Name: testing animal anxiety in rats: effects of open arm ledges and closed arm wall transparency in elevated plus maze test
Uploaded: 2018-06-29T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 54 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test at JoVE.com

カスタマイズされた装置の生産に彼の援助の平野晃宏氏を感謝致します。著者は、その技術支援の高橋宏祐氏と中島信吾氏に感謝したいと思います。この作品は、化学物質のリスク、健康と研究所科学研究費補助金、厚生省、労働、福祉、日本 (H25-科学-IPPANN-003) と技術明治理工学研究所研究プロジェクト助成 A 研究によって支えられました。大学、日本。

ここで説明したすべての実験手順は、機関動物ケアと明治大学の使用委員会 (IACUC 14-0002(1)) によって承認されています。代表の結果に使用される動物は次のように準備された: 雄 Sprague-dawley ラットいた実験動物会社から購入し、少なくとも 1 週間の開始する前の標準的なラットのおり (W200 × D410 × H250 mm) あたり 4 動物のグループで収容、行動実験。光 (12:12 光/暗いスケジュール 10:00 h で点灯)、室温 (25.0 ± 0.5 ° C)、湿度 (55 ± 10%)、および換気のための標準的な環境で維持された動物飼育室 (10 回/h)、動物食品 (アドリブのアクセスがあったとオリエンタル酵母 (株)、東京都) と水。動物は、寝具 (アルファ-dri、LSG 雙東京都) 紙で標準ラット ケージ (W410 x D250 x H200 mm、Toyoriko 株式会社、愛知、日本) で保管されました。
1. 高架式十字迷路試験
<ol><li>高架プラスを設定カスタマイズされたコンテナー (W1, 500 × 500 × H2, 000 mm D1) 装置の迷路 (図 1 a) 十字型のメタル フレームワークの実行をサポートするための床の上の 500 の mm とコンテナー天井の照明方法腕 (図 1 b)必要な光の強さ (図 1)、および行動テスト (図 1) のライブ ビデオ監視を有効にするためにセンター天井のデジタル ビデオ カメラに迷路の表面を照らします。</li>
	<li>(L500 x W100 mm) 腕十字フレームワークの 4 つの腕の中心に広場中央のプラットフォーム (W100 x D100 mm) を固定し、(図 1 -F)。 注: 当研究室である両手を広げて (L500 x W100 mm) の 2 種類とクローズド アームの 2 種類 (x W100 x H450 ミリメートル L500) (図 1)。閉じた腕は、透明または不透明な壁 (図 1) を持って、短い棚 (図 1EH5 mm) の有無、開いた腕、設計されています。広場中央のプラットフォーム (W100 × D100 mm)、4 つの腕の中心部に配置されます (図 1 -F)。したがって、腕の次の 4 つの組み合わせを実験目的に応じて用意できます: オープン棚を武器 + 透明な壁 (棚/透明)、棚が開いて腕 + 不透明な壁 (棚/不透明) とクローズド アームを閉じた腕腕を開く棚 + 透明な壁 (なし-棚/透明) と閉じた腕と棚なし両手 + 不透明とクローズド アームなし (なし-棚/不透明) の壁します。腕滑走路の表面は黒より良い動物行動分析セクション 2 に記載されている、自動動作分析ソフトウェアでトレースを有効にします。</li>
	<li>約 100 ルクスにそれぞれの腕と中央のプラットフォームの遠位端部の表面の輝度を調整します。</li>
	<li>各テストの前に 70% エタノール溶液による全体の装置をきれいにし水で拭いてください。</li>
	<li>映像セクション 2、行動分析で説明する分析のためのラットの行動を記録するデジタル ビデオ カメラを起動するハード ディスク レコーダーの「録画ボタン」をクリックしてします。</li>
	<li>開かれた腕に直面して中央のプラットフォーム上動物を置き、5 分装置の自由探査を許可します。</li>
	<li>記録が終了するハード ディスク レコーダーの「停止ボタン」をクリックしてします。</li>
	<li>動物飼育室へテスト動物を帰国後糞便および排尿の数をカウントします。</li>
	<li>手順 1.4 から実験が終了するまで繰り返します。 注: 乾燥テストの実行は、常に実施実験のすべての設定が正しく設定されている任意の実験動物は実験条件にさらされる前にチェックする各実験を開始する前に。それ以外の場合、いくつかの動物、特に最初の動物はさまざまな環境条件 (例えば、おそらく以前にテストした動物に残されたであろう操作および/または動物のキューの中に実験者によって誘導されるノイズ) を経験があります。 注: 動物をテストするときは、実験者はコンテナーの近くです。したがって、実験者が表示されないにもかかわらずラットのにおいや音を介してそれらを感じることができるまだあります。</li>
</ol>2. 行動分析
注: 行動分析マニュアル観察によって実行され、自動解析ソフトウェア。
<ol><li>
手動観測
	<ol>
<li>棚に動物を配置すると、以下に従って: (腕にエントリは、すべて 4 足腕上にあるときに任意のインスタンスとして定義は) のエントリの数、各アームに費やす時間と伸ばして出席数姿勢開かれた腕に直面しています。、閉じた腕に向かって中央のプラットフォームからバックアップ中。</li>
		<li>ストップウォッチとコンテナーのドアが閉じているときから始まって、5 分間カウントした上定義された動作の期間と頻度を測定します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
自動解析
	<ol>
<li>利用可能なソフトウェア プログラムを使用して以下を記録: 両手を広げて (中央のプラットフォームから、中間、近位および遠位セグメント) の旅、時間で過ごしたの異なる位置の距離と時間の 1 分ごとの分析はオープンに費やし、閉鎖腕。</li>
		<li>手動観測の開始と同時に自動解析ソフトウェアの「スタート ボタン」をクリックします (設定期間を記録した場合、記録が自動的に停止されます)。 注: 本研究に使用した行動解析ソフトウェアは、背景フィールドとそのコントラストによって動物を追跡します。固定のサイズが割り当てられている動物は明るいオブジェクトとして識別され、動物追跡のため、その中心点の移動がこうして使えます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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著者が明らかに何もありません。

