The authors are grateful for the financial support from Ministry of Science and Technology.

1. Herstellung der Silber-Precursor Ink <ol><li> In 1,85 g Diethanolamin (DEA) in 3,15 ml entionisiertem Wasser. </li><li> Aufzulösen 0,15 g Silbernitrat in 5 ml entionisiertem Wasser. </li><li> Vermischen der wässrigen Silbernitratlösung mit DEA in einem 1: 1 Volumenverhältnis zu 10 ml Silbervorläufer Tinte erst vor Gebrauch zu haben. </li></ol> 2. Herstellung von Stretchable Conductive Thin Films <ol><li> Herstellung von AgNW Tinten <ol><li> 2 ml der 0,5 Gew% AgNWs in Isopropanol mit 18 ml entionisiertem Wasser. </li><li> Legen es in Ultraschallbad für 30 sec bei 25 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Herstellung von AgNW dünnen Schichten durch Auto-Spritzbeschichtung <ol><li> Figurobjektträger in Stücke von der Größe gleich 1 × 2,5 cm 2. Bereiten Sie 16 Glasstücke dieser Größe und reinigen Sie sie mit Ethanol benetzt Linsenreinigungstuch. </li><li> Transfer 16 ml AgNW Tinte (aus dem Abschnitt 1) ​​in den Farbbecher des airbrUSH mit einer Pipette. Montieren Sie die Airbrush auf einem computergesteuerten Roboter für Spritzbeschichtung. </li><li> Zeigen 8 von Glasstücken in einer 4 × 2-Anordnung auf der Bühne und befestigen Sie sie mit hitzebeständigen Bänder. Die Gesamtfläche aller Glassubstrate auf der Bühne 4 × 5 cm 2. </li><li> Stellen Sie Arbeitsdruck und Heizstufe Temperatur bei 3 bar und 100 ° C, getrennt. </li><li> Öffnen Sie den Robotersteuerungssoftware. Klicken Sie auf das Bürstenbewegungsbefehlsfolge in der Spalte &quot;Befehl&quot; aus. Geben notwendigen Eingabeparameter, um die Auto-Spritzprogramm zu vervollständigen, wie in Abbildung 1 dargestellt. Führen Sie das Programm. Hinweis: Der Befehl &quot;Line Speed&quot; ermöglicht die Airbrush-Reise bei 200 mm / sec. Durch das Kommando &quot;Brush Area&quot;, bewegt sich die Spritzpistole hin und her in der Richtung der kurzen Seite des Glassubstrats Array, während die Plattform sich bewegt, entlang der Richtung der langen Seite und der Raum zwischen zwei Hüben ist 5 mm. Der &quot;Zeilenanfang&quot; und &quot;Line End &quot;Befehle bestimmen die Positionen der Start- und Endpunkt der Auto-Spritzvorgang. Die Positionen von ihnen sind abhängig von der Position des Glassubstrats Array auf der Bühne. Der&quot; Befehl warten Point &quot;setzt eine Wartezeit von 20 s in das Ende eines jeden Auto-Spritzzyklus. &quot;Loop Adresse&quot; Befehl können mehrere Spritzzyklen und die Zahl der Auto-Spritzzyklen ist 15-mal. Weitere detaillierte Anleitung der Befehle kann in dem Protokoll des Herstellers finden. </li><li> Ändern Sie die Anzahl der Auto-Spritzzyklen in 30-mal. Wiederholen Sie die