 1) nella tazza vernice della airbrUSH con una pipetta. Montare l&#39;aerografo su un robot controllato da computer per verniciatura a spruzzo. </li><li> Mettere 8 di pezzi di vetro in un accordo di 4 × 2 sul palco e fissarli con nastri resistenti al calore. La superficie totale di tutti i substrati di vetro sul palco è di 4 × 5 cm 2. </li><li> Impostare la pressione di lavoro e la temperatura fase di riscaldamento a 3 bar e 100 ° C, separatamente. </li><li> Aprire il software di controllo del robot. Fare clic per selezionare la sequenza comando di movimento spazzola sotto la colonna &quot;Command&quot;. Tipo di parametri di ingresso necessari per completare il programma di auto-spruzzatura come mostrato in Figura 1. Eseguire il programma. Nota: Il comando &quot;Speed ​​Line&quot; rende il viaggio aerografo a 200 mm / sec. Con il comando &quot;pennello Area&quot;, l&#39;aerografo muove avanti e indietro nella direzione del lato corto della matrice substrato di vetro mentre la fase si muove lungo la direzione del lato lungo e lo spazio tra due tratti è 5 mm. La &quot;linea di partenza&quot; e &quot;Line finali &quot;comandi determinano le posizioni di partenza e il punto finale del funzionamento automatico spruzzata. Le posizioni di loro dipendono dalla posizione dell&#39;array substrato di vetro sul palco. Il&quot; Comando Wait Point &quot;imposta un tempo di attesa di 20 sec in Alla fine di ogni ciclo automatico di spruzzatura. &quot;Loop Indirizzo&quot; comando consente a più cicli di spruzzatura e il numero di cicli di auto-spruzzatura è 15 volte. Ulteriori istruzioni dei comandi può essere trovato nel protocollo del produttore. </li><li> Modificare il numero di cicli di auto-spruzzo in 30 volte. Ripetere i punti 2.2.3 - 2.2.5 per fabbricare AgNW film sottili di 30 cicli di spruzzatura. </li><li> Dopo verniciatura a spruzzo, cuocere film sottili nanowire d&#39;argento su un piatto caldo a 120 ° C per 10 min. </li></ol></li><li> Chemical processo di saldatura <ol><li> Cast 400 ml di inchiostro precursore argento sopra ogni argento nanofilo film sottile rivestimento spray sul substrato di vetro. </li><li> Cuocere i film su un piatto caldo a 100 &amp;# 176; C per 40 min. </li><li> Sciacquare i rivestimenti reattivi accuratamente con acqua deionizzata per rimuovere residui chimici reattivi e aria asciugare i film rivestite. </li></ol></li><li> Cast-peeling processo <ol><li> Cast 200 microlitri commercialmente disponibile emulsione PU a base acqua su ogni film nanocomposito argento sottile sul substrato di vetro. </li><li> Asciugare i film per 10 ore per garantire la piena solidificazione. </li><li> Staccare i campioni dai substrati di vetro come film compositi free standing. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Caratterizzazione <ol><li> Test Stretching <ol><li> Accendere il palco lineari motorizzati e attendere 10 minuti per la macchina si riscaldi. </li><li> Aprire il software di controllo fase. Impostare il numero dei passaggi in movimento del motore come 8.000. Fai clic su &quot;X +&quot; nel software di controllo fase per spostare il palco mobile fino a toccare il palco fisso e fare clic su &quot;SET 0&quot; per impostare la posizione di tegli palco mobile come zero nel software di controllo fase. Nota: La fase mobile si muove 0,00125 mm in un passo del motore. Ad esempio, la fase mobile si sposta 1 cm se il motore si muove 8.000 gradini. Il segno di &quot;X +&quot; significa che la fase mobile si muove nella direzione di avvicinamento fase fisso mentre il