Yazarlar engin Akihiro öğretmen özelleştirilmiş cihazları üreten onun yardım için teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Yazarlar Bay Kosuke Takahashi ve Bay Shingo Nakajima onların teknik destek için teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Bu eser Risk kimyasal maddeler, sağlık ve laboratuvar Bilimler Araştırma Hibe, Sağlık Bakanlığı, çalışma ve sosyal yardım, Japonya (H25-KAGAKU-IPPANN-003) ve araştırma proje desteği A Enstitüsü bilim ve teknoloji Meiji tarafından araştırma tarafından desteklenmiştir Üniversitesi, Japonya.

Burada açıklanan tüm deneysel prosedürler kurumsal hayvan bakım ve kullanım Komitesi, Meiji Üniversitesi (IACUC 14-0002(1)). tarafından onaylanmış olan Hayvanlar temsilcisi sonuçlarında kullanılan aşağıdaki gibi hazırlanan: erkek Sprague-Dawley rat bir laboratuvar hayvan şirketten satın ve standart fare kafesi (W200 D410 × × H250 mm) başına 4 hayvan grupları başlamadan önce en az bir hafta için yer alan Davranışsal deney. Hayvan konut oda ışık (12:12 açık/koyu zamanlama ile 10:00 h ışıkları aç), oda sıcaklığında (25,0 ± 0,5 ° C), nem (55 ± % 10) ve havalandırma için standart ortam koşulları, devam edildi (10 kat / s), ve hayvanlar yiyecek (ad libitum erişim vardı Oriental Maya Ltd. Şti., Tokyo, Japonya) ve su. Hayvanlar bir standart fare kafese (W410 x D250 x H200 mm, Toyoriko Co, Ltd, Aichi, Japonya) (Alfa-DRI, LSG Corporatin, Tokyo, Japonya) yatak takımları kağıdına tutuldu.
1. yüksek labirent testi
<ol><li>Yükseltilmiş artı ayarla labirent aparatı (W1, 500 × D1, 500 × H2, 000 mm) özelleştirilmiş bir kapta (Şekil 1A) bir artı şeklindeki metal çerçeve çalışma desteklemek için kat yukarıda 500 mm ile konteyner tavan aydınlatma yolu silah (Şekil 1B), labirent yüzeyine gerekli ışık şiddeti (Şekil 1 c) ve dijital video kamera canlı video davranış testleri (Şekil 1 c) izleme özelliğini etkinleştirme merkezi tavandaki aydınlatmak.</li>
	<li>Silah (L500 x W100 mm) artı şeklindeki çerçeve düzeltmek ve kare merkezi platformu (W100 x D100 mm) dört kol merkezinde düzeltin (Şekil 1 d -F). Not: açık silah (L500 x W100 mm) iki tür ve iki kapalı silah türleri biz bizim laboratuvar olması (L500 W100 x H450 mm x) (Şekil 1 d). Saydam ya da opak duvarlar (Şekil 1 d) kapalı silah var ve kollarını açarak veya kısa bir çıkıntı (H5 mm, Şekil 1E) olmadan tasarlanmıştır. Kare merkezi platformu (W100 × D100 mm) dört kol ortasına yerleştirilir (Şekil 1 d -F). Bu nedenle, aşağıdaki dört kombinasyonları silah göre deneysel amaçlı hazırlanabilir: açık silah çıkıntıları ile + şeffaf duvarlar (çıkıntıları/şeffaf), çıkıntıları kollarını açarak + (çıkıntıları/opak), opak duvarlı kapalı silah ile kapalı silah silah aç çıkıntıları + şeffaf duvarlar (No-çıkıntıları/saydam) ile kapalı kol ve çıkıntıları olmadan açık silah + opak ile kapalı silah olmadan (No-çıkıntıları/opak) duvarlar. Kol pist daha iyi hayvan tarafından otomatik davranış analiz yazılımı, Bölüm 2, açıklandığı gibi davranış analiz izleme etkinleştirmek için siyah bir yüzeydir.</li>
	<li>Her kol ve merkezi platformu distal uç parçası yüzeyi için yaklaşık 100 lüks aydınlatma yoğunluğunu ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Her test önce tüm aparatı % 70 etanol çözüm ile temiz ve distile suyla silin.</li>
	<li>"Kayıt" sıçan davranış video bölüm 2'de, davranış analiz açıklanan analiz görüntüleme için kayıt olacak dijital video kamera başlatmak için sabit disk kaydedici düğmesini.</li>
	<li>Bir hayvan açık bir kol bakan merkezi platformunda koyun ve 5 min için cihaz üzerindeki ücretsiz keşif yapmasına izin verecek.</li>
	<li>Kaydı bitirmek için sabit disk kaydedici "stop butonuna" tıklayın.</li>
	<li>Dışkı ve urinations test edilmiş hayvan hayvan muhafaza odasına döndükten sonra sayar.</li>
	<li>1.4 deneme sonuna kadar adımları yineleyin. Not: Bir kuru deneme için çalıştırma her zaman önce deneysel hayvan deneysel koşullar için açık olan tüm deneysel ayarları doğru ayarlanıp ayarlanmadığını kontrol etmek için her deney başlamadan önce yapılır. Aksi takdirde, bazı hayvanlar, özellikle ilk hayvan farklı çevre koşulları (Örneğin, büyük olasılıkla muhtemelen daha önce test edilmiş hayvan tarafından yaptı manipülasyon ve/veya hayvan cues sırasında deneyci tarafından indüklenen sesler) karşılaşabilirsiniz. Not: bir hayvan test edilirken Denemecileri kapsayıcı vardır. Böylece, fareyi Denemecileri görünmez olsa bile koku ve/veya ses ile onları anlamaya mümkün olabilir.</li>
