Name: elevated plus maze for mice
Uploaded: 2008-12-22T00:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 9 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Elevated Plus Maze for Mice at JoVE.com

Bu araştırma tarafından desteklenen Hibeler Bilim Teşvik (JSP&#39;ler) Hibe Yardım, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, Japonya Kültür, Spor, Bilim ve Teknoloji Burslar-Japonya Derneği Bilimsel Araştırma Yardım KUŞ ve CREST Japonya Bilim ve Teknoloji Ajansı, Sinirbilim Japonya Merkezi (NIJC), RIKEN Öncelikli Alanlar-Bütünleştirici Beyin Araştırmaları (SHIEN) Bilimsel Araştırma Hibe Yardım ve Hibe Yardım Yardım içinde MEXT gelen Japonya. Biz bu filmi oluşturarak O&#39;hara &amp; Co ve Mariko Hayashi, yardım için teşekkür ederim.

Protokol <ol><li> Yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi için kullanılan aparat + yapılandırma ve iki kapalı bir merkezi ile silah (25 x 5 x 16 cm) karşısında dik her iki açık silah oluşmaktadır (25 x 5 x 0,5 cm) platformu (5 x 5 x 0,5 cm). Kapalı, kollar kol içine yüksek bir duvar (16 cm) var ise açık kollar, düşme sayısını azaltmak için bir çok küçük (0.5 cm) duvar var. Tüm aparatları, zeminden 50 cm (Ohara &amp; Co, Tokyo) ve boş bir yuvarlak tankı (35 cm boyunda 100 cm çapında, Morris su labirenti görev için normalde kullanılan) yerleştirilir veya düşme fareleri korumak için deney sırasında kaçmaya çalışmayın. Cihaz, plastik malzemelerin yapılır. Platform, beyaz ve duvarları şeffaf. Cihazı yükseltilmiş artı labirent malzeme ve renkler bir varyasyon vardır. </li><li> Fareler 12 saat aydınlık / karanlık döngüsü (7:00 PM ışıklar) ev sahipliği yapmaktadır, daha önce (Takao &amp; Miyakawa, 2006a). Davranışsal test 9:00 arasında yapılan ve 6:00 AM. Tüm deney fareleri davranış test odası durumuna alışmakta ilk deneme başlamadan önce davranışlarını test odası 30 dakika aktarılır. Çalışmalarda sırası genotipler arasında dengeli. Bir uygulama hayvan kullanarak test deneme iki amacı vardır. Her şeyi kayıt sistemi ile iyi olduğundan emin olun. Başka bir üniforma olarak test durumu mümkün olduğunca tutmak için. Yani, böyle bir uygulama deneme tüm oturumda ilk fare olmadan diğerleri (yani, test işlemleri ve önceki çalışmalarda hiçbir koku ipuçları tarafından yapılan önceden hiçbir sesler) ile biraz daha farklı bir durum deneyim olacaktır. Hayvanlar, Kyoto Üniversitesi Hayvan Araştırma Komitesi kurallarına göre korunur. </li><li> Davranış test odası (170 x 210 x 200 cm, Ohara &amp; Co, Tokyo) ve ses yalıtımlı ve aydınlatma seviyesi 100 lux tutulur. Bir fare, kapalı bir kol yönelik merkez labirentin merkezinde alanda yer almaktadır. Yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi, bir uzaktan kumanda ile kontrol edilir bir bilgisayara bağlı bir video kamera, kullanarak kaydedilir. Her kol ve açık kollarında harcanan zaman içine girişlerin sayısı (bir giriş fare kitle kol girer merkezi olarak tanımlanır) ve bu ölçümlerin, kaygı gibi davranış bir göstergesi olarak hizmet vermektedir. </li><li> Fare 10 dakika labirent hakkında serbestçe hareket etmesine izin verilir. Her fare test bataryası bir deneme alır. Davranışsal verileri (Görüntü AP) edinme ve analiz etmek için kullanılan uygulama, kamu malı Görüntü J programı (Wayne Rasband Ulusal Ruh Sağlığı Enstitüsü tarafından geliştirilen ve mevcut <a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/">dayanmaktadır</a> http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ <a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/">ij /</a> Tsuyoshi Miyakawa (O&#39;Hara &amp; Co, Tokyo, Japonya