Name: using mouse oocytes to assess human gene function during meiosis i
Uploaded: 2018-04-10T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 13 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I at JoVE.com

עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי מענק מחקר של האגודה האמריקנית לרפואת פוריות ו מן צ'ארלס בוש לקרן יוהנה לומד, המדינה באוניברסיטה של ג'אי כדי K.S. A.L.N. נתמך על ידי מענק של N.I.H. (F31 HD0989597).

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המחברים אין לחשוף.

בגלל הזיהוי הגובר וברכבות של האדם משתנים גנטיים הקשורים במחלה, זה חיוני כי מערכות נקבעו כדי להעריך את משמעותם ביולוגי. הבנת וחלבון לתפקד מיוזה האנושי מציבה אתגרים מסוים כי oocytes האדם יקרים ואינם זרע נדיר, האדם לבצע מניפולציות גנטיות. עכבר oocytes הם מערכת מודל בתרבית של ערך להערכת ג'ין meiotic האנו...

פוריות היא מחלה המשפיעה על 10-15% מן האוכלוסייה האנושית של גיל הרבייה 1, שממנה כמעט למחצית מחפשים טיפול רפואי 2. למרות האטיולוגיה של בעיות פוריות היא מגוונת, ובמקרים רבים multifactorial, סטייה גנטית הנפוץ ביותר אצל בני אדם הוא אנאפלואידיה עובריים 3. אנאפלואידיה מוגדר הסטייה (רווח או הפסד) של המספר הנכון של הכרומוזומים בתא. התופעה של aneuploidy של עוברי אדם נפוצים, עולה עם גיל מתקדם 4,5. ארבעה מחקרים אקראיים מבוקרים הדגישו את היתרון של בחירת הנורמלי היחיד chromosomally (euploid) עוברי להעברה הרחם כי אסטרטגיה זו, גרמו המחירים השרשה מוגברת, נמוכים הפלה, זמן קצר יותר להשגת הריון 6,7,8,9. לכן, הבנת האטיולוגיה של aneuploidy האנושי יכול להיות השלכות חשובות ברבייה בסיוע.
למרות בדיקה גנטית טרום השרשה, עבור aneuploidies הוא מועיל בטיפולי פוריות, הבנה מעמיקה של מה aneuploidies מקורם עדיין לוקה בחסר. מקובל כי קיים מתאם חיובי של aneuploidies meiotic (מקורו בתהליך הייצור תא רבייה), גיל, עם זאת, כמה נשים אנאפלואידיה עובריים התעריפים הנוכחיים שסטו מהתעריף הממוצע שלהם נתון בגיל 4. במקרים אלה מראים כי גיל לבד אינה תמיד חזוי של הסיכון של יצירת העובר aneuploid. גורמים אחרים עשויים לשחק תפקיד בהגדלת הסיכון של aneuploidy עובריים, כגון גן משתנים.
היבט מרכזי של חוקרים פוטנציאל התרומה של variant ג'ין כדי אנאפלואידיה במהלך המיוזה oocyte היא לתכנן מערכת להעריך במהירות ג'ין meiotic הפונקציה. בשל אילוצים אתית גישה מוגבלת, זה לא מעשי לבצע ניסויים אלה באמצעות ביצים אנושי. נושאים אלה יכולים שיפרו באמצעות העכבר oocytes, ויש כאן סדרה של מבחני להעריך תפקוד הגן האנושי במהלך המיוזה אני המתואר. על ידי microinjecting קידוד RNA שליח (mRNA) את הווריאציה גנים של הריבית, הלוקליזציה של החלבון האנושי של הביצה העכבר יכול להיות דמיינו ועל משמש כדי לקבוע אם ביטוי חוץ רחמי של החלבון אדם פראי-סוג של מוטציה תוצאות בכל שינויים פנוטיפי העלולה להוביל אנאפלואידיה. פנוטיפים אלה כוללים עלייה ב- microtubules כי לצרף אחותי לא במקום קינטוכור וחוסר יכולת לתמוך יישור כרומוזום-מפה של מיוזה אני חשוב, פרוטוקול זה יכול לשמש כדי לחקור גם להפסד ורווח של פונקציה וריאציות גנטיות על-ידי יצירת תנאים מסוימים ניסיוני לאתגר את אירועי מפתח oocyte מיוזה כגון ציר יישור ובניית כרומוזום 10.