</ol>2. davranış analizi
Not: Davranış analiz manuel gözlem tarafından gerçekleştirilir ve analiz yazılımı otomatik.
<ol><li>
El ile gözlem
	<ol>
<li>Hayvan çıkıntıya yerleştirildikten sonra aşağıdaki gözlemlemek: sayı (bir giriş bir kol üzerine tanımlı herhangi bir örnek olarak tüm 4 pençeleri kolunda olduğunda) girişlerinin her kol üzerinde harcanan zaman ve gergin katılan sayısı duruşlar açık bir kol karşı karşıya , kapalı bir kol doğru merkezi platformu kapalı yedekleme sırasında.</li>
		<li>Kronometre ve ne zaman kapsayıcı kapılar kapalı dan başlayarak 5 min için sayısı tarafından yukarıda tanımlanan davranışlar sıklığını ve süresini ölçmek.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Otomatik Analizi
	<ol>
<li>Mevcut yazılım programı kullanarak aşağıdaki kayıt: seyahat, zaman kullanılmış içinde farklı pozisyonlarda açık silah (merkez platformdan, orta, proksimal ve distal segment) mesafe ve zaman bir dakika dakika Analizi açılışta geçirdim ve kapalı silah.</li>
		<li>El ile gözlem başlar gibi "Başlat" otomatik analiz yazılımı aynı anda düğmesini (kayıt süresi ayarlanmışsa, kayıt otomatik olarak durur). Not: Bu çalışmada kullanılan davranış analizi yazılım yolu ile onun kontrast arka plan alanıyla hayvan izler; sabit bir boyut atanır, hayvan, parlak nesne olarak tanımlanır ve orta noktasının hareket böylece hayvan izleme için kullanılabilir.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Nestler, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+the+Brain's+Reward+Circuitry+in+Depression:+Transcriptional+Mechanisms.">Role of the Brain's Reward Circuitry in Depression: Transcriptional Mechanisms.</a> Int Rev Neurobiol. 124, 151-170 (2015).</li><li>Crabbe, J. C., Wahlsten, D., Dudek, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+mouse+behavior:+interactions+with+laboratory+environment.">Genetics of mouse behavior: interactions with laboratory environment.</a> Science. 284 (5420), 1670-1672 (1999).</li><li>Handley, S. L., Mithani, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+alpha-adrenoceptor+agonists+and+antagonists+in+a+maze-exploration+model+of+'fear'-motivated+behaviour.">Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists in a maze-exploration model of 'fear'-motivated behaviour.</a> Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 327 (1), 1-5 (1984).</li><li>Pellow, S., Chopin, P., File, S. E., Briley, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+open:closed+arm+entries+in+an+elevated+plus-maze+as+a+measure+of+anxiety+in+the+rat.">Validation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 14 (3), 149-167 (1985).</li><li>Violle, N., Balandras, F., Le Roux, Y., Desor, D., Schroeder, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variations+in+illumination,+closed+wall+transparency+and/or+extramaze+space+influence+both+baseline+anxiety+and+response+to+diazepam+in+the+rat+elevated+plus-maze.">Variations in illumination, closed wall transparency and/or extramaze space influence both baseline anxiety and response to diazepam in the rat elevated plus-maze.</a> Behav Brain Res. 203 (1), 35-42 (2009).</li><li>Hogg, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+the+validity+and+variability+of+the+elevated+plus-maze+as+an+animal+model+of+anxiety.">A review of the validity and variability of the elevated plus-maze as an animal model of anxiety.</a> Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 54 (1), 21-30 (1996).</li><li>Martinez, J. C., Cardenas, F., Lamprea, M., Morato, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+vision+and+proprioception+in+the+aversion+of+rats+to+the+open+arms+of+an+elevated+plus-maze.">The role of vision and proprioception in the aversion of rats to the open arms of an elevated plus-maze.</a> Behav Processes. 60 (1), 15-26 (2002).</li><li>Anseloni, V. Z., Brandao, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethopharmacological+analysis+of+behaviour+of+rats+using+variations+of+the+elevated+plus-maze.">Ethopharmacological analysis of behaviour of rats using variations of the elevated plus-maze.