、不安障害などの精神疾患を患っている患者の数が増えるにつれて、不安の基本的なメカニズムの理解を改善する最先端研究を推進することが重要です。そのためには、実験の手順を最適化するために重要なまたです。したがって、改善アプリケーションの高架十字迷路試験、ラットを用いた実験的成果に及ぼすアーム機能を示しています。
高架プラス迷路に開業いた?...

気分障害、不安障害、うつ病などを患っている患者の数は増加しています。これらの無秩序の開発は遺伝と環境の要因がありますが、詳細な発症メカニズムは、まだ完全に理解1。したがって、研究では、副作用が少ない効果的な薬の開発と同様に、気分障害のメカニズムの覆いを取るに焦点を当てる必要があります。
実験動物の行動テスト、脳の高次機能、感情などを調査するため便利です。動物の行動は非常に変数、実験結果しばしば間で異なる所場合でも同一交は使用される2。したがって、研究者はまた彼らを研究室では、信頼性の高い、正確な結果を提供するために採用する実験装置の基本的な機能を理解する必要があります。
高架プラス迷路テストに開業いたしました齧歯動物3,4に感情的な反応を調べる。全体の器具は床の上にある通常の 500 mm し、から成っている 2 つのオープンとプラスの形を作る 2 つの閉じた腕。腕探査 (それぞれの腕にエントリの期間と頻度を含む)、測定距離旅と指定した動作を受ける動物のストレッチ参加姿勢は観測期間中に記録されたよう。これらの措置により動物の不安は、実験結果として推定されます。
高架プラス迷路テストは、世界中で使用されているが、すべてではない所を使用して、同じ装置デザイン5,6とこれらの違いが実験結果に影響を与えます。相違点には、存在や開いた腕に沿って棚の不在および/または閉じた腕5,6透明または不透明な壁の使用が含まれます。腕に沿って棚を開き閉じた腕の透明な壁の使用が動物装置7、落下を防止し、閉じた腕、それぞれ8,9内行動の観察を容易にするために開発されました。動物の不安1,2,5,10,11 を検出する能力に影響を与えるかもしれないどのように個々 の腕の構造の違いを検討するいくつかの研究をされているがあります、動物の行動 (短い出っ張りの有無にかかわらず) オープンとクローズド (透明/不透明な壁) 腕機能の複合的影響がまだ調査されていません。
最近の報告では、これらのラット12の不安様行動の腕デザインの組み合わせの効果を説明しました。簡単に言えば、オープン アーム棚は、透明な腕は可能性がありますもこの現象を減少している間に、ラットの不安様行動を増大させます。さらに、いいえ ledged オープン アーム + ledged オープン アーム + 透明な壁に囲まれたクローズド アームの組み合わせと比較して不透明な壁に囲まれたクローズド アームの組み合わせで抗不安薬の効果の高い検出感度を検証しました。本報告で我々 は、高架式のため私たちのプロトコルをご紹介プラス前のレポートから主要な結果の議論とテストを一緒に迷路が。このレポートは、これらの人を採用しているまたは高架を使用プラス迷路の学習の方に有用な情報を提供すると考えています。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Customized container (W1500 &amp;times; D1500 &amp;times; H2000 mm)</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>Handmade by Mr. Akihiro Hirano</td></tr><tr><td>Lighting</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>Handmade by Mr. Akihiro Hirano</td></tr><tr><td>Elevated plus maze apparatus</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>Handmade by Mr. Akihiro Hirano</td></tr><tr><td>Digital video camera</td><td>Watec</td><td>WAT-250D2</td><td>Any suitable video camera can be attached to a hard disk recorder for recording tracking profiles.