Schritte 2.2.3 - 2.2.5 auf AgNW Dünnfilme aus 30 Sprühzyklen herzustellen. </li><li> Nach dem Sprühbeschichten, backen Silbernanodraht dünner Filme auf einer Heizplatte bei 120 ° C für 10 min. </li></ol></li><li> Chemische Lötprozess <ol><li> Guss 400 ul Silbervorläufer Tinte über jede sprühbeschichtet Silbernanodraht-Dünnfilm auf dem Glassubstrat. </li><li> Backen Sie die Filme auf einer heißen Platte bei 100 &amp;# 176; C für 40 min. </li><li> Spülen Sie die reaktiven Beschichtungen sorgfältig mit entionisiertem Wasser auf nicht reaktiven chemischen Rückstände zu entfernen und an der Luft trocknen die beschichteten Folien. </li></ol></li><li> Cast-Peeling-Prozess <ol><li> Cast 200 ul Handel erhältlichen wasserbasierten PU-Emulsion über jeder Silber-Nano-Verbundwerkstoff-Dünnfilm auf dem Glassubstrat. </li><li> Der Luft trocknen die Filme 10 Stunden zur vollen Verfestigung zu gewährleisten. </li><li> Abziehen der Proben aus den Glassubstraten als freistehende Verbundfolien. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Charakterisierung <ol><li> Dehnen Test <ol><li> Schalten Sie den Linearmotorstufe und warten Sie 10 min für die Maschine, um sich aufzuwärmen. </li><li> Öffnen Sie die Bühnensteuerungssoftware. Stellen Sie die Anzahl der Bewegungsschritte des Motors als 8.000. Klicken Sie auf &quot;X +&quot; in der Bühnensteuerung Software, um die mobile Bühne zu bewegen, bis sie die feste Bühne berührt und klicken Sie auf &quot;SET 0&quot;, um die Position von T eingestelltEr mobile Bühne als Null in der Bühnensteuerungssoftware. Anmerkung: Die mobile Bühne bewegt 0,00125 mm in einem Schritt des Motors. Zum Beispiel bewegt sich die mobile Bühne 1 cm, wenn der Motor bewegt 8.000 Schritte. Das Plus-Zeichen von &quot;X +&quot; bedeutet, dass die Bühne bewegt Handy in Richtung der Annäherung an festen Bühne, während das negative Vorzeichen von &quot;X&quot; bedeutet, weg von der Festphase. </li><li> Klicken Sie auf &quot;X&quot;, um die mobile Bühne zu bewegen, um 1 cm Raum zwischen der mobilen und festen Bühne verlassen. Sicherung der beiden Enden der Probe mit verdrahteten Halter auf die Bühnen. Dadurch wird der Zugbereich der Probe 1 × 1 cm 2. Der Aufbau der Streckmaschine ist in Abbildung 2 dargestellt. </li><li> Verwenden Sie die Krokodilklemmen, die die anderen Enden der Verdrahtungsleitungen auf die Bühne Halter (Abbildung 2) sind, um an den digitalen Multimeter zur Widerstandsmessung zu verbinden. </li><li> Stellen Sie die Anzahl der bewegten Schritte des Motors wie 800. Klicken Sie auf &quot;X&quot; in MOVe die mobile Bühne 1 mm (10% Dehnung) von der Festphase, um die Probe zu dehnen und notieren Sie den Widerstand. Wiederholen Sie diesen