<table><tbody><tr><td>0.2 mL Seal-Rite PCR tube</td><td>USA Scientific</td><td>1602-4300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 kb DNA Ladder</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>SM0313</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 bp DNA Ladder</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>SM0243</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6X DNA loading Dye</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>R0611</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>9-well glass spot plate</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>7812G17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A9539</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Albumin from bovine serum&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A3294&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa-fluor-568 conjugated anti-mouse IgG</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>A21050</td><td>1:200 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa-fluor-633 conjugated anti-human IgG</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>A21091</td><td>1:200 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Ampicillin</td><td>VWR</td><td>AA0356</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-vibration table</td><td>Technical Manufacturing Corp</td><td></td><td>any standard model</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Acetylated Tubulin antibody</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>T7451</td><td>1:100 diution</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-centromeric (CREST) antibody</td><td>Antibodies Incorportated</td><td>15-234</td><td>1:30 dilution&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Barrier (Filter) Pipette tips</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>AM12635</td><td>Make sure compatable with your brand of pipettors. These are compatible with Eppendorf brand pipettors.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>BD Difco Dehydrated Culture Media: LB Agar, Miller (Luria Bertani)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>DF0445-07-6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BD Difco Dehydrated Culture Media: LB Broth, Miller (Luria Bertani)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>DF0446-07-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Capillary tubing</td><td>Sutter</td><td>B100-75-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Center Well organ culture dish</td><td>VWR</td><td>25381-141</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CO2 tank</td><td></td><td></td><td>For incubator</td></tr><tr><td>Confocal microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td>any standard model</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge (With cooling ability)</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td></td><td>any standard model&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Cover Glass 11 x 22 mm</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>6663F10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coverslips</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>6663-F10</td><td>thickness will vary for particular microscopes</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>D9542</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DEPC H20</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>AM9922</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital Dry Bath</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>888700001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Easy A high fidelity cloning enzyme</td><td>Agilent</td><td>600400</td><td>For DNA cloning&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Enzymes for linearizing pIVT</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td></td><td>NdeI or KasI can be used</td></tr><tr><td>Ethidium Bromide</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>155585011</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescent Microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Any Fluorescent microscope may be used</td></tr><tr><td>Formaldehyde (37%)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientifc</td><td>9311</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formaldehyde RNA loading dye</td><td>Ambion</td><td>8552</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Frosted Microscope Slides (Uncharged) 25X75 mm</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-544-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Full Length cDNA Clones</td><td></td><td></td><td>Can be obtained from any vendor that supplies open reading frame clones</td></tr><tr><td>Gel electrophoresis apparatus</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td></td><td>any standard model</td></tr><tr><td>Glass Pasteur Pipets</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-678-200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Globin Forward Primer for pIVT Construct</td><td></td><td></td><td>5&#039;- GAA GCT CAG AAT AAA CGC -3&#039;.&amp;nbsp; Can be purchased from any company that generates custom oligonucelotides</td></tr><tr><td>Globin Reverse Primer for pIVT Construct</td><td></td><td></td><td>5&#039;- ATT CGG GTG TTC TTG AGG CTG G -3&#039; Can be purchased from any company that generates custom oligonucelotides</td></tr><tr><td>Holding pipettes</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>930001015</td><td>Vacutip</td></tr><tr><td>Humidified Chamber</td><td></td><td></td><td>Tupperware can be used</td></tr><tr><td>Illustra Ready-To-Go RT-PCR beads</td><td>GE Life Sciences</td><td>27925901</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Incubator</td><td></td><td></td><td>any standard model with CO2 and water jacketed technology</td></tr><tr><td>Inverted Microscope</td><td>Nikon instruments</td><td></td><td>Any Standard model</td></tr><tr><td>Image J (NIH) Software</td><td>NIH</td><td></td><td>Image Analysis software</td></tr><tr><td>Lid of 96 