</td></tr><tr><td>Hard disk recorder</td><td>TOSHIBA</td><td>RD-R200</td><td>Any suitable hard disk recorder can be attached to the digital video camera.</td></tr><tr><td>Sprague-Dawley rats</td><td>Charles River Laboratories Japan, Inc.</td><td>NA</td><td>Any suitable rats can be used for your study</td></tr><tr><td>Standard rat cage</td><td>Toyoriko</td><td>TP-105</td><td>Any suitable rat cage be used for your study</td></tr><tr><td>Instrument to measure light intensity</td><td>AS ONE</td><td>1-5818-02</td><td>Any suitable instrument to measure light intensity</td></tr><tr><td>EthoVision XT version 8.0</td><td>Noldus</td><td>NA</td><td>Any suitable software to measure animal behavior</td></tr><tr><td>Diazepam</td><td>Taiyo Pharmaceutical Industry</td><td>1124402A2061</td><td>Any suitable drug can be used for your study</td></tr><tr><td>Tween 80</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>9005-65-6</td><td>Any suitable drug can be used for your study</td></tr></tbody></table>

testing animal anxiety in rats: effects of open arm ledges and closed arm wall transparency in elevated plus maze test

高架プラス迷路テストは齧歯動物の動物の不安を評価するための行動テスト。ただし、このテストは行動科学の分野で広く適用される競合する成果は頻繁に異なった実験室から与えられます。異なる結果の理由を識別するために我々 は以前特に有無開いた腕の側面とクローズド アーム壁の透明性/不透明で棚の所、ほとんどの間で異なる腕の機能に焦点を当てた。以前の報告では、我々 はオープンとクローズド アーム デザイン以外同一の実験条件下でのさまざまな組み合わせでのラットの行動を比較するカスタム設計されたコンテナーを使用してと腕機能の違いが実験を妨げることを示した成果。簡単に言えば、オープン アーム棚は、透明な腕は可能性がありますもこの現象を減少している間に、ラットの不安様行動を増大させます。さらに、いいえ ledged オープン アーム + ledged オープン アーム + 透明な壁に囲まれたクローズド アームの組み合わせと比較して不透明な壁に囲まれたクローズド アームの組み合わせで抗不安薬の効果の高い検出感度を検証しました。本報告では、私たち高架のためのプロトコルに加えて、前回のレポートと実験的経験から主要な結果の議論と一緒に、迷路テストを紹介します。このレポートは、人を採用している、または高架式を使用して、さらに勉学の迷路人計画の研究者にとって有用な情報を提供すると考えています。

以前の研究では、腕が開いて棚の併用効果とクローズド アームの壁12迷路探索行動の透明性を比較しました。ラットは大幅棚が開いて腕により棚なし開いて腕にはるかに少ない時間を費やして (F [1, 60] 13.49、 P = = 0.0005) (図 2 a)。開いて腕の中にエントリ数を同様の結果であった (F [1, 60] 11.17、 P = < 0.0014)<sup class="xref...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test at JoVE.com