Schritt, bis der Widerstand erhöht sich signifikant (~ 150% Dehnung). </li></ol></li><li> Stabilitätstest <ol><li> Bereiten Sie den Test, wie in den Schritten 3.1.2 - 3.1.4. </li><li> Öffnen Sie die Digital-Multimeter-Software. Schließen Sie das Digitalmultimeter an den Computer. Drücken Sie lange die &quot;REL Δ&quot; auf der Digital-Multimeter, bis ein Computer-Symbol erscheint in der oberen linken Ecke des Digital-Multimeter-Monitor. Klicken Sie auf &quot;USB-Verbindung&quot; in der Digital-Multimeter-Software und die Software beginnt gemessenen Widerstände aufzeichnen. </li><li> Geben Sie Befehle in die Eingabefelder in der Programmoberfläche des Bühnensteuerungssoftware, wie in Abbildung 3 gezeigt, den Befehl. &quot;: U-4000&quot; bezeichnet, um die mobile Bühne 4000 Schritte von der Festphase, während der Befehl zu bewegen &quot;: U4000&quot; Mittel um die mobile Bühne 4.000 Schritte zurück bewegenzu der festen Stufe (4000 für 50% Dehnung, 8000 für 100% Dehnung). Die Anzahl der Streckzyklen 15mal. Die Standardgeschwindigkeit der mobilen Phase ist 1 mm / sec. </li><li> Klicken Sie auf &quot;Run 123&quot; in der Programmoberfläche des Bühnensteuerungssoftware, die automatische Programm auszuführen. Die mobile Bühne bewegt sich in einer Hubbewegung, um die Probe mit Elongationsrunden der Dreieckswellenform zu dehnen. </li><li> Klicken Sie auf das Symbol Speichern in der Multimeter Software und exportieren Sie die Daten der Widerstandsantwortprofile als .xls-Datei. </li></ol></li><li> LED-Lichttest <ol><li> Bereiten Sie den Test, wie in den Schritten 3.1.2 - 3.1.3. Schließen Sie die Kabel Halter in Reihe mit einer LED und einem Netzteil. </li><li> Schalten Sie die Stromversorgung. Erhöhen Sie die Spannung auf 9 V, um das LED-Licht. </li><li> Klicken Sie auf &quot;X&quot;, um die mobile Bühne 1 mm (10% Dehnung) von der festen Bühne zu bewegen, um die Probe zu dehnen und nehmen Sie ein Bild, um die Helligkeit der LED aufzeichnen. Wiederholen Sie diesen Schritt, bis dieLicht der LED wird dunkel. Achten Sie darauf, dass die Auto-Belichtung der Kamera sollte ausgeschaltet während der Aufnahme eingeschaltet werden. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Die chemische Lötprozess kann dazu beitragen, den Kontakt zwischen Silber-Nanodrähten. Wie in 4b gezeigt, werden die Ader / Ader Kreuzungen mit Silber nach dem Auftragen der reaktiven Silbertinte auf das Spray beschichtet AgNW Dünnfilm bedeckt. Silber-Rückgewinnungs beruht stark auf der von DEA Abbau erzeugten Formaldehyds und damit das Lötverfahren oder Silber Reduktion kann mit zunehmender Temperatur beschleunigt wird. 22. Da die Metalloberflächen der AgNWs wirksame Elektronenaustausc...