üzerinden kullanılabilir) tarafından güncellenmiştir). </li><li> Bu mesafe, yolculuk, her kol giriş sayısı, her kolunda harcanan zaman ve açık kollarına girdiler yüzde Resim EP program tarafından hesaplanır. </li><li> Her denemede sonra, tüm silah ve merkez alan etkin bir koku giderici ve koku alma ipuçları dayalı bir önyargı önlemek için kendisini diğer temizleme solüsyonları ile karşılaştırıldığında nispeten zayıf kokulu, süper hipokloröz su ile temizlenir. Böylece koku alma ipuçları ile ilgili kontrollü koşul altında testleri yapabilirler. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Takao, K., Miyakawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light/dark+transition+test+for+mice.">Light/dark transition test for mice.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2006).</li><li>Aiba, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+liaison+for+integrative+brain+research.">Mouse liaison for integrative brain research.</a> Neurosci Res. 58, 103-104 (2007).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+knockout+mouse+project.">The knockout mouse project.</a> Nat Genet. 36, 921-924 (2004).</li><li>Takao, K., Miyakawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigating+gene-to-behavior+pathways+in+psychiatric+disorders:+the+use+of+a+comprehensive+behavioral+test+battery+on+genetically+engineered+mice.">Investigating gene-to-behavior pathways in psychiatric disorders: the use of a comprehensive behavioral test battery on genetically engineered mice.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1086, 144-159 (2006).</li><li>Takao, K., Yamasaki, N., Miyakawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+brain-behavior+phenotyping+of+genetically-engineered+mice+on+research+of+neuropsychiatric+disorders.">Impact of brain-behavior phenotyping of genetically-engineered mice on research of neuropsychiatric disorders.</a> Neurosci Res. 58, 124-1232 (2007).</li><li>Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> What's Wrong With My Mouse? Behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice. , 240 (2007).</li><li>Rodgers, R. J., Dalvi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anxiety,+defense+and+the+elevated+plus-maze.">Anxiety, defense and the elevated plus-maze.</a> Neurosci Behav Rev. 21, 801-810 (1997).</li><li>Handley, S. L., Mithani, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+alpha-adrenoceptor+agonists+and+antagonists+in+a+maze-exploration+model+of+'fear'-motivated+behaviour.">Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists in a maze-exploration model of 'fear'-motivated behaviour.</a> Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 324, 1-5 (1984).</li><li>Pellow, S., Chopin, P., File, S. E., Briley, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+open:closed+arm+entries+in+an+elevated+plus-maze+as+a+measure+of+anxiety+in+the+rat.">Validation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat.</a> J Neurosci Meth. 14, 149-167 (1985).</li><li>File, S. E., Pellow, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+triazolobenzodiazepines+in+two+animal+tests+of+anxiety+and+in+the+holeboard.">The effects of triazolobenzodiazepines in two animal tests of anxiety and in the holeboard.</a> Br J Pharmac. 86, 729-7235 (1985).</li><li>Lister, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+a+plus-maze+to+measure+anxiety+in+the+mouse.">The use of a plus-maze to measure anxiety in the mouse.</a> Psychopharmacology. 92, 180-185 (1987).