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

ラットにおける動物の不安をテスト: 腕が開いて棚とクローズド アームの効果壁透明性高架十字迷路試験

ラットの不安様行動テスト高架プラス迷路が高いテストの環境によって異なります。ここで、迷路の動作に影響を与える機器設定、特に腕構造を示すし、抗不安薬の効果を検出するための信頼性の高いプロトコルについて述べる。このレポートは、不安の研究に貢献します。

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

testing-animal-anxiety-rats-effects-open-arm-ledges-closed-arm-wall

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

13.5K ビュー.  Meiji University. ラットの不安様行動テスト高架プラス迷路が高いテストの環境によって異なります。ここで、迷路の動作に影響を与える機器設定、特に腕構造を示すし、抗不安薬の効果を検出するための信頼性の高いプロトコルについて述べる。このレポートは、不安の研究に貢献します。

ビデオ: Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

マウスおよびラットにおける不安の連続路地テスト

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

行動学

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

小型·大齧歯類モデルとバーンズ迷路テスト戦略

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

マウスにおける自発運動と不安様行動を測定するために、オープンフィールド迷路の利用

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

ダブルH迷路：げっ歯類での学習と記憶のための堅牢な行動試験

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

Quantifying Cognitive Decrements Caused by Cranial Radiotherapy

With the exception of survival, cognitive impairment stemming from the clinical management of cancer is a major factor dictating therapeutic outcome. For many patients afflicted with CNS and non-CNS malignancies, radiotherapy and chemotherapy offer the best options for disease control. These treatments however come at a cost, and nearly all cancer survivors (~11 million in the US alone as of 2006) incur some risk for developing cognitive dysfunction, with the most severe cases found in patients subjected to cranial radiotherapy (~200,000/yr) for the control of primary and metastatic brain tumors1. Particularly problematic are pediatric cases, whose long-term survival plagued with marked cognitive decrements results in significant socioeconomic burdens2. To date, there are still no satisfactory solutions to this significant clinical problem.
We have addressed this serious health concern using transplanted stem cells to combat radiation-induced cognitive decline in athymic rats subjected to cranial irradiation3. Details of the stereotaxic irradiation and the in vitro culturing and transplantation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) can be found in our companion paper (Acharya et al., JoVE reference). Following irradiation and transplantation surgery, rats are then assessed for changes in cognition, grafted cell survival and expression of differentiation-specific markers 1 and 4-months after irradiation. To critically evaluate the success or failure of any potential intervention designed to ameliorate radiation-induced cognitive sequelae, a rigorous series of quantitative cognitive tasks must be performed. To accomplish this, we subject our animals to a suite of cognitive testing paradigms including novel place recognition, water maze, elevated plus maze and fear conditioning, in order to quantify hippocampal and non-hippocampal learning and memory. We have demonstrated the utility of these tests for quantifying specific types of cognitive decrements in irradiated animals, and used them to show that animals engrafted with hNSCs exhibit significant improvements in cognitive function3.
The cognitive benefits derived from engrafted human stem cells suggest that similar strategies may one day provide much needed clinical recourse to cancer survivors suffering from impaired cognition. Accordingly, we have provided written and visual documentation of the critical steps used in our cognitive testing paradigms to facilitate the translation of our promising results into the clinic.

Cognitive impairment resulting from the radiotherapeutic management of brain tumors represents a clinically intractable condition that adversely impacts quality of life. The capability to critically evaluate potential interventions for ameliorating radiation-induced cognitive decrements ultimately depends on the capability to undertake rigorous quantitative assessments of cognition.

頭蓋放射線療法によって引き起こされた定量認知デクリメント

With the exception of survival, cognitive impairment stemming from the clinical management of cancer is a major factor dictating therapeutic outcome. For ...