Verformbaren elektronischen Geräten mit großer Dehnbarkeit als kritisch Teile zur Realisierung integrierte und tragbare Elektronik in der nächsten Generation identifiziert. 1 Diese dehnbaren elektronischen Vorrichtungen zeigen nicht nur eine hohe Flexibilität wie diese elektronischen Geräte auf Kunststoffplatten, 2, 3, sondern auch eine ausgezeichnete Leistung unter schweren Strecken oder Verdrehen Bedingungen. 4 Zu erkennen, die dehnbare Elektronik, Materialien mit großen elektrischen Leistung unter starken Verformung erforderlich ist. Jüngste Fortschritte in der Materialwissenschaften haben die Möglichkeit, solche funktionellen Materialien zu synthetisieren gezeigt und haben sie verwendet, um dehnbare optoelektronischen Bauelementen 5-9 mit großer Toleranz gegenüber komplexen Form Verformungen zu entwerfen. Unter allen elektronischen funktionalen Materialien dehnbaren Leiter erforderlich, um elektrische Leistung zu diesen optoelektronischen Bauelementen zu liefern und sind von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Leistung der Vorrichtung bei.Weil regelmäßige leitenden Materialien, wie Metall oder Indium-Zinnoxid, mangelnde mechanische Robustheit unter großen Verformungen, sind Verbindungen aus diesen Materialien nicht in der Lage eine gute elektrische Leitfähigkeit unter Streckprozess aufweisen. Somit elastische Substrate mit einer dünnen Schicht eines flexiblen, leitfähigen Materialien, wie Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhre, 1 Graphen 10 oder AgNWs abgedeckt, 11-14 sind für Leiter mit ausgezeichneter Dehnbarkeit gestaltet. Aufgrund der hohen Masse-Leitfähigkeit haben AgNW dünnen Filmen gezeigt worden, um das vielversprechendste Material für Verbund dehnbaren Leiter zu sein. 13 Die sickert Netzwerke von AgNW Dünnfilme können effektiv in Reckvorgang mit großer elektrische Leitfähigkeit unterzubringen großen elastischen Verformungen und gelten als eine viel versprechende dehnbare Elektrode Kandidaten. Um AgNW Dünnfilme als dehnbare Leiter umzusetzen, ist es notwendig, wirksame elektrische Kontakte zwischen AgNWs haben. Nach Flüssigkeitsabscheidung eind Trocknung auf Substratoberflächen, AgNWs regelmäßig aufeinander zu stapeln, um einen sickert Mesh mit losen Kontaktstellen, die in großen elektrischen Widerstände ergeben bilden. Somit muss man, um die Kontakte zwischen den Nanodrähten durch Hochtemperatur-oder Hochdruck Glühverfahren 15-20 tempern, um die Kontaktwiderstände zu verringern. Im Gegensatz zu diesen Glühprozesse in der Literatur, hier werden wir eine einfache chemische Verfahren zeigen, den AgNW Netzwerkverbindungen unter normalen Laborbedingungen zu glühen. 21 Der Herstellungsprozess ist in 4A gezeigt. Eine reaktive Tinte verwendet wird, um das Spray zu sintern beschichtet AgNW dünne Filme auf einer Glasplatte. Nach der Reaktion werden die Kontakte zwischen den Nanodrähten mit Silber überzogen und damit die AgNW Netzwerk chemisch miteinander verlötet. Gegossener-and-Peel-Methode wird dann verwendet, um den gelöteten AgNW Netzwerk zu einem dehnbaren PU Substrat zu übertragen, um eine Verbundleiter, der keine offensichtliche Änderung aufweisen kann, Form In elektrische Leitfähigkeit auch bei großen Dehnung von 120%.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Silver nanowire</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>778095-25ML</td><td>AgNW, 120 nm in diameter and 20-50 mm in length, 0.5 wt% in IPA</td></tr><tr><td>Silver nitrate crystal</td><td>Macron Fine Chemicals</td><td>MK216903</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diethanolamine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D8885-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyurethane emulsion</td><td>First Chemical</td><td>20130326036</td><td>35 wt% water-based anionic polyester-polyurethane emulsion</td></tr><tr><td>Airbrush</td><td>Taiwan Airbrush &amp;amp; Equipment</td><td>AFC-sensor&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Desktop robot</td><td>Dispenser Tech</td><td>DT-200&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital dispenser controller</td><td>Dispenser Tech</td><td>9000E&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Auto-spraying program</td><td>Dispenser Tech</td><td>Smart robot edit version 3.0.0.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Air compressor&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PUMA Industrial</td><td>NCS-10&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Linear motorized stage</td><td>TANLIAN E-O</td><td>Customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stage control software</td><td>TANLIAN E-O</td><td>Customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital multimeter</td><td>HILA INTERNATIONAL</td><td>DM-2690TU</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital multimeter software</td><td>HILA INTERNATIONAL</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power supply</td><td>CHERN TAIH</td><td>CT-605</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LED</td><td>PChome</td><td>M08330766</td><td>http://www.pcstore.com.tw/sun-flower/M08330766.htm</td></tr></tbody></table>