</li><li>Miyakawa, T., Yagi, T., Kagiyama, A., Niki, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radial+maze+performance,+open-field+and+elevated+plus-maze+behaviors+in+Fyn-kinase+deficient+mice:+further+evidence+for+increased+fearfulness.">Radial maze performance, open-field and elevated plus-maze behaviors in Fyn-kinase deficient mice: further evidence for increased fearfulness.</a> Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 37, 145-150 (1996).</li><li>Manabe, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+cadherin-11+adhesion+receptor+enhances+plastic+changes+in+hippocampal+synapses+and+modifies+behavioral+responses.">Loss of cadherin-11 adhesion receptor enhances plastic changes in hippocampal synapses and modifies behavioral responses.</a> Mol Cell Neurosci. 15, 534-546 (2000).</li><li>Miyakawa, T., Yamada, M., Duttaroy, A., Wess, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperactivity+and+intact+hippocampus-dependent+learning+in+mice+lacking+the+M1+muscarinic+acetylcholine+receptor.">Hyperactivity and intact hippocampus-dependent learning in mice lacking the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.</a> J Neurosci. 21, 5239-5250 (2001).</li><li>Seeger, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=M2+muscarinic+acetylcholine+receptor+knockout+mice+show+deficits+in+behavioral+flexibility,+working+memory,+and+hippocampal+plasticity.">M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice show deficits in behavioral flexibility, working memory, and hippocampal plasticity.</a> J Neurosci. 24, 10117-10127 (2004).</li><li>Morishima, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+cocaine+responsiveness+and+impaired+motor+coordination+in+metabotropic+glutamate+receptor+subtype+2+knockout+mice.">Enhanced cocaine responsiveness and impaired motor coordination in metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 knockout mice.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 102, 4170 (2005).</li><li>Miyamoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tight+junctions+in+Schwann+cells+of+peripheral+myelinated+axons:+a+lesson+from+claudin-19-deficient+mice.">Tight junctions in Schwann cells of peripheral myelinated axons: a lesson from claudin-19-deficient mice.</a> J Cell Biol. 169, 527-538 (2005).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NFAT+dysregulation+by+increased+dosage+of+DSCR1+and+DYRK1A+on+chromosome+21.">NFAT dysregulation by increased dosage of DSCR1 and DYRK1A on chromosome 21.</a> Nature. 441, 595-600 (2006).</li><li>Hattori, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enriched+environments+influence+depression-related+behavior+in+adult+mice+and+the+survival+of+newborn+cells+in+their+hippocampi.">Enriched environments influence depression-related behavior in adult mice and the survival of newborn cells in their hippocampi.</a> Behav Brain Res. 180, 69-76 (2007).</li><li>Niemann, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+ablation+of+NMDA+receptor+subunit+NR3B+in+mouse+reveals+motoneuronal+and+non-motoneuronal+phenotypes.">Genetic ablation of NMDA receptor subunit NR3B in mouse reveals motoneuronal and non-motoneuronal phenotypes.</a> Europ J Neurosci. 26, 1407-1420 (2007).</li><li>Sano, H., Nagai, Y., Miyakawa, T., Shigemoto, R., Yokoi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+social+interaction+in+mice+deficient+of+the+striatal+medium+spiny+neuron-specific+phosphodiesterase+10A2.">Increased social interaction in mice deficient of the striatal medium spiny neuron-specific phosphodiesterase 10A2.</a> J Neurochem. 105, 546-556 (2008).