segno negativo di &quot;X&quot; significa allontanarsi dalla scena fissa. </li><li> Fai clic su &quot;X&quot; per spostare il palco mobile per lasciare 1 cm di spazio tra la fase mobile e fissa. Fissare entrambe le estremità del campione con supporti cablati sulle fasi. In tal modo, la zona stiramento del campione è 1 × 1 cm 2. La configurazione di stiratoio è mostrato in Figura 2. </li><li> Utilizzare i coccodrilli, che sono le altre estremità dei cavi di collegamento ai detentori di scena (Figura 2), per la connessione a multimetro digitale per misure di resistenza. </li><li> Impostare il numero dei passaggi in movimento del motore come 800. Fare clic su &quot;X&quot; per move il cellulare fase di 1 mm (10% ceppo) lontano dal palco fisso per allungare il campione e registrare la resistenza. Ripetere questa operazione fino a quando la resistenza aumenta in modo significativo (~ 150% di deformazione). </li></ol></li><li> Test di stabilità <ol><li> Preparare il test come in fasi 3.1.2 - 3.1.4. </li><li> Aprire il software multimetro digitale. Collegare il multimetro digitale al computer. Premere a lungo il tasto &quot;REL Δ&quot; sul multimetro digitale fino a quando l&#39;icona del computer appare nell&#39;angolo in alto a sinistra del monitor multimetro digitale. Fai clic su &quot;Connessione USB&quot; nel software multimetro digitale e il software inizia a registrare resistenze misurate. </li><li> Inserire comandi nei campi di ingresso nel pannello del programma del software di controllo fase, come mostrato nella Figura 3 Il comando. &quot;: U-4000&quot; significa spostare il palco mobile 4.000 passi dalla fase fisso mentre il comando &quot;: U4000&quot; significa per spostare il palco mobile 4.000 passi indietroallo stadio fisso (4.000 per il 50% di deformazione, 8.000 per% di deformazione 100). Il numero di cicli di allungamento è 15 volte. La velocità predefinita del palco mobile è di 1 mm / sec. </li><li> Fare clic su &quot;Esegui 123&quot; nel pannello del programma del software di controllo palco per eseguire il programma automatico. La fase mobile si muove in un movimento alternativo per allungare il campione con i cicli di allungamento della forma d&#39;onda triangolare. </li><li> Fare clic sull&#39;icona Salva nel software multimetro ed esportare i dati dei profili di risposta la resistenza come un file .xls. </li></ol></li><li> Test di illuminazione a LED <ol><li> Preparare il test come in fasi 3.1.2 - 3.1.3. Collegare i supporti cablati in serie ad un LED e un alimentatore. </li><li> Accendere l&#39;alimentazione. Aumentare la tensione a 9 V per accendere il LED. </li><li> Istruzioni &quot;X&quot; per spostare il cellulare fase 1 mm (10% strain) lontano dalla scena fissa per allungare il campione e prendere un&#39;immagine per registrare la luminosità del LED. Ripetere questa operazione fino a quando laluce del LED si affievolisce. Fate attenzione che l&#39;auto-esposizione della fotocamera deve essere spenta quando si fotografa. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Il processo di saldatura chimica può contribuire a rafforzare il contatto tra nanofili d&#39;argento. Come mostrato in Figura 4b, le giunzioni filo / filo sono coperti con argento dopo l&#39;applicazione dell&#39;inchiostro argento reattiva nel getto rivestito AgNW film sottile. Il recupero dell&#39;argento fortemente basata sulla formaldeide generato da DEA degradazione, e quindi il processo di saldatura o la riduzione d&#39;argento può essere accelerato con l&#39;aumentare della tem...