a fabrication method for highly stretchable conductors with silver nanowires

Dehnbare Elektronik werden als Schlüsseltechnologie für elektronische Anwendungen der nächsten Generation identifiziert. Eine der Herausforderungen bei der Herstellung von dehnbaren elektronischen Geräte ist die Herstellung von dehnbaren Leiter mit großer mechanischer Stabilität. In dieser Studie wurde ein einfaches Herstellungsverfahren chemisch löten Sie die Kontaktpunkte zwischen Silber-Nanodraht (AgNW) Netzwerken entwickelten wir. AgNW nanomesh wurde zunächst auf einem Glasobjektträger über Sprühbeschichtungsverfahren abgeschieden. Eine reaktive Tinte der Silber-Nanopartikel (AGNPS) Vorstufen zusammengesetzt wurde über die sprühbeschichteten AgNW Dünnfilme aufgebracht. Nach dem Erwärmen für 40 Minuten wurden AGNPS bevorzugt gegenüber den Nanodraht-Übergänge, die AgNW nanomesh löten erzeugt und verstärkt die leitende Netzwerk. Das chemisch modifizierte AgNW Dünnfilm wurde dann auf Polyurethan (PU) Substrate durch Gussverfahren transferiert. Die gelöteten AgNW Dünnschichten auf PU zeigte keine offensichtliche Änderung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit unter Dehnung oder rolling Prozess mit Dehnung Stämme bis zu 120%.

Die Morphologie des AgNW Dünnschicht nach chemischer Lötprozess ist in 4B gezeigt. Zurückgewonnen AGNPS bevorzugt wachsen auf der Oberfläche des AgNWs und wickeln über die Ader / Ader Kreuzungen. Abbildung 5 zeigt die Variation der Schichtwiderstand mit applizierten Dehnungs Stämme für die abgelötet und den gelöteten dünnen Filmen, die verschiedene Menge AgNWs. Nach der chemischen Lötprozess kann AgNW Dünnfilmleiter mit hoher Leitfähigkeit b...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires at JoVE.com

A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

A simple synthesis method is used to chemically solder silver nanowire thin film to fabricate highly stretchable and conductive metal conductors.

Ein Herstellungsverfahren für hochverstreckbare Leiter mit Silber Nanodrähte

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of ...

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9.8K Aufrufe.  National Taiwan University. A simple synthesis method is used to chemically solder silver nanowire thin film to fabricate highly stretchable and conductive metal conductors.

Serie: A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

Fabricating Nanogaps by Nanoskiving

There are several methods of fabricating nanogaps with controlled spacings, but the precise control over the sub-nanometer spacing between two electrodes-and generating them in practical quantities-is still challenging. The preparation of nanogap electrodes using nanoskiving, which is a form of edge lithography, is a fast, simple and powerful technique. This method is an entirely mechanical process which does not include any photo- or electron-beam lithographic steps and does not require any special equipment or infrastructure such as clean rooms. Nanoskiving is used to fabricate electrically addressable nanogaps with control over all three dimensions; the smallest dimension of these structures is defined by the thickness of the sacrificial layer (Al or Ag) or self-assembled monolayers. These wires can be manually positioned by transporting them on drops of water and are directly electrically-addressable; no further lithography is required to connect them to an electrometer.

The fabrication of electrically addressable, high-aspect-ratio (> 1000:1) metal nanowires separated by gaps of single nanometers using either sacrificial layers of aluminum and silver or self-assembled monolayers as templates is described. These nanogap structures are fabricated without a clean room or any photo- or electron-beam lithographic processes by a form of edge lithography known as nanoskiving.

Fabricating Nanogaps durch Nanoskiving

There are several methods of fabricating nanogaps with controlled spacings, but the precise control over the sub-nanometer spacing between two ...