well plate</td><td>Nalgene Nunc International</td><td>263339</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low Adhesion 0.5 mL microcentrifgue tube</td><td>USA Scientific</td><td>1405-2600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MacVector&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MacVector</td><td></td><td>Sequence analysis software</td></tr><tr><td>MG132</td><td>Selleckchem</td><td>S2619</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope slides</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-544-3&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Millenium RNA Markers-Formaldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Ambion</td><td>AM7151</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Milrinone</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M4659</td><td>Resuspend in DMSO at 2.5mM</td></tr><tr><td>Mineral Oil</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M5310</td><td>Only used embryo-tested, sterile-filtered</td></tr><tr><td>Monastrol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M8515</td><td>Resuspend in DMSO at 100 mM</td></tr><tr><td>Mouthpiece</td><td>Biodiseno</td><td>MP-001-Y</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N2 tank</td><td></td><td></td><td>for antivibration table</td></tr><tr><td>Nail Polish; Clear</td><td></td><td></td><td>Any clear nailpolish can be used</td></tr><tr><td>NanoDrop Microvolume UV-Vis Spectrophotometer</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td></td><td>any standard model</td></tr><tr><td>NorthernMax 10X Denaturing Gel Buffer</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>AM8676</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NorthernMax 10X Running buffer</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>AM8671</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NuPAGE MOPS SDS Running buffer</td><td>Thermo Scnentific</td><td>NP0001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Organ Culture Dish 60x15mm</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>08-772-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Polysciences, Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>577773</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCR Thermal Cycler</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>4484075</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri Dish 139 mm</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientifc</td><td>501V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish 35 mm</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientifc</td><td>121V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri Dish 60 mm</td><td>Falcon BD</td><td>351007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Picoinjector</td><td>XenoWorks Digital Microinjector</td><td></td><td>any standard model</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette puller</td><td>Flaming-Brown Micropipette puller</td><td>Model P-1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pIVT plasmid</td><td>AddGene</td><td>32374</td><td>Empty vector suitable for oocyte expression.</td></tr><tr><td>Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin</td><td>Lee BioSolutions</td><td>493-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>27104</td><td>purification of up to 20 uL of plasmid DNA</td></tr><tr><td>QIAquick PCR purification kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Quikchange II site directed mutagenesis kit</td><td>Agilent&amp;nbsp;</td><td>200523</td><td>mutagenesis kit for insertions and deletions</td></tr><tr><td>Quikchange lightning multi-site directed mutagenesis kit</td><td>Agilent&amp;nbsp;</td><td>210512</td><td>mutagenesis kit for single site changes</td></tr><tr><td>Scissors (Fine point)</td><td>Fine science tools</td><td>14393</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scissors (Medium point)</td><td>Fine science tools</td><td>WP114225</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Seal-Rite 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube</td><td>USA Scientific</td><td>1615-5500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Slide Warmer</td><td></td><td></td><td>any standard model</td></tr><tr><td>Spectrophotometer (Nanodrop)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>ND-ONE-W</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereomicroscope</td><td></td><td></td><td>any standard model</td></tr><tr><td>Subcloning Efficiency DH5a Competent Cells</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientifc</td><td>18265017</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe</td><td>BD Bioscienes</td><td>309623</td><td>1 ml, 27G(1/2)</td></tr><tr><td>T4 DNA Ligase</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>M0202L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T7 mMessage Machine high-yield capped RNA transcription kit</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>AM1340</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TritonX-100</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>x-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween-20</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>274348</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tweezer (Fine point- Size 5)</td><td>Fine science tools</td><td>SN.743.12.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UltraPure Dnase/Rnase-Free Distilled Water</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientifc</td><td>10977015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UltraPure Ethidium Bromide 10mg/mL</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientifc</td><td>15585011</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UVP UV/White lite transilluminator</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>UV95041501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vectashield Mounting Medium</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>H-1000</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