</li><li>Horii, Y., Yamasaki, N., Miyakawa, T., Shiosaki, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+anxiety-like+behavior+in+neuropsin+(kallikrein-related+peptidase+8)+gene-deficient+mice.">Increased anxiety-like behavior in neuropsin (kallikrein-related peptidase 8) gene-deficient mice.</a> Behav Neurosci. 122, 498-504 (2008).</li><li>Fukuda, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Down-regulation+of+protocadherin-&#945;,+A+isoforms+in+mice+changes+contextual+fear+conditioning+and+spatial+working+memory.">Down-regulation of protocadherin-&#945;, A isoforms in mice changes contextual fear conditioning and spatial working memory.</a> Eur J Neurosci. , .</li><li>Ikeda, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+YWHAE,+a+gene+encoding+14-3-3epsilon,+as+a+possible+susceptibility+gene+for+schizophrenia.">Identification of YWHAE, a gene encoding 14-3-3epsilon, as a possible susceptibility gene for schizophrenia.</a> Behav Neurosci. , .</li><li>Korte, S. M., De Boer, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+robust+animal+model+of+state+anxiety:+fear-potentiated+behaviour+in+the+elevated+plus-maze.">A robust animal model of state anxiety: fear-potentiated behaviour in the elevated plus-maze.</a> Eur J Phamacol. 463, 163-175 (2003).</li><li>Hogg, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+the+validity+and+variability+of+the+elevated+plus-maze+as+an+animal+model+of+anxiety.">A review of the validity and variability of the elevated plus-maze as an animal model of anxiety.</a> Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 54, 21-30 (1996).</li><li>Holmes, A., Parmigiani, S., Ferrari, P. F., Palanza, P., Rodgers, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+profile+of+wild+mice+in+the+elevated+plus-maze+test+for+anxiety.">Behavioral profile of wild mice in the elevated plus-maze test for anxiety.</a> Physiol Behav. 71, 509-516 (2000).</li><li>Tsujimura, A., Matsuki, M., Takao, K., Yamanishi, K., Miyakawa, T., Hashimoto-Gotoh, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mice+lacking+the+kf-1+gene+exhibit+increased+anxiety-+but+not+despair-like+behavior.">Mice lacking the kf-1 gene exhibit increased anxiety- but not despair-like behavior.</a> Front. Behav. Neurosci. 10, (2008).</li><li>Nakajima, R., Takao, K., SM, H. u. a. n. g., Takano, J., Iwata, N., Miyakawa, T., Saido, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+Behavioral+Phenotyping+of+Calpastatin-Knockout+Mice.">Comprehensive Behavioral Phenotyping of Calpastatin-Knockout Mice.</a> Molecular Brain. , .</li><li>Miyakawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditional+calcineurin+knockout+mice+exhibit+multiple+abnormal+behaviors+related+to+schizophrenia.">Conditional calcineurin knockout mice exhibit multiple abnormal behaviors related to schizophrenia.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100, 8987-8992 (2003).</li><li>Yamasaki, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factor+analyses+of+large-scale+data+justify+the+behavioral+test+battery+strategy+to+reveal+the+functional+significances+of+the+genes+expressed+in+the+brain.">Factor analyses of large-scale data justify the behavioral test battery strategy to reveal the functional significances of the genes expressed in the brain.</a> , (1985).</li><li>Crabbe, J. C., Wahlsten, D., Dudek, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+mouse+behavior:+interactions+with+laboratory+environment.">Genetics of mouse behavior: interactions with laboratory environment.</a> Scienc. 284, 1670-1672 (1999).</li></ol>