</a> Behav Pharmacol. 8 (6-7), 533-540 (1997).</li><li>Anseloni, V. Z., Motta, V., Lima, G., Brandao, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+and+pharmacological+validation+of+the+elevated+plus+maze+constructed+with+transparent+walls.">Behavioral and pharmacological validation of the elevated plus maze constructed with transparent walls.</a> Braz J Med Biol Res. 28 (5), 597-601 (1995).</li><li>Hagenbuch, N., Feldon, J., Yee, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+the+elevated+plus-maze+test+with+opaque+or+transparent+walls+in+the+detection+of+mouse+strain+differences+and+the+anxiolytic+effects+of+diazepam.">Use of the elevated plus-maze test with opaque or transparent walls in the detection of mouse strain differences and the anxiolytic effects of diazepam.</a> Behav Pharmacol. 17 (1), 31-41 (2006).</li><li>Fernandes, C., File, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+open+arm+ledges+and+maze+experience+in+the+elevated+plus-maze.">The influence of open arm ledges and maze experience in the elevated plus-maze.</a> Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 54 (1), 31-40 (1996).</li><li>Horii, Y., Kawaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Higher+detection+sensitivity+of+anxiolytic+effects+of+diazepam+by+ledge-free+open+arm+with+opaque+walled+closed+arm+elevated+plus+maze+in+male+rats.">Higher detection sensitivity of anxiolytic effects of diazepam by ledge-free open arm with opaque walled closed arm elevated plus maze in male rats.</a> Behav Brain Res. 294, 131-140 (2015).</li><li>Santos, R. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+effect+of+acute+sibutramine+in+female+rats+in+the+elevated+T-maze+and+elevated+plus-maze+tests.">Evaluation of the effect of acute sibutramine in female rats in the elevated T-maze and elevated plus-maze tests.</a> Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 114 (2), 181-187 (2014).</li><li>Lynn, D. A., Brown, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ontogeny+of+anxiety-like+behavior+in+rats+from+adolescence+to+adulthood.">The ontogeny of anxiety-like behavior in rats from adolescence to adulthood.</a> Dev Psychobiol. 52 (8), 731-739 (2010).</li><li>Horii, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Male+Hatano+high-avoidance+rats+show+high+avoidance+and+high+anxiety-like+behaviors+as+compared+with+male+low-avoidance+rats.">Male Hatano high-avoidance rats show high avoidance and high anxiety-like behaviors as compared with male low-avoidance rats.</a> Exp Anim. 61 (5), 517-524 (2012).</li><li>Walf, A. A., Frye, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+the+elevated+plus+maze+as+an+assay+of+anxiety-related+behavior+in+rodents.">The use of the elevated plus maze as an assay of anxiety-related behavior in rodents.</a> Nat Protoc. 2 (2), 322-328 (2007).</li><li>Yang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+and+pharmacological+investigation+of+anxiety+and+maternal+responsiveness+of+postpartum+female+rats+in+a+pup+elevated+plus+maze.">Behavioral and pharmacological investigation of anxiety and maternal responsiveness of postpartum female rats in a pup elevated plus maze.</a> Behav Brain Res. 292, 414-427 (2015).</li><li>Albani, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavior+in+the+elevated+plus+maze+is+differentially+affected+by+testing+conditions+in+rats+under+and+over+three+weeks+of+age.">Behavior in the elevated plus maze is differentially affected by testing conditions in rats under and over three weeks of age.</a> Front Behav Neurosci. 9, 31 (2015).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Hastalarda psikiyatrik bozukluklar, anksiyete bozukluğu, dahil olmak üzere sayısı arttıkça, anksiyete temel mekanizması anlayış geliştirmek için üstün çalışmaları geliştirmek önemlidir. Bunu başarmak için bu da deneysel prosedürler optimize etmek önemlidir. Bu nedenle, için yükseltilmiş durumda uygulanması artı labirent testi geliştirmek, kol özellikleri etkisi fare kullanarak deneysel sonuçlar göstermiştir.
Yükseltilmiş artı labirent aslında hayvan anksiye...