Dispositivi elettronici deformabili con grande elasticità sono stati identificati come parti critiche alla realizzazione di elettronica indossabile e portatile nella prossima generazione. 1 Tali dispositivi elettronici estensibili mostrano non solo una grande flessibilità come quei dispositivi elettronici su fogli di plastica, 2, 3, ma anche esporre eccellente prestazioni in gravi condizioni di stretching o torsioni. 4 Per realizzare gli elettronica elastica, è necessario materiali con ottime prestazioni elettrico sotto grandi deformazioni. I recenti progressi nella scienza dei materiali hanno dimostrato la possibilità di sintetizzare tali materiali funzionali e li hanno utilizzati per la progettazione di dispositivi optoelettronici estensibili 5-9 con grande tolleranza alle deformazioni di forma complessa. Tra tutti i materiali elettronici funzionali, conduttori estensibili sono necessari per fornire energia elettrica ai dispositivi optoelettronici e quindi sono di importanza critica per le prestazioni del dispositivo.Poiché materiali conduttori regolari, come metallo o ossido di indio e stagno, mancanza di robustezza meccanica ai grandi deformazioni, interconnessioni in queste materie sono in grado di mostrare una buona conduttività elettrica sotto stiramento. Quindi, substrati elastici ricoperti da un sottile strato di materiali conduttori flessibili, come nanotubi di carbonio, grafene 1, 10 o AgNWs, 11-14 sono progettati per conduttori con eccellente estensibilità. A causa della elevata conducibilità bulk, film sottili AgNW hanno dimostrato di essere il materiale più promettente per conduttori compositi estensibili. 13 Le reti di percolazione di film sottili AgNW può ospitare efficacemente grandi deformazioni elastiche nel processo di stiro con grande conduttanza elettrica, e sono considerati come un promettente candidato elettrodo estensibile. Per implementare film sottili AgNW come conduttori estensibili, è necessario avere contatti elettrici effettivi tra AgNWs. Dopo la deposizione un liquidod essiccazione su superfici del substrato, AgNWs pila regolarmente insieme per formare una maglia di percolazione con punti di contatto sciolti, che producono in grandi resistenze elettriche. Così, uno ha bisogno di ricottura i contatti tra nanofili di alta temperatura o alta pressione metodi di ricottura 15-20 per ridurre le resistenze di contatto. In contrasto con questi processi di ricottura in letteratura, qui, si dimostrerà un semplice metodo chimico per temprare AgNW connessioni di rete in condizioni di laboratorio regolari. 21 Il processo di fabbricazione è mostrato in Figura 4A. Un inchiostro reattivo viene utilizzato per sinterizzare spray rivestiti film sottili AgNW su una lastra di vetro. Dopo la reazione, i contatti tra nanofili sono coperti con argento e quindi la rete AgNW è saldato chimicamente insieme. Metodo ghisa e buccia viene quindi utilizzato per trasferire la rete AgNW saldato ad un substrato elastico PU per formare un conduttore composito che può esibire alcun cambiamento evidente in conducibilità elettrica anche a grande sforzo a trazione di 120%.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Silver nanowire</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>778095-25ML</td><td>AgNW, 120 nm in diameter and 20-50 mm in length, 0.5 wt% in IPA</td></tr><tr><td>Silver nitrate crystal</td><td>Macron Fine Chemicals</td><td>MK216903</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diethanolamine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D8885-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyurethane emulsion</td><td>First Chemical</td><td>20130326036</td><td>35 wt% water-based anionic polyester-polyurethane emulsion</td></tr><tr><td>Airbrush</td><td>Taiwan Airbrush &amp;amp; Equipment</td><td>AFC-sensor&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Desktop robot</td><td>Dispenser Tech</td><td>DT-200&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital dispenser controller</td><td>Dispenser Tech</td><td>9000E&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Auto-spraying program</td><td>Dispenser Tech</td><td>Smart robot edit version 3.0.0.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Air compressor&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PUMA Industrial</td><td>NCS-10&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Linear motorized stage</td><td>TANLIAN E-O</td><td>Customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stage control software</td><td>TANLIAN E-O</td><td>Customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital multimeter</td><td>HILA INTERNATIONAL</td><td>DM-2690TU</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital multimeter software</td><td>HILA INTERNATIONAL</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power supply</td><td>CHERN TAIH</td><td>CT-605</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LED</td><td>PChome</td><td>M08330766</td><td>http://www.pcstore.com.tw/sun-flower/M08330766.htm</td></tr></tbody></table>