using mouse oocytes to assess human gene function during meiosis i

אנאפלואידיה עובריים הוא הגורם הגנטי פוריות אצל בני אדם. רוב האירועים האלה מקורם במהלך המיוזה הנשי, אמנם בקורלציה חיובית עם גיל, גיל לבד לא תמיד חזוי של הסיכון של יצירת העובר aneuploid. לכן, ג'ין גרסאות אולי חשבון סגרגציה כרומוזום שגוי במהלך oogenesis. בהתחשב בכך גישה oocytes האנושי מוגבל למטרות מחקר, סדרה של מבחני פותחו כדי לחקור פונקציה גנים אנושיים במהלך המיוזה אני משתמש בעכבר oocytes. ראשית, RNA שליח (mRNA) של ג'ין, ג'ין וריאנט של עניין הם microinjected לתוך prophase העכבר עצרתי oocytes. לאחר המאפשר זמן הביטוי, oocytes משתחררים באופן סינכרוני אל ההבשלה meiotic להשלמת מיוזה אני. על-ידי תיוג של mRNA עם רצף של עיתונאי פלורסנט, כגון חלבון פלואורסצנטי ירוק (Gfp), הלוקליזציה של החלבון האנושי יכול להיות מוערך בנוסף התיקונים פנוטיפי. לדוגמה, רווח או הפסד של הפונקציה יכול ייחקרו על-ידי יצירת תנאים ניסיוני זה אתגר המוצר ג'ין כדי לתקן שגיאות meiotic. המערכת הזו אמנם יתרון בחקירת פונקציה חלבון אנושי במהלך oogenesis, פרשנות נאותה של תוצאות צריך להתבצע בהתחשב בכך ביטוי חלבון אינה ברמות אנדוגני, ו, אלא אם כן מבוקר על (קרי הפיל . או למטה), מאתר homologs נמצאים גם במערכת.

לאחר במבחנה שעתוק RNA באיכות גבוהה יהיה יחס A260/A280 של (1.8-2.2) ≥1.7 יחס של A260/A230 כאשר נמדד באמצעות ספקטרופוטומטרים. התמונה באיור 1 מציגה את ההעברה של במבחנה-ייצרו RNA על ג'ל agarose denaturing לאחר אלקטרופורזה. להקה הוא מרוח תבנית או מדגם בעל מספר להקות בגודל ניתן ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I at JoVE.com

Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I

גרסאות גנטי המשויכים מחלות אנושיות מתחילים להיות חשפו, זה הופך יותר ויותר חשוב לפתח מערכות אשר במהירות והערכת החשיבות הביולוגית של משתנים אלה שזוהו. פרוטוקול זה מתאר שיטות להערכת תפקוד הגן האנושי במהלך המיוזה הנשי אני משתמש בעכבר oocytes.

באמצעות העכבר Oocytes כדי להעריך תפקוד הגן האנושי במהלך המיוזה אני

Embryonic aneuploidy is the major genetic cause of infertility in humans. Most of these events originate during female meiosis, and albeit positively ...

using-mouse-oocytes-to-assess-human-gene-function-during-meiosis-i

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Unit 2

Unit 1

Meiosis

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

8.8K Views.  IVI-RMA New Jersey. גרסאות גנטי המשויכים מחלות אנושיות מתחילים להיות חשפו, זה הופך יותר ויותר חשוב לפתח מערכות אשר במהירות והערכת החשיבות הביולוגית של משתנים אלה שזוהו. פרוטוקול זה מתאר שיטות להערכת תפקוד הגן האנושי במהלך המיוזה הנשי אני משתמש בעכבר oocytes.