Tüm işlemler, Kyoto Üniversitesi Hayvan Kullanım ve Bakım Komitesi tarafından kabul edildi.

Farenin genom dizisi olmasına rağmen, genlerin fonksiyonları bilinmemektedir. Genetik modifikasyon teknikleri, belirli bir genin, farelerde (; Aiba ve ark, 2007 Austin ve ark, 2004) silinmesi veya diğer manipülasyon için izin verir. Belirli bir davranışı üzerinde verilen bir genin etkisi mutant fareler (Takao ve ark, 2007 Takao ve Miyakawa, 2006b) davranışsal analizler yaparak tespit edilebilir. (Crawley, 2007 Rodgers ve Dalvi, 1997) yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi, anksiyete, tüm mevcut hayvan modellerinde en popüler testleri biridir. Bu test, davranış gibi anksiyete için tarama ve fenotipleme transgenik ve nakavt fareler (Crawley, 1999) ve ilaç keşfi için kullanılır olmuştur (. Hogg ve ark 1996; Crawley, 2007). Yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi anksiyolitik ilaçlar (Rodgers ve Dalvi Mechiel Korte ve De Boer, 2003; Crawley, 2007, 1997); tarama için güçlü bir öngörü geçerliliği vardır, girişlerin sayısı içine anksiyolitik ilaçlar, özellikle artırmak ve anksiyojenik ilaçların özellikle azaltmak kollar açık ve zaman harcadı. Toplam girdileri puan ve toplam mesafe genel faaliyet yararlı bir indeksi olarak kabul edilir. Toplam girişler skoru da anksiyete bir göstergesi olup, her iki kolunda da harcanan zaman girişleri ve yüzdeleri primer anksiyete indeksi (Dalvi ve Rodgers, 1997, Mechiel Korte ve De Boer, 2003) oluşturmaktadır. Açık ve kapalı silah aynı keşif sürücüyü uyandırmak için kabul edilir, bu nedenle açık silah kaçınma, korku yüksek seviyelerde (Rodgers ve Dalvi, 1997) indüksiyon bir sonucu olarak kabul edilir. Bu yükseltilmiş ve açık alanlarda korkusu neden farelerin kaçınma açık kollar labirent keşfetmek için düşünülüyor. 1984 yılında, Handley ve Mithani yükseltilmiş X (artı) yukarıda açıklanan labirent testi ile ön çalışma bildirdi. Orijinal test aparatı, yerden 70 cm yükseltilmiş ve her biri 45 cm uzunluğunda 10 cm genişliğinde ölçülen iki kapalı ve iki açık kollar, oluşuyordu. Ilk çalışmalarda, toplam açık / kol girişlerinin oranı (Handley ve Mithani, 1984) bildirdi. Ve fareler (Lister, 1987); Daha sonra, diğer endeksleri, sıçan (Pellow ve Dosya, 1986 Pellow ve ark, 1985) için kapalı ve açık silah harcanan açık ve kapalı silah ve zaman içine girişlerinin sayısını içeren geliştirildi . Yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi değişiklikler açık silah (50 x 10 cm) ve uzun boylu çevreleyen duvarlar ve kapalı kollar açık bir çatı ile kapalı silah (50 x 10 x 40 cm), uzatma ve tüm labirent artmıştı yüksekliği 50 cm (Pellow ve Dosya, 1986 Pellow ve ark, 1985). Halen, laboratuar, yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi cihazı iki karşısında dik her iki açık silah (çok hafif 25 x 5 cm, 0.5 cm, duvar) + şeklinde yapılandırılmış Manabe ve ark, 2000; Miyakawa ve ark, 2001; Seeger ve ark, 2004; Morishima ve ark, 2005; kapalı silah (25 x 5 x 16 cm) ve zeminden 50 cm (Miyakawa ve ark, 1996 yükseltilir Miyamoto ve ark, 2005; Ok ve ark, 2006; Hattori ve ark, 2007; Niemann ve ark, 2007; Sano ve ark, 2008; Horii ve ark, 2008; Fukuda ve ark, 2008; Ikeda ve ark, 2008). Fare + (5 cm x 5 cm) merkezine yerleştirilir ve serbestçe labirenti keşfetmek için izin verilir. 5 dakika kayıt yaygın olmasına rağmen, davranış fenotip algılamak için fırsat artırmak için 10 dakika protokolde kaydedilir. Açık ve kapalı yükseltilmiş silah, bir keşif çatışma (; Crawley, 2007 Mechiel Korte ve De Boer, 2003) neden olur. Yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi önlemler, deney sırasında bir gözlemci tarafından kaydedildi. Laboratuvarımızda, test, bir bilgisayar ve davranışsal verileri (Görüntü AP) satın aldı ve Resim EP programı kullanılarak analiz bağlı bir video kamera ile kaydedilir. Karşısında açık kapalı silah silah harcanan toplam kol girişlerin sayısı karşısında silah ve