a fabrication method for highly stretchable conductors with silver nanowires

Elettronica elastica sono identificati come una tecnologia chiave per applicazioni elettroniche nella prossima generazione. Una delle sfide nella fabbricazione di dispositivi elettronici estensibili è la preparazione di conduttori estensibili con grande stabilità meccanica. In questo studio, abbiamo sviluppato un semplice metodo di fabbricazione di saldare chimicamente i punti di contatto fra l&#39;argento nanowire (AgNW) le reti. AgNW nanomesh stato depositato su un vetrino con metodo di rivestimento a spruzzo. Un inchiostro reattivo composto di nanoparticelle d&#39;argento (AGNPS) precursori è stato applicato sopra lo spray rivestita film sottili AgNW. Dopo il riscaldamento per 40 minuti, sono stati AGNPS preferenzialmente generati negli incroci nanowire per saldare il nanomesh AgNW, e rafforzato la rete di conduzione. Il film sottile AgNW modificati chimicamente è stato poi trasferito in poliuretano (PU) substrati con il metodo di fusione. I film sottili saldati AgNW su PU esibito alcun cambiamento evidente nella conduttività elettrica sotto stiramento o rolling processo con allungamento ceppi fino al 120%.

La morfologia della pellicola sottile AgNW dopo processo di saldatura chimica è mostrato nella Figura 4B. AGNPS recuperati preferenzialmente crescono sulla superficie della AgNWs e avvolgere nel corso degli svincoli filo / filo. Figura 5 mostra la variazione della resistenza dello strato con ceppi allungamento applicati per la dissaldato e film sottili saldati contenenti diverse quantità di AgNWs. Dopo il processo di saldatura chimica,...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires at JoVE.com

A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

A simple synthesis method is used to chemically solder silver nanowire thin film to fabricate highly stretchable and conductive metal conductors.

Un metodo di fabbricazione di conduttori è molto estensibile con argento Nanofili

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of ...

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9.8K Views.  National Taiwan University. A simple synthesis method is used to chemically solder silver nanowire thin film to fabricate highly stretchable and conductive metal conductors.

Video: A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

Fabricating Nanogaps by Nanoskiving

There are several methods of fabricating nanogaps with controlled spacings, but the precise control over the sub-nanometer spacing between two electrodes-and generating them in practical quantities-is still challenging. The preparation of nanogap electrodes using nanoskiving, which is a form of edge lithography, is a fast, simple and powerful technique. This method is an entirely mechanical process which does not include any photo- or electron-beam lithographic steps and does not require any special equipment or infrastructure such as clean rooms. Nanoskiving is used to fabricate electrically addressable nanogaps with control over all three dimensions; the smallest dimension of these structures is defined by the thickness of the sacrificial layer (Al or Ag) or self-assembled monolayers. These wires can be manually positioned by transporting them on drops of water and are directly electrically-addressable; no further lithography is required to connect them to an electrometer.

The fabrication of electrically addressable, high-aspect-ratio (> 1000:1) metal nanowires separated by gaps of single nanometers using either sacrificial layers of aluminum and silver or self-assembled monolayers as templates is described. These nanogap structures are fabricated without a clean room or any photo- or electron-beam lithographic processes by a form of edge lithography known as nanoskiving.

Realizzazione nanogap da Nanoskiving

There are several methods of fabricating nanogaps with controlled spacings, but the precise control over the sub-nanometer spacing between two ...