Forschung

Chemie

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

Herstellung Metamaterialien Mit dem Fiber Drawing Methode

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

Ingenieurwesen

A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating metal patterns on a submicron scale requires a combination of nanofabrication tools and several material processing steps. For example, steps to create planar metal structures using ultraviolet photolithography and electron-beam lithography can include sample exposure, sample development, metal deposition, and metal liftoff. To create 3D metal structures, the sequence is repeated multiple times. The complexity and difficulty of stacking and aligning multiple layers limits practical implementations of 3D metal structuring using standard nanofabrication tools. Femtosecond-laser direct-writing has emerged as a pre-eminent technique for 3D nanofabrication.1,2 Femtosecond lasers are frequently used to create 3D patterns in polymers and glasses.3-7 However, 3D metal direct-writing remains a challenge. Here, we describe a method to fabricate silver nanostructures embedded inside a polymer matrix using a femtosecond laser centered at 800 nm. The method enables the fabrication of patterns not feasible using other techniques, such as 3D arrays of disconnected silver voxels.8 Disconnected 3D metal patterns are useful for metamaterials where unit cells are not in contact with each other,9 such as coupled metal dot10,11or coupled metal rod12,13 resonators. Potential applications include negative index metamaterials, invisibility cloaks, and perfect lenses.
In femtosecond-laser direct-writing, the laser wavelength is chosen such that photons are not linearly absorbed in the target medium. When the laser pulse duration is compressed to the femtosecond time scale and the radiation is tightly focused inside the target, the extremely high intensity induces nonlinear absorption. Multiple photons are absorbed simultaneously to cause electronic transitions that lead to material modification within the focused region. Using this approach, one can form structures in the bulk of a material rather than on its surface.
Most work on 3D direct metal writing has focused on creating self-supported metal structures.14-16 The method described here yields sub-micrometer silver structures that do not need to be self-supported because they are embedded inside a matrix. A doped polymer matrix is prepared using a mixture of silver nitrate (AgNO3), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and water (H2O). Samples are then patterned by irradiation with an 11-MHz femtosecond laser producing 50-fs pulses. During irradiation, photoreduction of silver ions is induced through nonlinear absorption, creating an aggregate of silver nanoparticles in the focal region. Using this approach we create silver patterns embedded in a doped PVP matrix. Adding 3D translation of the sample extends the patterning to three dimensions.

Femtosecond-laser direct-writing is frequently used to create three-dimensional (3D) patterns in polymers and glasses. However, patterning metals in 3D remains a challenge. We describe a method for fabricating silver nanostructures embedded inside a polymer matrix using a femtosecond laser centered at 800 nm.

Ein Verfahren zur Getrennt Silber Nanostrukturen in 3D Fabricate

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes  techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating  metal patterns on a ...

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices1-3. In this paper, we focus on one- (1D), two- (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) printing of conductive metallic inks in the form of flexible, stretchable, and spanning microelectrodes.
Direct-write assembly4,5 is a 1-to-3D printing technique that enables the fabrication of features ranging from simple lines to complex structures by the deposition of concentrated inks through fine nozzles (~0.1 - 250 &mu;m). This printing method consists of a computer-controlled 3-axis translation stage, an ink reservoir and nozzle, and 10x telescopic lens for visualization. Unlike inkjet printing, a droplet-based process, direct-write assembly involves the extrusion of ink filaments either in- or out-of-plane. The printed filaments typically conform to the nozzle size. Hence, microscale features (&lt; 1 &mu;m) can be patterned and assembled into larger arrays and multidimensional architectures.
In this paper, we first synthesize a highly concentrated silver nanoparticle ink for planar and 3D printing via direct-write assembly. Next, a standard protocol for printing microelectrodes in multidimensional motifs is demonstrated. Finally, applications of printed microelectrodes for electrically small antennas, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes are highlighted.

Planar and three-dimensional printing of conductive metallic inks is described. Our approach provides new avenues for fabricating printed electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices in unusual layouts at the microscale.

Planar-und Drei-Dimensional Printing von Leitfähige Druckfarben

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical ...

Biotechnik

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information support1,2,3. In this context, metal nanowires are especially desirable for realizing dense routing networks4. A prerequisite to operate such shared nanowire-based platform relies on our ability to electrically contact individual metal nanowires and efficiently excite surface plasmon polaritons5 in this information support. In this article, we describe a protocol to bring electrical terminals to chemically-synthesized silver nanowires6 randomly distributed on a glass substrate7. The positions of the nanowire ends with respect to predefined landmarks are precisely located using standard optical transmission microscopy before encapsulation in an electron-sensitive resist. Trenches representing the electrode layout are subsequently designed by electron-beam lithography. Metal electrodes are then fabricated by thermally evaporating a Cr/Au layer followed by a chemical lift-off. The contacted silver nanowires are finally transferred to a leakage radiation microscope for surface plasmon excitation and characterization8,9. Surface plasmons are launched in the nanowires by focusing a near infrared laser beam on a diffraction-limited spot overlapping one nanowire extremity5,9. For sufficiently large nanowires, the surface plasmon mode leaks into the glass substrate9,10. This leakage radiation is readily detected, imaged, and analyzed in the different conjugate planes in leakage radiation microscopy9,11. The electrical terminals do not affect the plasmon propagation. However, a current-induced morphological deterioration of the nanowire drastically degrades the flow of surface plasmons. The combination of surface plasmon leakage radiation microscopy with a simultaneous analysis of the nanowire electrical transport characteristics reveals the intrinsic limitations of such plasmonic circuitry.