Video: Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I

RNA Interference-based Investigation of the Function of Heat Shock Protein 27 during Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is among the most widely used RNA interference methods for the short-term silencing of protein-coding genes. siRNA is a synthetic RNA duplex created to specifically target a mRNA transcript to induce its degradation and it has been used to identify novel pathways in various cellular processes. Few reports exist regarding the role of phosphorylated heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in corneal epithelial wound healing. Herein, cultured human corneal epithelial cells were divided into a scrambled control-siRNA transfected group and a HSP27-specific siRNA-transfected group. Scratch-induced directional wounding assays, and western blotting, and flow cytometry were then performed. We conclude that HSP27 has roles in corneal epithelial wound healing that may involve epithelial cell apoptosis and migration. Here, step-by-step descriptions of sample preparation and the study protocol are provided.

Herein, we present a protocol to use heat shock protein 27 (HSP27)-specific small interfering RNA to assess the function of HSP27 during corneal epithelial wound healing. RNA interference is the best method for effectively knocking-down gene expression to investigate protein function in various cell types.

RNA הפרעה מבוססת חקירת הפונקציה של חלבון מחממי הלם 27 במהלך הקרנית אפיתל לריפוי פצעים

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is among the most widely used RNA interference methods for the short-term silencing of protein-coding genes. siRNA is a ...

Chromatin Spread Preparations for the Analysis of Mouse Oocyte Progression from Prophase to Metaphase II

Chromatin spread techniques have been widely used to assess the dynamic localization of various proteins during gametogenesis, particularly for spermatogenesis. These techniques allow for visualization of protein and DNA localization patterns during meiotic events such as homologous chromosome pairing, synapsis and DNA repair. While a few protocols have been described in the literature, general chromatin spread techniques using mammalian prophase oocytes are limited and difficult due to the timing of meiosis initiation in fetal ovaries. In comparison, prophase spermatocytes can be collected from juvenile male mice with higher yields without the need for microdissection. However, it is difficult to obtain a pure synchronized population of cells at specific stages due to the heterogeneity of meiotic and post-meiotic germ cell populations in the juvenile and adult testis. For later stages of meiosis, it is advantageous to assess oocytes undergoing meiosis I (MI) or meiosis II (MII), because groups of mature oocytes can be collected from adult female mice and stimulated to resume meiosis in culture. Here, methods for meiotic chromatin spread preparations using oocytes dissected from fetal, neonatal and adult ovaries are described with accompanying video demonstrations. Chromosome missegregation events in mammalian oocytes are frequent, particularly during MI. These techniques can be used to assess and characterize the effects of different mutations or environmental exposures during various stages of oogenesis. As there are distinct differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis, the techniques described within are invaluable to increase our understanding of mammalian oogenesis and the sexually dimorphic features of chromosome and protein dynamics during meiosis.

Oogenesis in mammals is known to be error-prone, particularly due to chromosome missegregation. This manuscript describes chromatin spread preparation methods for mouse prophase, metaphase I and II-staged oocytes. These fundamental techniques allow for the study of chromatin-bound proteins and chromosome morphology throughout mammalian oogenesis.

כרומטין להפיץ את ההכנות לניתוח של העכבר Oocyte התקדמות מן Prophase כדי מפה של השני

Chromatin spread techniques have been widely used to assess the dynamic localization of various proteins during gametogenesis, particularly for ...

Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Antral Oocytes Based on Nucleolar Chromatin Organization

This protocol describes a simple and quick method to isolate and characterize mouse antral GV (Germinal Vesicle) oocytes as able (SN, Surrounded Nucleolus) or unable (NSN, Not Surrounded Nucleolus) to develop to the blastocyst stage after in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). It makes use of Hoeschst33342 (or any other DNA intercalating dye) able to bind to the heterochromatin of the nucleolus showing a ring in the SN oocytes or not, like in the NSN oocytes. This represents the easiest and quickest way to sort both antral oocytes that can be eventually used for IVM or IVF procedures. 
Briefly, the protocol consists of the following steps: hormone injection to stimulate follicular growth; isolation of the oocytes at the GV stage from the antral compartment by puncturing the ovary with a sterile needle; preparation of thin glass pipettes for mouth pipetting of the oocytes; sorting of the oocytes with Hoechst33342 prepared at a supravital concentration; IVM, IVF or any other molecular/cellular analysis.
Unfortunately there are still few evidences to sort SN and NSN oocytes using less invasive techniques. If and once they will be identified, they could be potentially applied to human assisted reproductive technologies, although with several aspects that should be modified. To date, this technique has potential implications to dramatically increase IVM and IVF successful procedures in both endangered and species with economic interest.

Here we present a protocol for the characterization of mouse antral oocytes based on nucleolar organization.

בידוד ואפיון של עכבר Antral ביציות בהתבסס על ארגון הכרומטין nucleolar

This protocol describes a simple and quick method to isolate and characterize mouse antral GV (Germinal Vesicle) oocytes as able (SN, Surrounded ...

Developmental Biology

Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish

Cellular events that take place during the earliest stages of animal embryonic development are driven by maternally derived gene products deposited into the developing oocyte. Because these events rely on maternal products which typically act very soon after fertilization-that preexist inside the egg, standard approaches for expression and functional reduction involving the injection of reagents into the fertilized egg are typically ineffective. Instead, such manipulations must be performed during oogenesis, prior to or during the accumulation of maternal products. This article describes in detail a protocol for the in vitro maturation of immature zebrafish oocytes and their subsequent in vitro fertilization, yielding viable embryos that survive to adulthood. This method allows the functional manipulation of maternal products during oogenesis, such as the expression of products for phenotypic rescue and tagged construct visualization, as well as the reduction of gene function through reverse-genetics agents.

Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish

An optimized protocol for the in vitro maturation of zebrafish oocytes used for the manipulation of maternal gene products is presented here.

מניפולציה פונקציונלית של מוצרים אימהיים הגן באמצעות<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; הבשלת ביצית דג הזברה

Cellular events that take place during the earliest stages of animal embryonic development are driven by maternally derived gene products deposited into ...

A Neural Network-Based Identification of Developmentally Competent or Incompetent Mouse Fully-Grown Oocytes

Infertility clinics would benefit from the ability to select developmentally competent vs. incompetent oocytes using non-invasive procedures, thus improving the overall pregnancy outcome. We recently developed a classification method based on microscopic live observations of mouse oocytes during their in vitro maturation from the germinal vesicle (GV) to the metaphase II stage, followed by the analysis of the cytoplasmic movements occurring during this time-lapse period. Here, we present detailed protocols of this procedure. Oocytes are isolated from fully-grown antral follicles and cultured for 15 h inside a microscope equipped for time-lapse analysis at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2. Pictures are taken at 8 min intervals. The images are analyzed using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method that calculates, for each oocyte, the profile of Cytoplasmic Movement Velocities (CMVs) occurring throughout the culture period. Finally, the CMVs of each single oocyte are fed through a mathematical classification tool (Feed-forward Artificial Neural Network, FANN), which predicts the probability of a gamete to be developmentally competent or incompetent with an accuracy of 91.03%. This protocol, set up for the mouse, could now be tested on oocytes of other species, including humans.

Here, we present a protocol for non-invasive assessment of oocyte developmental competence performed during their in vitro maturation from the germinal vesicle to the metaphase II stage. This method combines time-lapse imaging with particle image velocimetry (PIV) and neural network analyses.