Hastalarda anksiyete bozukluğu ve depresyon gibi duygudurum bozuklukları sayısı artmaktadır. Bu bozuklukların gelişimi genetik ve çevresel faktörler içerir rağmen detaylı patojenik mekanizmaları henüz tam olarak anlaşılır1değildir. Bu nedenle, araştırma duygudurum bozuklukları temel mekanizmaları yanı sıra daha az yan etkileri vardır etkili ilaçlar gelişimi ortaya çıkarılması üzerinde odaklanmak gerekir.
Davranış testleri için Laboratuvar hayvanlarının beyin daha yüksek işlev, duygu dahil olmak üzere araştırma için yararlıdır. Hayvan davranışları son derece değişken olduğu gibi aynı bir doğuştan zorlanma kullanılan2olsa bile deneysel sonuçlar genellikle laboratuvarlar arasında farklı. Böylece, Araştırmacılar ayrıca laboratuvar güvenilir, kesin sonuçlar sağlamak için evlat edinmek deneysel cihazları temel özellikleri anlamanız gerekir.
Yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi aslında duygusal reaktivite kemirgenler3,4incelemek için kurulmuştur. Tüm cihazlar genellikle 500 mm yerden ve iki açık ve artı bir şekil oluşturmak iki kapalı kolu oluşur. Ölçümleri (süresi ve her kol girişlerde sıklığı dahil), kol keşif mesafe seyahat ve belirtilen davranışları gibi gözlemsel dönemlerde gergin-uzman doktor duruş tabi hayvanların kaydedilir. Bu önlemlerle, hayvan anksiyete deneysel bir sonucu olarak tahmin edilmektedir.
Yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi dünya çapında kullanılan ama tüm laboratuvarlar aynı aparat tasarım5,6kullanın ve bu farklar deneysel sonuçlar etkileyebilir. Örneğin, varlığı veya yokluğu çıkıntıları açık kollar boyunca ve/veya şeffaf veya opak duvarlar kullanıma kapalı silah5,6farklılıklar içerir. Çıkıntıları boyunca açık kollar açık ve şeffaf duvarlar kullanıma kapalı silah aparatı7düşüyor hayvanlar önlemek ve kapalı kollar, sırasıyla8,9içinde davranış gözlemleri kolaylaştırmak için geliştirilmiştir. Orada-si olmak be rağmen tek tek nasıl kol yapısı farklılıklarına incelendiğinde bazı çalışmalarda hayvan anksiyete1,2,5,10,11 algılama yeteneğini etkileyebilir , hayvan davranışları aç (/ kısa çıkıntı olmadan) ve kapalı (şeffaf/opak duvarlar) kol özellikleri kombine etkisi değil henüz araştırıldı.
Son raporda, bu kombinasyonlar kol tasarımları anksiyete gibi davranış fareler12etkisini tartıştık. Kısacası, şeffaf silah da bu davranış azalmış iken de, fareler, kol çıkıntıları önemli ölçüde artmış anksiyete gibi davranış açın. Ayrıca, biz daha yüksek algılama hassasiyet Hayır ledged açık kol + opak duvarlı kapalı kol ledged açık kol + saydam duvarlı kapalı kol kombinasyonu ile karşılaştırıldığında bir arada bir anksiyolitik ilaç etkisi doğrulanmadı. Bu raporda, bizim iletişim kuralı için yükseltilmiş tanıtmak artı önceki rapor anahtar sonuçları tartışılması ile birlikte test, labirent. Biz bu raporu kim istihdam veya kim çalışmalarında labirent artı moralin kullanabilirsiniz planlıyoruz olanlar için yararlı bilgiler sağlar inanıyoruz.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Customized container (W1500 &amp;times; D1500 &amp;times; H2000 mm)</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>Handmade by Mr. Akihiro Hirano</td></tr><tr><td>Lighting</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>Handmade by Mr. Akihiro Hirano</td></tr><tr><td>Elevated plus maze apparatus</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>Handmade by Mr. Akihiro Hirano</td></tr><tr><td>Digital video camera</td><td>Watec</td><td>WAT-250D2</td><td>Any suitable video camera can be attached to a hard disk recorder for recording tracking profiles.</td></tr><tr><td>Hard disk recorder</td><td>TOSHIBA</td><td>RD-R200</td><td>Any suitable hard disk recorder can be attached to the digital video camera.</td></tr><tr><td>Sprague-Dawley rats</td><td>Charles River Laboratories Japan, Inc.</td><td>NA</td><td>Any suitable rats can be used for your study</td></tr><tr><td>Standard rat cage</td><td>Toyoriko</td><td>TP-105</td><td>Any suitable rat cage be used for your study</td></tr><tr><td>Instrument to measure light intensity</td><td>AS ONE</td><td>1-5818-02</td><td>Any suitable instrument to measure light intensity</td></tr><tr><td>EthoVision XT version 8.0</td><td>Noldus</td><td>NA</td><td>Any suitable software to measure animal behavior</td></tr><tr><td>Diazepam</td><td>Taiyo Pharmaceutical Industry</td><td>1124402A2061</td><td>Any suitable drug can be used for your study</td></tr><tr><td>Tween 80</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>9005-65-6</td><td>Any suitable drug can be used for your study</td></tr></tbody></table>