Silver nanowires can simultaneously transport electrons and optical information in the form of surface plasmons. A procedure is described here to realize such a shared circuitry and the limitations at propagating both information carriers are evaluated.

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information ...

Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation

Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) are a promising platform for immune modulation due to their potent ability to stimulate T cells. Acellular substrates offer key advantages over cell-based aAPC, including precise control of signal presentation parameters and physical properties of the aAPC surface to modulate its interactions with T cells. aAPC constructed from anisotropic particles, particularly ellipsoidal particles, have been shown to be more effective than their spherical counterparts at stimulating T cells due to increased binding and larger surface area available for T cell contact, as well as reduced nonspecific uptake and enhanced pharmacokinetic properties. Despite increased interest in anisotropic particles, even widely accepted methods of generating anisotropic particles such as thin-film stretching can be challenging to implement and use reproducibly.
To this end, we describe a protocol for the rapid, standardized fabrication of biodegradable anisotropic particle-based aAPC with tunable size, shape, and signal presentation for T cell expansion ex vivo or in vivo, along with methods to characterize their size, morphology, and surface protein content, and to assess their functionality. This approach to fabricating anisotropic aAPC is scalable and reproducible, making it ideal for generating aAPC for &#34;off-the-shelf&#34; immunotherapies.

Here, we present a protocol to quickly and reproducibly generate biologically inspired, biodegradable articifical antigen presenting cells (aAPC) with tunable size, shape, and surface protein presentation for T cell expansion ex vivo or in vivo.

Herstellung von anisotropen Polymeren künstliche antigenpräsentierende Zellen für CD8 + T-Zell-Aktivierung

Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) are a promising platform for immune modulation due to their potent ability to stimulate T cells. Acellular ...

Umwelt

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a polymer film. This paper also presents a low-cost, vacuum-free fabrication method for this novel TE; the approach combines lithography, electroplating, and imprint transfer (LEIT) processing. The embedded nature of the EMTEs offers many advantages, such as high surface smoothness, which is essential for organic electronic device production; superior mechanical stability during bending; favorable resistance to chemicals and moisture; and strong adhesion with plastic film. LEIT fabrication features an electroplating process for vacuum-free metal deposition and is favorable for industrial mass production. Furthermore, LEIT allows for the fabrication of metal mesh with a high aspect ratio (i.e., thickness to linewidth), significantly enhancing its electrical conductance without adversely losing optical transmittance. We demonstrate several prototypes of flexible EMTEs, with sheet resistances lower than 1 &#937;/sq and transmittances greater than 90%, resulting in very high figures of merit (FoM) &#8211; up to 1.5 x 104 &#8211; which are amongst the best values in the published literature.

This protocol describes a solution-based fabrication strategy for high-performance, flexible, transparent electrodes with fully-embedded, thick metal mesh. Flexible transparent electrodes fabricated by this process demonstrate among the highest reported performances, including ultra-low sheet resistance, high optical transmittance, mechanical stability under bending, strong substrate adhesion, surface smoothness, and environmental stability.

Skalierbare, lösungsverarbeitete Fertigungsstrategie für leistungsstarke, flexible, transparente Elektroden mit eingebettetem Metallgewebe

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a ...