zaman açık üzerine girişlerin sayısı, kaygı gibi davranış önlem alınmasını sağlamaktadır. Biz 90&#39;dan fazla filmin gösterildiği protokolünü kullanarak genetiği mutant farelerin suşları değerlendirdi ve 5000&#39;den fazla fareler (yabani tip ve mutant fareler dahil) ham veriler büyük bir set var. Test bataryası, yabani tip littermates genellikle kontrol olarak kullanılır. Bir arka plan gerginlik olarak, C57BL/6J farelerin yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Biz davranış testleri C57BL/6J farelerin veri topladı. Yükseltilmiş artı labirent testinde C57BL/6J fareler elde edilen değerler aşağıdaki gibidir (n = 914; SEM); toplam katedilen mesafe: 1547,55 14,27 cm; harcanan zaman süresi: 56,49 2.42 (kollar açık), 384,02 3.13 s (kapalı kolları), 161,90 2.17 (labirent merkezi); zaman oranı kolları açık geçirdi: 9.19 0.36%, kapalı silah harcanan zamanı oranı: 63.82% 0.52; girişlerin sayısı: 7.64 0.21 (kollar açık) 24.32 0.28 (kapalı kolları);% açık kol entries: 78.1 0.05 21.9 0.05,% silah girişlerini kapattı. C57BL/6J fareler, kolları açık, kapalı silah (p &lt;0.0001, n = 914, eşleştirilmiş-t t daha az zaman harcamakEST). Bu C57BL/6J fareler açık kollar önlemek için eğiliminde olduğunu gösterir ve kollar açık harcanan zaman, kaygı gibi davranış geçerli bir dizin olduğunu. Ayrıca, deneme sayısı, kolları açık ve merkezi bir platform harcanan zamanı etkiler, çünkü çalışmaların sırasını, genotipler arasında dengeli. Yani, endeksler, 1. fareler (p = 0,0089, n = 476) (yayınlanmamış veriler) ile karşılaştırıldığında, 3. ve 4. fare sırasında tüm artış. Protokol ile, 1661 farelerin fazla analizi bir kafes test farelerin sırayla açık kol kalış süresi (yayınlanmamış veri) önemli ölçüde etkilemez gösterdi. Yani, kafes alınan ilk farelerin performansları da önemlisi, bu ikinci, üçüncü veya son fareler farklılık yoktur. Tujimura ve ark, 2008; Nakajima ve ark basın yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi ve açık / koyu geçiş testi her ikisi de anksiyete gibi davranış değerlendirmek için kullanılır olmasına rağmen, sonuçlar her zaman onlara (Holmes ve ark, 2000 tutarlı değil. ) Örneğin, ön beyin özel kalsinörin-knockout farelerde, ışık açık / koyu geçiş test odasında azalmış bir miktar zaman harcamak, ancak yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi (Miyakawa ark kolları açık bir zaman miktarının artması. , 2003). Davranışsal test bataryası faktör analizi yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi ve açık / koyu geçiş testi, kaygı gibi davranış, açık / koyu geçiş test parlak boşluk kaygı ve anksiyete gibi açık alan gibi farklı yönlerini değerlendirmek olduğunu gösterir açık alan testi (Yamasaki ve ark, 2006 Takao ve Miyakawa, 2006b) davranış. Buna göre, açık / koyu geçiş testi ve yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi hem de davranışsal test bataryası dahildir. Crabbe ve arkadaşları mutantlar karakterize kontrolsüz değişkenler ve deneyler belirli bir laboratuvar (Crabbe ve ark, 1999) özgü sonuçlar verebilir. Laboratuarlar arasında mevcut usul farklılıkları zor çoğaltmak veya aralarında sonuçları karşılaştırmak olun. Protokol görsel belgeler oluşturulması, bu testler kullanarak laboratuvarlar boyunca ve mutant farelerde çeşitli suşları davranış fenotipleri karşılaştırmalar için kullanılan protokol standardizasyonu sağlayan, deneysel prosedürleri daha iyi anlaşılmasını değerlendirdi teşvik edecektir. Daha önce açık / koyu geçiş testi (Takao ve Miyakawa, 2006a) bir film protokol yayınlamıştır. Aynı şekilde, açık alan testi gibi diğer protokoller, film, porsolt yüzmeye testi zorla ve davranışsal test bataryası kullanmak korku klima testleri halen gelecek video dergi makaleleri gibi yayın yapılıyor.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Elevated plus maze</td><td>Tool</td><td>O&amp;rsquo;hara Co.</td><td>(none)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