testing animal anxiety in rats: effects of open arm ledges and closed arm wall transparency in elevated plus maze test

Yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi kemirgen hayvan kaygı değerlendirmek için davranışsal bir test. Bu test yaygın davranış bilimleri alanında uygulanan rağmen çelişkili sonuçlar kez farklı laboratuvarlar sağlanır. Farklı sonuçlar için nedenleri tanımlamak için biz daha önce laboratuvarlar arasında çoğu özellikle varlığı/çıkıntıları kollarını açarak kenarlarına ve şeffaflık/solukluk kapalı kol duvarların olmaması farklı kol özellikleri üzerinde duruldu. Önceki raporunda, açık ve kapalı kol tasarımlar Aksi takdirde aynı deneysel koşullarda farklı kombinasyonları üzerinde fare davranışı karşılaştırmak için özel tasarlanmış konteyner kullanılan ve kol şekil farklılıkları ile deneysel müdahale gösterdi sonuçlar. Kısacası, şeffaf silah da bu davranış azalmış iken de, fareler, kol çıkıntıları önemli ölçüde artmış anksiyete gibi davranış açın. Ayrıca, bir Hayır ledged açık kol + opak duvarlı kapalı kol ledged açık kol + saydam duvarlı kapalı kol kombinasyonu ile karşılaştırıldığında bir arada bir anksiyolitik ilaç etkisini daha yüksek algılama hassasiyeti doğrulanmadı. Bu raporda, biz bizim yükseltilmiş için iletişim kuralı artı labirent testi, önceki rapor ve deneysel deneyimlerimiz anahtar sonuçları tartışılması ile birlikte tanıtmak. Biz bu raporu kim istihdam veya kim çalışmalarında labirent artı moralin kullanabilirsiniz planlıyoruz araştırmacılar için yararlı bilgiler sağlar inanıyoruz.