Ricerca

Chimica

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

Metamateriali Realizzazione tramite il metodo di disegno fibra

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

Ingegneria

A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating metal patterns on a submicron scale requires a combination of nanofabrication tools and several material processing steps. For example, steps to create planar metal structures using ultraviolet photolithography and electron-beam lithography can include sample exposure, sample development, metal deposition, and metal liftoff. To create 3D metal structures, the sequence is repeated multiple times. The complexity and difficulty of stacking and aligning multiple layers limits practical implementations of 3D metal structuring using standard nanofabrication tools. Femtosecond-laser direct-writing has emerged as a pre-eminent technique for 3D nanofabrication.1,2 Femtosecond lasers are frequently used to create 3D patterns in polymers and glasses.3-7 However, 3D metal direct-writing remains a challenge. Here, we describe a method to fabricate silver nanostructures embedded inside a polymer matrix using a femtosecond laser centered at 800 nm. The method enables the fabrication of patterns not feasible using other techniques, such as 3D arrays of disconnected silver voxels.8 Disconnected 3D metal patterns are useful for metamaterials where unit cells are not in contact with each other,9 such as coupled metal dot10,11or coupled metal rod12,13 resonators. Potential applications include negative index metamaterials, invisibility cloaks, and perfect lenses.
In femtosecond-laser direct-writing, the laser wavelength is chosen such that photons are not linearly absorbed in the target medium. When the laser pulse duration is compressed to the femtosecond time scale and the radiation is tightly focused inside the target, the extremely high intensity induces nonlinear absorption. Multiple photons are absorbed simultaneously to cause electronic transitions that lead to material modification within the focused region. Using this approach, one can form structures in the bulk of a material rather than on its surface.
Most work on 3D direct metal writing has focused on creating self-supported metal structures.14-16 The method described here yields sub-micrometer silver structures that do not need to be self-supported because they are embedded inside a matrix. A doped polymer matrix is prepared using a mixture of silver nitrate (AgNO3), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and water (H2O). Samples are then patterned by irradiation with an 11-MHz femtosecond laser producing 50-fs pulses. During irradiation, photoreduction of silver ions is induced through nonlinear absorption, creating an aggregate of silver nanoparticles in the focal region. Using this approach we create silver patterns embedded in a doped PVP matrix. Adding 3D translation of the sample extends the patterning to three dimensions.

Femtosecond-laser direct-writing is frequently used to create three-dimensional (3D) patterns in polymers and glasses. However, patterning metals in 3D remains a challenge. We describe a method for fabricating silver nanostructures embedded inside a polymer matrix using a femtosecond laser centered at 800 nm.

Un metodo per fabbricare nanostrutture d&#39;argento disconnesse in 3D

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes  techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating  metal patterns on a ...

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices1-3. In this paper, we focus on one- (1D), two- (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) printing of conductive metallic inks in the form of flexible, stretchable, and spanning microelectrodes.
Direct-write assembly4,5 is a 1-to-3D printing technique that enables the fabrication of features ranging from simple lines to complex structures by the deposition of concentrated inks through fine nozzles (~0.1 - 250 &mu;m). This printing method consists of a computer-controlled 3-axis translation stage, an ink reservoir and nozzle, and 10x telescopic lens for visualization. Unlike inkjet printing, a droplet-based process, direct-write assembly involves the extrusion of ink filaments either in- or out-of-plane. The printed filaments typically conform to the nozzle size. Hence, microscale features (&lt; 1 &mu;m) can be patterned and assembled into larger arrays and multidimensional architectures.
In this paper, we first synthesize a highly concentrated silver nanoparticle ink for planar and 3D printing via direct-write assembly. Next, a standard protocol for printing microelectrodes in multidimensional motifs is demonstrated. Finally, applications of printed microelectrodes for electrically small antennas, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes are highlighted.

Planar and three-dimensional printing of conductive metallic inks is described. Our approach provides new avenues for fabricating printed electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices in unusual layouts at the microscale.

Stampa planare e tridimensionale di inchiostri conduttivi

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical ...

Bioingegneria

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information support1,2,3. In this context, metal nanowires are especially desirable for realizing dense routing networks4. A prerequisite to operate such shared nanowire-based platform relies on our ability to electrically contact individual metal nanowires and efficiently excite surface plasmon polaritons5 in this information support. In this article, we describe a protocol to bring electrical terminals to chemically-synthesized silver nanowires6 randomly distributed on a glass substrate7. The positions of the nanowire ends with respect to predefined landmarks are precisely located using standard optical transmission microscopy before encapsulation in an electron-sensitive resist. Trenches representing the electrode layout are subsequently designed by electron-beam lithography. Metal electrodes are then fabricated by thermally evaporating a Cr/Au layer followed by a chemical lift-off. The contacted silver nanowires are finally transferred to a leakage radiation microscope for surface plasmon excitation and characterization8,9. Surface plasmons are launched in the nanowires by focusing a near infrared laser beam on a diffraction-limited spot overlapping one nanowire extremity5,9. For sufficiently large nanowires, the surface plasmon mode leaks into the glass substrate9,10. This leakage radiation is readily detected, imaged, and analyzed in the different conjugate planes in leakage radiation microscopy9,11. The electrical terminals do not affect the plasmon propagation. However, a current-induced morphological deterioration of the nanowire drastically degrades the flow of surface plasmons. The combination of surface plasmon leakage radiation microscopy with a simultaneous analysis of the nanowire electrical transport characteristics reveals the intrinsic limitations of such plasmonic circuitry.