Flow-assisted Dielectrophoresis: A Low Cost Method for the Fabrication of High Performance Solution-processable Nanowire Devices

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of nanowires. DEP is used for nanowire analysis, characterization, and for solution-based fabrication of semiconducting devices. The method works by applying an alternating electric field between metallic electrodes. The nanowire formulation is then dropped onto the electrodes which are on an inclined surface to create a flow of the formulation using gravity. The nanowires then align along the gradient of the electric field and in the direction of the liquid flow. The frequency of the field can be adjusted to select nanowires with superior conductivity and lower trap density. 
In this work, flow-assisted DEP is used to create nanowire field effect transistors. Flow-assisted DEP has several advantages: it allows selection of nanowire electrical properties; control of nanowire length; placement of nanowires in specific areas; control of orientation of nanowires; and control of nanowire density in the device. 
The technique can be expanded to many other applications such as gas sensors and microwave switches. The technique is efficient, quick, reproducible, and it uses a minimal amount of dilute solution making it ideal for the testing of novel nanomaterials. Wafer scale assembly of nanowire devices can also be achieved using this technique, allowing large numbers of samples for testing and large-area electronic applications.

In this paper, flow assisted dielectrophoresis is demonstrated for the self-assembly of nanowire devices. The fabrication of a silicon nanowire field effect transistor is shown as an example.

Flow-gestützte Dielektrophorese: Eine kostengünstige Methode für die Herstellung von Hochleistungs-Lösung-verarbeitbare Nanodraht-Geräte

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of ...

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-film Solar Cells

Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have been employed as window layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells. Bare silver nanowire electrodes normally result in very poor cell performance. Embedding or sandwiching silver nanowires using moderately conductive transparent materials, such as indium tin oxide or zinc oxide, can improve cell performance. However, the solution-processed matrix layers can cause a significant number of interfacial defects between transparent electrodes and the CdS buffer, which can eventually result in low cell performance. This manuscript describes how to fabricate robust electrical contact between a silver nanowire electrode and the underlying CdS buffer layer in a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell, enabling high cell performance using matrix-free silver nanowire transparent electrodes. The matrix-free silver nanowire electrode fabricated by our method proves that the charge-carrier collection capability of silver nanowire electrode-based cells is as good as that of standard cells with sputtered ZnO:Al/i-ZnO as long as the silver nanowires and CdS have high-quality electrical contact. The high-quality electrical contact was achieved by depositing an additional CdS layer as thin as 10 nm onto the silver nanowire surface.

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in CuIn,GaSe2 Thin-film Solar Cells

In this protocol, we describe the detailed experimental procedure for the fabrication of a robust nanoscale contact between a silver nanowire network and CdS buffer layer in a CIGS thin-film solar cell.

Herstellung eines robusten Nano-Kontakts zwischen einer Silber-Nanodrahtelektrode und einer CdS-Pufferschicht in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Dünnschicht-Solarzellen

Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have been employed as window layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells. Bare silver nanowire electrodes ...

Iron Nanowire Fabrication by Nano-Porous Anodized Aluminum and its Characterization

Magnetic nanowires possess unique properties that have attracted the interest of different fields of research, including basic physics, biomedicine, and data storage. We demonstrate a fabrication method for iron (Fe) nanowires&#160;via electrochemical deposition into anodic&#160;alumina oxide (AAO) templates. The templates are fabricated by anodization of aluminum (Al) discs, and the pore length and diameter are controlled by changing the anodizing conditions. Pores with an average diameter of around 120 nm are created using oxalic acid as the electrolyte. Using this method, cylindrical nanowires are synthesized, which are released by dissolving the alumina using a selective chemical etchant.

In this work, we describe a&#160;protocol to fabricate iron nanowires, including the formation of the porous alumina membrane that is used as the template, electrodeposition into templates using electrolyte solution, and the release of the nanowires into the solution.

Eisen-Nanodraht-Fertigung durch nanoporöses eloxiertes Aluminium und seine Charakterisierung

Magnetic nanowires possess unique properties that have attracted the interest of different fields of research, including basic physics, biomedicine, and ...