Önceki çalışmada, araştırmacı davranışlar labirent12kapalı kol duvarlarda saydamlığını ve açık kol çıkıntıları kombine etkileri karşılaştırıldı. Fareler önemli ölçüde harcanan daha az zaman çıkıntıları ile kollarını açarak üzerinde çıkıntıları olmadan açık silah üzerinde (F [1, 60] 13.49, P = 0.0005 =) (Şekil 2A). Kollarını açarak içine girdi sayısı için de benzer sonuçl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test at JoVE.com

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

Hayvan kaygı Rat test: açık kol çıkıntıları ve kapalı kol etkileri duvar yükseltilmiş şeffaflık artı labirent testi

Rats anksiyete gibi davranış tarafından yükseltilmiş test artı labirent çok test ortamına bağlı olarak değişir. İşte aparat ayarları, özellikle kol yapısı, labirent davranış nasıl etkiler göstermektedir ve anksiyolitik ilaçların etkileri algılamak için güvenilir bir protokolü açıklar. Bu rapor için anksiyete Araştırma katkıda bulunacaktır.

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

testing-animal-anxiety-rats-effects-open-arm-ledges-closed-arm-wall

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

13.5K Görüntüleme.  Meiji University. Rats anksiyete gibi davranış tarafından yükseltilmiş test artı labirent çok test ortamına bağlı olarak değişir. İşte aparat ayarları, özellikle kol yapısı, labirent davranış nasıl etkiler göstermektedir ve anksiyolitik ilaçların etkileri algılamak için güvenilir bir protokolü açıklar. Bu rapor için anksiyete Araştırma katkıda bulunacaktır.

Video: Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

Fare ve Sıçanlarda Anksiyete Ardışık sokaklar Testi

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

Davranış

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

Küçük ve Büyük Kemirgen Modelleri ile Barnes Labirent Test Stratejileri

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

Açık Alan Maze Kullanım Fare lokomotor ve Anksiyete-benzeri Davranışı Tedbir

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

Quantifying Cognitive Decrements Caused by Cranial Radiotherapy

With the exception of survival, cognitive impairment stemming from the clinical management of cancer is a major factor dictating therapeutic outcome. For many patients afflicted with CNS and non-CNS malignancies, radiotherapy and chemotherapy offer the best options for disease control. These treatments however come at a cost, and nearly all cancer survivors (~11 million in the US alone as of 2006) incur some risk for developing cognitive dysfunction, with the most severe cases found in patients subjected to cranial radiotherapy (~200,000/yr) for the control of primary and metastatic brain tumors1. Particularly problematic are pediatric cases, whose long-term survival plagued with marked cognitive decrements results in significant socioeconomic burdens2. To date, there are still no satisfactory solutions to this significant clinical problem.
We have addressed this serious health concern using transplanted stem cells to combat radiation-induced cognitive decline in athymic rats subjected to cranial irradiation3. Details of the stereotaxic irradiation and the in vitro culturing and transplantation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) can be found in our companion paper (Acharya et al., JoVE reference). Following irradiation and transplantation surgery, rats are then assessed for changes in cognition, grafted cell survival and expression of differentiation-specific markers 1 and 4-months after irradiation. To critically evaluate the success or failure of any potential intervention designed to ameliorate radiation-induced cognitive sequelae, a rigorous series of quantitative cognitive tasks must be performed. To accomplish this, we subject our animals to a suite of cognitive testing paradigms including novel place recognition, water maze, elevated plus maze and fear conditioning, in order to quantify hippocampal and non-hippocampal learning and memory. We have demonstrated the utility of these tests for quantifying specific types of cognitive decrements in irradiated animals, and used them to show that animals engrafted with hNSCs exhibit significant improvements in cognitive function3.
The cognitive benefits derived from engrafted human stem cells suggest that similar strategies may one day provide much needed clinical recourse to cancer survivors suffering from impaired cognition. Accordingly, we have provided written and visual documentation of the critical steps used in our cognitive testing paradigms to facilitate the translation of our promising results into the clinic.