Silver nanowires can simultaneously transport electrons and optical information in the form of surface plasmons. A procedure is described here to realize such a shared circuitry and the limitations at propagating both information carriers are evaluated.

Valutare plasmoniche Trasporti in Current-carrying Argento Nanowires

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information ...

Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation

Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) are a promising platform for immune modulation due to their potent ability to stimulate T cells. Acellular substrates offer key advantages over cell-based aAPC, including precise control of signal presentation parameters and physical properties of the aAPC surface to modulate its interactions with T cells. aAPC constructed from anisotropic particles, particularly ellipsoidal particles, have been shown to be more effective than their spherical counterparts at stimulating T cells due to increased binding and larger surface area available for T cell contact, as well as reduced nonspecific uptake and enhanced pharmacokinetic properties. Despite increased interest in anisotropic particles, even widely accepted methods of generating anisotropic particles such as thin-film stretching can be challenging to implement and use reproducibly.
To this end, we describe a protocol for the rapid, standardized fabrication of biodegradable anisotropic particle-based aAPC with tunable size, shape, and signal presentation for T cell expansion ex vivo or in vivo, along with methods to characterize their size, morphology, and surface protein content, and to assess their functionality. This approach to fabricating anisotropic aAPC is scalable and reproducible, making it ideal for generating aAPC for &#34;off-the-shelf&#34; immunotherapies.

Here, we present a protocol to quickly and reproducibly generate biologically inspired, biodegradable articifical antigen presenting cells (aAPC) with tunable size, shape, and surface protein presentation for T cell expansion ex vivo or in vivo.

Fabbricazione di anisotropo polimerici artificiali Antigen Presenting Cells per l'attivazione delle cellule T CD8 +

Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) are a promising platform for immune modulation due to their potent ability to stimulate T cells. Acellular ...

Ambiente

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a polymer film. This paper also presents a low-cost, vacuum-free fabrication method for this novel TE; the approach combines lithography, electroplating, and imprint transfer (LEIT) processing. The embedded nature of the EMTEs offers many advantages, such as high surface smoothness, which is essential for organic electronic device production; superior mechanical stability during bending; favorable resistance to chemicals and moisture; and strong adhesion with plastic film. LEIT fabrication features an electroplating process for vacuum-free metal deposition and is favorable for industrial mass production. Furthermore, LEIT allows for the fabrication of metal mesh with a high aspect ratio (i.e., thickness to linewidth), significantly enhancing its electrical conductance without adversely losing optical transmittance. We demonstrate several prototypes of flexible EMTEs, with sheet resistances lower than 1 &#937;/sq and transmittances greater than 90%, resulting in very high figures of merit (FoM) &#8211; up to 1.5 x 104 &#8211; which are amongst the best values in the published literature.

This protocol describes a solution-based fabrication strategy for high-performance, flexible, transparent electrodes with fully-embedded, thick metal mesh. Flexible transparent electrodes fabricated by this process demonstrate among the highest reported performances, including ultra-low sheet resistance, high optical transmittance, mechanical stability under bending, strong substrate adhesion, surface smoothness, and environmental stability.

Strategia di Fabbricazione elaborata in soluzione scalabile per elettrodi ad alte prestazioni, flessibili e trasparenti con maglia metallica incorporata

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a ...

