Core - Medical-Surgical Nursing

Chapter 3

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

3.1 : Pneumonia I: Introduction

3.1 : Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is a lung parenchymal infection that affects one or both lungs. Risk factors for pneumonia include air pollution, smoking, corticosteroid and ...

3.2 : Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

3.2 : Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

Pneumonia follows a sequence of pathophysiological changes. The process begins when pathogens enter the respiratory tract through various means, such as ...

3.3 : Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

3.3 : Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia can lead to complications like hypotension, pleural effusion, atelectasis, pneumothorax, and respiratory failure, especially without timely ...

3.4 : Pneumonia IV: Management

3.4 : Pneumonia IV: Management

Effective pneumonia management includes the following: Pharmacological treatment for pneumonia involves oral or intravenous antibiotics for bacterial ...

3.5 : Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

3.5 : Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Nursing management of a patient with pneumonia includes the following interventions. Nurses must adhere to medical asepsis and infection control ...

3.6 : Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

3.6 : Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis or TB is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis primarily affecting the lung parenchyma. It can also affect other body ...

3.7 : Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

3.7 : Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

The pathophysiology of tuberculosis begins when a susceptible host inhales aerosolized droplets containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The droplets reach ...

3.8 : Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

3.8 : Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis can be classified into the following six categories based on disease progression: Class zero indicates no known tuberculosis exposure with a ...

3.9 : Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

3.9 : Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Diagnosing tuberculosis involves a series of tests. The initial method is the Mantoux tuberculin skin test, which entails injecting a small amount of ...

3.10 : Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

3.10 : Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Collaborative care for pulmonary tuberculosis involves a prolonged medication course tailored to drug-susceptible or drug-resistant tuberculosis. ...

3.11 : Acute Respiratory Failure-I

3.11 : Acute Respiratory Failure-I

Acute respiratory failure develops when the respiratory system fails to meet the body's oxygenation, ventilation, or metabolic requirements. It can ...

3.12 : Acute Respiratory Failure-II

3.12 : Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type 1 hypoxemic respiratory failure occurs due to an inadequate oxygen supply, characterized by a partial pressure of oxygen below 60 milliliters of ...

3.13 : Acute Respiratory Failure-III

3.13 : Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Type 2 or hypercapnic respiratory failure occurs due to increased carbon dioxide production or decreased alveolar ventilation. It is characterized by ...

3.14 : Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

3.14 : Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

Clinical manifestations of acute respiratory failure include the following: Initial manifestations like restlessness and confusion indicate inadequate ...

3.15 : Acute Respiratory Failure-V

3.15 : Acute Respiratory Failure-V

Managing acute respiratory failure necessitates a collaborative approach. Respiratory therapy aims to optimize oxygenation and ventilation while ...

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