Cognitive impairment resulting from the radiotherapeutic management of brain tumors represents a clinically intractable condition that adversely impacts quality of life. The capability to critically evaluate potential interventions for ameliorating radiation-induced cognitive decrements ultimately depends on the capability to undertake rigorous quantitative assessments of cognition.

Kranial Radyoterapi Yarattığı Bilişsel Azaltır nicel

With the exception of survival, cognitive impairment stemming from the clinical management of cancer is a major factor dictating therapeutic outcome. For ...

Tıp

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

Çift H Maze: Kemirgenler A Sağlam Davranış Öğrenme için test ve Hafıza

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

Utilizing the Modified T-Maze to Assess Functional Memory Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest

Background: Evaluating mild to moderate cognitive impairment in a global cerebral ischemia (i.e. cardiac arrest) model can be difficult due to poor locomotion after surgery. For example, rats who undergo surgical procedures and are subjected to the Morris water maze may not be able to swim, thus voiding the experiment.
New Method: We established a modified behavioral spontaneous alternation T-maze test. The major advantage of the modified T-maze protocol is its relatively simple design that is powerful enough to assess functional learning/memory after ischemia. Additionally, the data analysis is simple and straightforward. We used the T-maze to determine the rats&#39; learning/memory deficits both in the presence or absence of mild to moderate (6 min) asphyxial cardiac arrest (ACA). Rats have a natural tendency for exploration and will explore the alternate arms in the T-maze, whereas hippocampal-lesioned rats tend to adopt a side-preference resulting in decreased spontaneous alternation ratios, revealing the hippocampal-related functional learning/memory in the presence or absence of ACA.
Results: ACA groups have higher side-preference ratios and lower alternations as compared to control.
Comparison with Existing Method(s): The Morris water and Barnes maze are more prominent for assessing learning/memory function. However, the Morris water maze is more stressful than other mazes. The Barnes maze is widely used to measure reference (long-term) memory, while ACA-induced neurocognitive deficits are more closely related to working (short-term) memory.
Conclusions: We have developed a simple, yet effective strategy to delineate working (short-term) memory via the T-maze in our global cerebral ischemia model (ACA).

This protocol describes the use of a modified T-maze to evaluate functional learning/memory in asphyxia cardiac arrest-induced cerebral ischemia.

Kardiyak Arrest sonra işlevsel hafıza sonuçları değerlendirmek için değiştirilmiş T-Maze kullanan

Background: Evaluating mild to moderate cognitive impairment in a global cerebral ischemia (i.e. cardiac arrest) model can be difficult due to poor ...

Elevated Plus Maze for Mice

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given gene on a specific behavior can be determined by behavioral analysis of mutant mice. If a target gene is expressed in the brain, behavioral phenotype of the mutant mice could elucidate the genetic mechanism of normal behaviors. The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior. The test is based on the natural aversion of mice for open and elevated areas, as well as on their natural spontaneous exploratory behavior in novel environments. The apparatus consists of open arms and closed arms, crossed in the middle perpendicularly to each other, and a center area. Mice are given access to all of the arms and are allowed to move freely between them. The number of entries into the open arms and the time spent in the open arms are used as indices of open space-induced anxiety in mice. Unfortunately, the procedural differences that exist between laboratories make it difficult to duplicate and compare results among laboratories. Here, we present a detailed movie demonstrating our protocol for the elevated plus maze test. In our laboratory, we have assessed more than 90 strains of mutant mice using the protocol shown in the movie. These data will be disclosed as a part of a public database that we are now constructing.
Visualization of the protocol will promote better understanding of the details of the entire experimental procedure, allowing for standardization of the protocols used in different laboratories and comparisons of the behavioral phenotypes of various strains of mutant mice assessed using this test. 


The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior in mice. Here, we present a movie showing the detailed procedures for conducting the test.

Fareler için Yükseltilmiş Artı Labirent

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given ...