Flow-assisted Dielectrophoresis: A Low Cost Method for the Fabrication of High Performance Solution-processable Nanowire Devices

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of nanowires. DEP is used for nanowire analysis, characterization, and for solution-based fabrication of semiconducting devices. The method works by applying an alternating electric field between metallic electrodes. The nanowire formulation is then dropped onto the electrodes which are on an inclined surface to create a flow of the formulation using gravity. The nanowires then align along the gradient of the electric field and in the direction of the liquid flow. The frequency of the field can be adjusted to select nanowires with superior conductivity and lower trap density. 
In this work, flow-assisted DEP is used to create nanowire field effect transistors. Flow-assisted DEP has several advantages: it allows selection of nanowire electrical properties; control of nanowire length; placement of nanowires in specific areas; control of orientation of nanowires; and control of nanowire density in the device. 
The technique can be expanded to many other applications such as gas sensors and microwave switches. The technique is efficient, quick, reproducible, and it uses a minimal amount of dilute solution making it ideal for the testing of novel nanomaterials. Wafer scale assembly of nanowire devices can also be achieved using this technique, allowing large numbers of samples for testing and large-area electronic applications.

In this paper, flow assisted dielectrophoresis is demonstrated for the self-assembly of nanowire devices. The fabrication of a silicon nanowire field effect transistor is shown as an example.

Flusso-assistita dielettroforesi: Un metodo a basso costo per la realizzazione di dispositivi ad alte prestazioni soluzione-processable Nanowire

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of ...

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-film Solar Cells

Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have been employed as window layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells. Bare silver nanowire electrodes normally result in very poor cell performance. Embedding or sandwiching silver nanowires using moderately conductive transparent materials, such as indium tin oxide or zinc oxide, can improve cell performance. However, the solution-processed matrix layers can cause a significant number of interfacial defects between transparent electrodes and the CdS buffer, which can eventually result in low cell performance. This manuscript describes how to fabricate robust electrical contact between a silver nanowire electrode and the underlying CdS buffer layer in a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell, enabling high cell performance using matrix-free silver nanowire transparent electrodes. The matrix-free silver nanowire electrode fabricated by our method proves that the charge-carrier collection capability of silver nanowire electrode-based cells is as good as that of standard cells with sputtered ZnO:Al/i-ZnO as long as the silver nanowires and CdS have high-quality electrical contact. The high-quality electrical contact was achieved by depositing an additional CdS layer as thin as 10 nm onto the silver nanowire surface.

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in CuIn,GaSe2 Thin-film Solar Cells

In this protocol, we describe the detailed experimental procedure for the fabrication of a robust nanoscale contact between a silver nanowire network and CdS buffer layer in a CIGS thin-film solar cell.

Fabbricazione di robusto contatto nanoscala tra un'elettroda Nanowire d'argento e CdS Buffer Layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film Solar Cells

Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have been employed as window layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells. Bare silver nanowire electrodes ...

Iron Nanowire Fabrication by Nano-Porous Anodized Aluminum and its Characterization

Magnetic nanowires possess unique properties that have attracted the interest of different fields of research, including basic physics, biomedicine, and data storage. We demonstrate a fabrication method for iron (Fe) nanowires&#160;via electrochemical deposition into anodic&#160;alumina oxide (AAO) templates. The templates are fabricated by anodization of aluminum (Al) discs, and the pore length and diameter are controlled by changing the anodizing conditions. Pores with an average diameter of around 120 nm are created using oxalic acid as the electrolyte. Using this method, cylindrical nanowires are synthesized, which are released by dissolving the alumina using a selective chemical etchant.

In this work, we describe a&#160;protocol to fabricate iron nanowires, including the formation of the porous alumina membrane that is used as the template, electrodeposition into templates using electrolyte solution, and the release of the nanowires into the solution.

Iron Nanowire Fabrication di Nano-Porous Anodized Aluminum e la sua caratterizzazione

Magnetic nanowires possess unique properties that have attracted the interest of different fields of research, including basic physics, biomedicine, and ...

Un metodo di fabbricazione di conduttori è molto estensibile con argento Nanofili

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