מזהה מבוססי-רשת עצבית של Oocytes וחוה עכבר נכה כשיר או לא מוכשר

Infertility clinics would benefit from the ability to select developmentally competent vs. incompetent oocytes using non-invasive procedures, thus ...

Evaluation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Integrity in Mouse Oocytes

Aneuploidy is the leading genetic abnormality causing early miscarriage and pregnancy failure in humans. Most errors in chromosome segregation that give rise to aneuploidy occur during meiosis in oocytes, but why oocyte meiosis is error-prone is still not fully understood. During cell division, cells prevent errors in chromosome segregation by activating the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). This control mechanism relies on detecting kinetochore (KT)-microtubule (MT) attachments and sensing tension generated by spindle fibers. When KTs are unattached, the SAC is activated and prevents cell-cycle progression. The SAC is activated first by MPS1 kinase, which triggers the recruitment and formation of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), composed of MAD1, MAD2, BUB3, and BUBR1. Then, the MCC diffuses into the cytoplasm and sequesters CDC20, an anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) activator. Once KTs become attached to microtubules and chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, the SAC is silenced, CDC20 is released, and the APC/C is activated, triggering the degradation of Cyclin B and Securin, thereby allowing anaphase onset. Compared to somatic cells, the SAC in oocytes is not as effective because cells can undergo anaphase despite having unattached KTs. Understanding why the SAC is more permissive and if this permissiveness is one of the causes of chromosome segregation errors in oocytes still needs further investigation. The present protocol describes the three techniques to comprehensively evaluate SAC integrity in mouse oocytes. These techniques include using nocodazole to depolymerize MTs to evaluate the SAC response, tracking SAC silencing by following the kinetics of Securin destruction, and evaluating the recruitment of MAD2 to KTs by immunofluorescence. Together these techniques probe mechanisms needed to produce healthy eggs by providing a complete evaluation of SAC integrity.

Error in chromosome segregation is a common feature in oocytes. Therefore, studying the spindle assembly checkpoint gives important clues about the mechanisms needed to produce healthy eggs. The present protocol describes three complementary assays to evaluate spindle assembly checkpoint integrity in mouse oocytes.

הערכת שלמות מחסום הרכבת הציר בביציות עכבר

Aneuploidy is the leading genetic abnormality causing early miscarriage and pregnancy failure in humans. Most errors in chromosome segregation that give ...

זיהוי נזק לדנ"א בביציות של עכברים שנעצרו בשלב

Detection of DNA Double-Stranded Breaks in Mouse Oocytes

Oocytes are amongst the biggest and most long-lived cells in the female body. They are formed in the ovaries during embryonic development and remain arrested at the prophase of meiosis I. The quiescent state may last for years until the oocytes receive a stimulus to grow and obtain the competency to resume meiosis. This protracted state of arrest makes them extremely susceptible to accumulating DNA-damaging insults, which affect the genetic integrity of the female gametes and, therefore, the genetic integrity of the future embryo. 
Consequently, the development of an accurate method to detect DNA damage, which is the first step for the establishment of DNA damage response mechanisms, is of vital importance. This paper describes a common protocol to test the presence and progress of DNA damage in prophase-arrested oocytes during a period of 20 h. Specifically, we dissect mouse ovaries, retrieve the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs), remove the cumulus cells from the COCs, and culture the oocytes in &#924;2 medium containing 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine to maintain the state of arrest. Thereafter, the oocytes are treated with the cytotoxic, antineoplasmic drug, etoposide, to engender double-strand breaks (DSBs). 
By using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, we detect and quantify the levels of the core protein &#947;H2AX, which is the phosphorylated form of the histone H2AX. H2AX becomes phosphorylated at the sites of DSBs after DNA damage. The inability to restore DNA integrity following DNA damage in oocytes can lead to infertility, birth defects, and increased rates of spontaneous abortions. Therefore, the understanding of DNA damage response mechanisms and, at the same time, the establishment of an intact method for studying these mechanisms are essential for reproductive biology research.