elevated plus maze for mice

Fare genomu artık tamamen sıralı olmasına rağmen, beyinde ifade edilen genlerin çoğunun fonksiyonları bilinmemektedir. Verilen bir genin belirli bir davranışı üzerinde etkisi mutant farelerde davranış analizi ile tespit edilebilir. Eğer bir hedef gen, beyin olarak ifade edilir, mutant farelerin davranışsal fenotip normal davranışların genetik mekanizmayı açıklığa kavuşturduk. Yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi, davranış gibi anksiyete ölçmek için en yaygın kullanılan testler biridir. Test yükseltilmiş ve açık alanlarda farelerin doğal kaçınmanın yanı sıra, roman ortamlarda doğal kendiliğinden keşif davranışı üzerinde dayanmaktadır. Cihaz, silah ve kapalı silah, birbirine dik ortada geçti ve bir merkez alan açık oluşur. Fare tüm silah verilir ve aralarında serbestçe hareket etmesine izin verilir. Kollar açık ve açık kollarında harcanan zaman giriş sayısı, açık alan farelerde indüklenen anksiyete endeksleri olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ne yazık ki, laboratuarlar arasında mevcut usul farklılıkları zor yinelenen ve laboratuarlar arasında sonuçları karşılaştırmak. Burada, yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi için bizim protokol gösteren ayrıntılı bir film sunuyoruz. Laboratuvarımızda, 90&#39;dan fazla filmin gösterildiği protokolünü kullanarak mutant farelerin suşları değerlendirilmiştir. Bu veriler, şimdi inşa kamu veritabanının bir parçası olarak ilan edilecektir. Protokol Görselleştirme mutant farelerde çeşitli suşları davranış fenotipleri farklı laboratuvarlar ve karşılaştırmalarda kullanılan protokoller standardizasyonu sağlayan, tüm deneysel işlemin detayları daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamak, bu test ile değerlendirildi.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Elevated Plus Maze for Mice at JoVE.com

Elevated Plus Maze for Mice

Yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi, farelerde davranış gibi anksiyete ölçmek için en yaygın kullanılan testler biridir. Burada, test yapılması için ayrıntılı yordamlar gösteren bir film sunuyoruz.

Fareler için Yükseltilmiş Artı Labirent

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given ...

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

90.3K Görüntüleme.  Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University. Yükseltilmiş artı labirent testi, farelerde davranış gibi anksiyete ölçmek için en yaygın kullanılan testler biridir. Burada, test yapılması için ayrıntılı yordamlar gösteren bir film sunuyoruz.

Video: Elevated Plus Maze for Mice

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

Fare ve Sıçanlarda Anksiyete Ardışık sokaklar Testi

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

Davranış

Low-stress Route Learning Using the Lashley III Maze in Mice

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other aversive stimuli to motivate task acquisition. As animals age, sensory modalities deteriorate. For example, many strains of mice develop hearing deficits or cataracts. Changes in the sensory systems required to guide mice during task acquisition present potential confounds in interpreting learning changes in aging animals. Moreover, the use of aversive stimuli to motivate animals to learn tasks is potentially confounding when comparing mice with differential sensitivities to stress. To minimize these types of confounding effects, we have implemented a modified version of the Lashley III maze. This maze relies on route learning, whereby mice learn to navigate a maze via repeated exposure under low stress conditions, e.g. dark phase, no food/water deprivation, until they navigate a path from the start location to a pseudo-home cage with 0 or 1 error(s) on two consecutive trials. We classify this as a low-stress behavior test because it does not rely on aversive stimuli to encourage exploration of the maze and learning of the task. The apparatus consists of a modular start box, a 4-arm maze body, and a goal box. At the end of the goal box is a pseudo-home cage that contains bedding similar to that found in the animal&#x2019;s home cage and is specific to each animal for the duration of maze testing. It has been demonstrated previously that this pseudo-home cage provides sufficient reward to motivate mice to learn to navigate the maze1. Here, we present the visualization of the Lashley III maze procedure in the context of evaluating age-related differences in learning and memory in mice along with a comparison of learning behavior in two different background strains of mice. We hope that other investigators interested in evaluating the effects of aging or stress vulnerability in mice will consider this maze an attractive alternative to behavioral tests that involve more stressful learning tasks and/or visual cues.