医学

Utilizing the Modified T-Maze to Assess Functional Memory Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest

Background: Evaluating mild to moderate cognitive impairment in a global cerebral ischemia (i.e. cardiac arrest) model can be difficult due to poor locomotion after surgery. For example, rats who undergo surgical procedures and are subjected to the Morris water maze may not be able to swim, thus voiding the experiment.
New Method: We established a modified behavioral spontaneous alternation T-maze test. The major advantage of the modified T-maze protocol is its relatively simple design that is powerful enough to assess functional learning/memory after ischemia. Additionally, the data analysis is simple and straightforward. We used the T-maze to determine the rats&#39; learning/memory deficits both in the presence or absence of mild to moderate (6 min) asphyxial cardiac arrest (ACA). Rats have a natural tendency for exploration and will explore the alternate arms in the T-maze, whereas hippocampal-lesioned rats tend to adopt a side-preference resulting in decreased spontaneous alternation ratios, revealing the hippocampal-related functional learning/memory in the presence or absence of ACA.
Results: ACA groups have higher side-preference ratios and lower alternations as compared to control.
Comparison with Existing Method(s): The Morris water and Barnes maze are more prominent for assessing learning/memory function. However, the Morris water maze is more stressful than other mazes. The Barnes maze is widely used to measure reference (long-term) memory, while ACA-induced neurocognitive deficits are more closely related to working (short-term) memory.
Conclusions: We have developed a simple, yet effective strategy to delineate working (short-term) memory via the T-maze in our global cerebral ischemia model (ACA).

This protocol describes the use of a modified T-maze to evaluate functional learning/memory in asphyxia cardiac arrest-induced cerebral ischemia.

心停止後機能メモリの成果を評価するために変更されたにおけるを活用

Background: Evaluating mild to moderate cognitive impairment in a global cerebral ischemia (i.e. cardiac arrest) model can be difficult due to poor ...

Elevated Plus Maze for Mice

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given gene on a specific behavior can be determined by behavioral analysis of mutant mice. If a target gene is expressed in the brain, behavioral phenotype of the mutant mice could elucidate the genetic mechanism of normal behaviors. The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior. The test is based on the natural aversion of mice for open and elevated areas, as well as on their natural spontaneous exploratory behavior in novel environments. The apparatus consists of open arms and closed arms, crossed in the middle perpendicularly to each other, and a center area. Mice are given access to all of the arms and are allowed to move freely between them. The number of entries into the open arms and the time spent in the open arms are used as indices of open space-induced anxiety in mice. Unfortunately, the procedural differences that exist between laboratories make it difficult to duplicate and compare results among laboratories. Here, we present a detailed movie demonstrating our protocol for the elevated plus maze test. In our laboratory, we have assessed more than 90 strains of mutant mice using the protocol shown in the movie. These data will be disclosed as a part of a public database that we are now constructing.
Visualization of the protocol will promote better understanding of the details of the entire experimental procedure, allowing for standardization of the protocols used in different laboratories and comparisons of the behavioral phenotypes of various strains of mutant mice assessed using this test. 


The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior in mice. Here, we present a movie showing the detailed procedures for conducting the test.

マウス用高架式十字迷路

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given ...

生物学

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The purpose of the method is to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments on laboratory rodent models. The EPM test is based on the rodents&#39; proclivity toward protected, enclosed dark spaces and unconditioned fear of open spaces and heights, and their innate intense motivation to explore novel environments. The EPM test is a widely used behavioral test for investigating the anxiolytic or anxiogenic responses of rodents given drugs that are known to affect behavior. Observation demonstrating a decreased proportion of time spent on closed arms, an increased proportion of time spent on open arms, a reduced number of entries to closed arms, and an elevated number of entries to open arms measured by the EPM test may reflect reduced anxiety levels. Using this method, the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anxiety-related behavior is tested in Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats. Exogenous ketone supplements are chronically fed to the rats for 83 days or subchronically and acutely orally gavaged, daily for 7 days, before conducting the EPM test. Behavioral data collection is performed using the SMART video tracking system by a blinded observer at the end of the treatments. The main findings indicate that the EPM test is an effective method to detect the ketone supplement-induced anxiolytic effect and can be considered a sensitive measure to assess changes in anxiety behavior associated with drug- or metabolic-based therapies.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate changes in the anxiety level of rodent animal models. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test, used together with a video tracking software, provides a reliable method to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments in preclinical laboratory scenarios.

高架プラス迷路外因性ケト原性サプリメントの抗不安薬の効果を調べるためのソフトウェアを追跡するビデオと組み合わせてテスト

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The ...