Biyoloji

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The purpose of the method is to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments on laboratory rodent models. The EPM test is based on the rodents&#39; proclivity toward protected, enclosed dark spaces and unconditioned fear of open spaces and heights, and their innate intense motivation to explore novel environments. The EPM test is a widely used behavioral test for investigating the anxiolytic or anxiogenic responses of rodents given drugs that are known to affect behavior. Observation demonstrating a decreased proportion of time spent on closed arms, an increased proportion of time spent on open arms, a reduced number of entries to closed arms, and an elevated number of entries to open arms measured by the EPM test may reflect reduced anxiety levels. Using this method, the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anxiety-related behavior is tested in Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats. Exogenous ketone supplements are chronically fed to the rats for 83 days or subchronically and acutely orally gavaged, daily for 7 days, before conducting the EPM test. Behavioral data collection is performed using the SMART video tracking system by a blinded observer at the end of the treatments. The main findings indicate that the EPM test is an effective method to detect the ketone supplement-induced anxiolytic effect and can be considered a sensitive measure to assess changes in anxiety behavior associated with drug- or metabolic-based therapies.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate changes in the anxiety level of rodent animal models. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test, used together with a video tracking software, provides a reliable method to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments in preclinical laboratory scenarios.

Yüksek artı labirent takip yazılımı eksojen Ketogenic takviyeleri anksiyolitik etkisi araştırmak için Video ile kombine Test

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The ...

Utilizing a Reconfigurable Maze System to Enhance the Reproducibility of Spatial Navigation Tests in Rodents

Several maze shapes are used to test spatial navigation performance and behavioral phenotypes. Traditionally, each experiment requires a unique maze shape, thus requiring several separate mazes in different configurations. The maze geometry cannot be reconfigured in a single environment to accommodate scalability and reproducibility. The reconfigurable maze is a unique approach to address the limitations, allowing quick and flexible configurations of maze pathways in a repeatable manner. It consists of interlocking pathways and includes feeders, treadmills, movable walls, and shut-off sensors. The current protocol describes how the reconfigurable maze can replicate existing mazes, including the T-shaped, plus-shaped, W-shaped, and figure-eight mazes. Initially, the T-shaped maze was constructed inside a single experimental room, followed by modifications. The rapid and scalable protocol outlined herein demonstrates the flexibility of the reconfigurable maze, achieved through the addition of components and behavioral training phases in a stepwise manner. The reconfigurable maze systematically and precisely assesses the performance of multiple aspects of spatial navigation behavior.

The present protocol describes a reconfigurable maze, a unique system for testing spatial navigation and behavioral phenotypes in rodents. The adaptability of this maze system enables the execution of various experiments in a single physical environment. The ease of structural rearrangement generates reliable and reproducible experimental results.

Kemirgenlerde Mekansal Navigasyon Testlerinin Yeniden Üretilebilirliğini Artırmak için Yeniden Yapılandırılabilir Bir Labirent Sistemi Kullanmak

Several maze shapes are used to test spatial navigation performance and behavioral phenotypes. Traditionally, each experiment requires a unique maze ...

Davranışsal Testler Kullanarak Angelman Sendromunun Murin Modelini Doğrulama

Behavioral Characterization of an Angelman Syndrome Mouse Model

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of AS. We use the rotarod learning paradigm, detailed gait analysis, and nest building test to detect and characterize animal motor impairments. We test animal emotionality in the open field and elevated plus maze tests, as well as the affect in the tail suspension test. When AS mice are tested in the open field test, the results should be interpreted with care, since motor dysfunctions influence mouse behavior in the maze and alter activity scores.
The reproducibility and effectiveness of the presented behavioral tests has already been validated in several independent Uba3a mouse lines with different knockout variants, establishing this set of tests as an excellent validation tool in AS research. Models with the relevant construct and face validity will warrant further investigations to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disease and grant the development of causal treatments.

Yazar Spotlight: Bir Angelman Sendromu Murin Modelini Doğrulamak için Yüksek Derecede Tekrarlanabilir Davranış Testleri Dizisi 

This manuscript presents a set of highly reproducible behavioral tests to validate an Angelman syndrome mouse model.

Angelman Sendromlu Bir Fare Modelinin Davranışsal Karakterizasyonu

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of ...