מחבר זרקור: הבנת תגובת נזק לדנ"א בביציות יונקים ובעוברים טרום השרשה 

Maintaining oocyte genome integrity is necessary to ensure the genetic fidelity in the resulting embryo. Here, we present an accurate protocol for detecting DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian female germ cells.

איתור שברים דו-גדיליים בדנ"א בביציות עכבר

Oocytes are amongst the biggest and most long-lived cells in the female body. They are formed in the ovaries during embryonic development and remain ...

Mouse Oocyte Microinjection, Maturation and Ploidy Assessment

Mistakes in chromosome segregation lead to aneuploid cells. In somatic cells, aneuploidy is associated with cancer but in gametes, aneuploidy leads to infertility, miscarriages or developmental disorders like Down syndrome. Haploid gametes form through species-specific developmental programs that are coupled to meiosis. The first meiotic division (MI) is unique to meiosis because sister chromatids remain attached while homologous chromosomes are segregated. For reasons not fully understood, this reductional division is prone to errors and is more commonly the source of aneuploidy than errors in meiosis II (MII) or than errors in male meiosis 1,2. 
In mammals, oocytes arrest at prophase of MI with a large, intact germinal vesicle (GV; nucleus) and only resume meiosis when they receive ovulatory cues. Once meiosis resumes, oocytes complete MI and undergo an asymmetric cell division, arresting again at metaphase of MII. Eggs will not complete MII until they are fertilized by sperm. Oocytes also can undergo meiotic maturation using established in vitro culture conditions 3. Because generation of transgenic and gene-targeted mouse mutants is costly and can take long periods of time, manipulation of female gametes in vitro is a more economical and time-saving strategy. 
Here, we describe methods to isolate prophase-arrested oocytes from mice and for microinjection. Any material of choice may be introduced into the oocyte, but because meiotically-competent oocytes are transcriptionally silent 4,5 cRNA, and not DNA, must be injected for ectopic expression studies. To assess ploidy, we describe our conditions for in vitro maturation of oocytes to MII eggs. Historically, chromosome-spreading techniques are used for counting chromosome number 6. This method is technically challenging and is limited to only identifying hyperploidies. Here, we describe a method to determine hypo-and hyperploidies using intact eggs 7-8. This method uses monastrol, a kinesin-5 inhibitor, that collapses the bipolar spindle into a monopolar spindle 9 thus separating chromosomes such that individual kinetochores can readily be detected and counted by using an anti-CREST autoimmune serum. Because this method is performed in intact eggs, chromosomes are not lost due to operator error.

Oocytes are prone to aneuploidy due to errors in chromosome segregation during meiotic maturation. Aneuploid eggs can cause infertility, miscarriages or developmental disorders like Down syndrome. Here, we describe methods to introduce materials of choice into oocytes and methods to study meiotic maturation and assess ploidy.

הביצית Microinjection עכבר, הבשלה ו Ploidy הערכה

Mistakes in chromosome segregation lead to aneuploid cells.  In somatic cells, aneuploidy is associated with cancer but in gametes, aneuploidy leads to ...

באמצעות העכבר Oocytes כדי להעריך תפקוד הגן האנושי במהלך המיוזה אני

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מניפולציה פונקציונלית של מוצרים אימהיים הגן באמצעות

מזהה מבוססי-רשת עצבית של Oocytes וחוה עכבר נכה כשיר או לא מוכשר

הערכת שלמות מחסום הרכבת הציר בביציות עכבר

איתור שברים דו-גדיליים בדנ"א בביציות עכבר

איתור שברים דו-גדיליים בדנ"א בביציות עכבר

איתור שברים דו-גדיליים בדנ"א בביציות עכבר

הביצית Microinjection עכבר, הבשלה ו Ploidy הערכה