Utilizing a Reconfigurable Maze System to Enhance the Reproducibility of Spatial Navigation Tests in Rodents

Several maze shapes are used to test spatial navigation performance and behavioral phenotypes. Traditionally, each experiment requires a unique maze shape, thus requiring several separate mazes in different configurations. The maze geometry cannot be reconfigured in a single environment to accommodate scalability and reproducibility. The reconfigurable maze is a unique approach to address the limitations, allowing quick and flexible configurations of maze pathways in a repeatable manner. It consists of interlocking pathways and includes feeders, treadmills, movable walls, and shut-off sensors. The current protocol describes how the reconfigurable maze can replicate existing mazes, including the T-shaped, plus-shaped, W-shaped, and figure-eight mazes. Initially, the T-shaped maze was constructed inside a single experimental room, followed by modifications. The rapid and scalable protocol outlined herein demonstrates the flexibility of the reconfigurable maze, achieved through the addition of components and behavioral training phases in a stepwise manner. The reconfigurable maze systematically and precisely assesses the performance of multiple aspects of spatial navigation behavior.

The present protocol describes a reconfigurable maze, a unique system for testing spatial navigation and behavioral phenotypes in rodents. The adaptability of this maze system enables the execution of various experiments in a single physical environment. The ease of structural rearrangement generates reliable and reproducible experimental results.

再構成可能な迷路システムを利用して、げっ歯類の空間ナビゲーションテストの再現性を高める

Several maze shapes are used to test spatial navigation performance and behavioral phenotypes. Traditionally, each experiment requires a unique maze ...

行動試験を用いたアンジェルマン症候群のマウスモデルの検証

Behavioral Characterization of an Angelman Syndrome Mouse Model

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of AS. We use the rotarod learning paradigm, detailed gait analysis, and nest building test to detect and characterize animal motor impairments. We test animal emotionality in the open field and elevated plus maze tests, as well as the affect in the tail suspension test. When AS mice are tested in the open field test, the results should be interpreted with care, since motor dysfunctions influence mouse behavior in the maze and alter activity scores.
The reproducibility and effectiveness of the presented behavioral tests has already been validated in several independent Uba3a mouse lines with different knockout variants, establishing this set of tests as an excellent validation tool in AS research. Models with the relevant construct and face validity will warrant further investigations to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disease and grant the development of causal treatments.

著者スポットライト:アンジェルマン症候群マウスモデルを検証するための再現性の高い一連の行動試験 

This manuscript presents a set of highly reproducible behavioral tests to validate an Angelman syndrome mouse model.

アンジェルマン症候群モデルマウスの行動特性

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of ...

ラットにおける動物の不安をテスト: 腕が開いて棚とクローズドアームの効果壁透明性高架十字迷路試験

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

マウスおよびラットにおける不安の連続路地テスト

小型·大齧歯類モデルとバーンズ迷路テスト戦略

マウスにおける自発運動と不安様行動を測定するために、オープンフィールド迷路の利用

ダブルH迷路：げっ歯類での学習と記憶のための堅牢な行動試験

頭蓋放射線療法によって引き起こされた定量認知デクリメント

心停止後機能メモリの成果を評価するために変更されたにおけるを活用

マウス用高架式十字迷路

高架プラス迷路外因性ケト原性サプリメントの抗不安薬の効果を調べるためのソフトウェアを追跡するビデオと組み合わせてテスト

再構成可能な迷路システムを利用して、げっ歯類の空間ナビゲーションテストの再現性を高める

アンジェルマン症候群モデルマウスの行動特性

ラットにおける動物の不安をテスト: 腕が開いて棚とクローズド アームの効果壁透明性高架十字迷路試験

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

マウスおよびラットにおける不安の連続路地テスト

小型·大齧歯類モデルとバーンズ迷路テスト戦略

マウスにおける自発運動と不安様行動を測定するために、オープンフィールド迷路の利用

ダブルH迷路：げっ歯類での学習と記憶のための堅牢な行動試験

頭蓋放射線療法によって引き起こされた定量認知デクリメント

心停止後機能メモリの成果を評価するために変更されたにおけるを活用

マウス用高架式十字迷路

高架プラス迷路外因性ケト原性サプリメントの抗不安薬の効果を調べるためのソフトウェアを追跡するビデオと組み合わせてテスト

再構成可能な迷路システムを利用して、げっ歯類の空間ナビゲーションテストの再現性を高める

アンジェルマン症候群モデルマウスの行動特性

ラットにおける動物の不安をテスト: 腕が開いて棚とクローズドアームの効果壁透明性高架十字迷路試験