The Lashley III maze is a route-learning task that does not rely on aversive stimuli or visual cues. It is thus a highly attractive option for evaluating learning and memory, especially in aging mice or otherwise where stress is a consideration.

Farelerde Lashley III Labirent Düşük stres Rota Öğrenme

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other ...

Nörobilim

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

Küçük ve Büyük Kemirgen Modelleri ile Barnes Labirent Test Stratejileri

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

Açık Alan Maze Kullanım Fare lokomotor ve Anksiyete-benzeri Davranışı Tedbir

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral science, conflicting outcomes are often provided from different laboratories. To identify reasons for the different outcomes, we previously focused on arm features, which differ between laboratories, most notably the presence/absence of ledges at the sides of open arms and the transparency/opaqueness of closed arm walls. In a previous report, we used a custom designed container to compare rat behavior on different combinations of open and closed arm designs under otherwise identical experimental conditions, and showed that differences in arm features interfere with experimental outcomes. In brief, open arm ledges significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in rats, while transparent arms may also have decreased this behavior. Furthermore, we verified a higher detection sensitivity of the effect of an anxiolytic drug in a combination of no-ledged open arm + opaque walled closed arm compared with a combination of ledged open arm + transparent walled closed arm. In this report, we introduce our protocol for the elevated plus maze test, together with discussion of the key results from the previous report and our experimental experience. We believe this report will provide useful information for researchers who have employed or who plan to use the elevated plus maze in their studies.

Rats' anxiety-like behavior tested by the elevated plus maze varies highly depending on the testing environment. Here we show how apparatus settings, especially arm structure, affect behavior on the maze, and we explain a reliable protocol to detect effects of anxiolytic drugs. This report will contribute to anxiety research.

Hayvan kaygı Rat test: açık kol çıkıntıları ve kapalı kol etkileri duvar yükseltilmiş şeffaflık artı labirent testi

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

Kayma öğrenme ve Barnes labirent ve sıkıntı içinde küçük hanım paradigmalar kullanılarak farelerde Prosocial davranış analiz

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The purpose of the method is to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments on laboratory rodent models. The EPM test is based on the rodents&#39; proclivity toward protected, enclosed dark spaces and unconditioned fear of open spaces and heights, and their innate intense motivation to explore novel environments. The EPM test is a widely used behavioral test for investigating the anxiolytic or anxiogenic responses of rodents given drugs that are known to affect behavior. Observation demonstrating a decreased proportion of time spent on closed arms, an increased proportion of time spent on open arms, a reduced number of entries to closed arms, and an elevated number of entries to open arms measured by the EPM test may reflect reduced anxiety levels. Using this method, the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anxiety-related behavior is tested in Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats. Exogenous ketone supplements are chronically fed to the rats for 83 days or subchronically and acutely orally gavaged, daily for 7 days, before conducting the EPM test. Behavioral data collection is performed using the SMART video tracking system by a blinded observer at the end of the treatments. The main findings indicate that the EPM test is an effective method to detect the ketone supplement-induced anxiolytic effect and can be considered a sensitive measure to assess changes in anxiety behavior associated with drug- or metabolic-based therapies.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate changes in the anxiety level of rodent animal models. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test, used together with a video tracking software, provides a reliable method to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments in preclinical laboratory scenarios.

Yüksek artı labirent takip yazılımı eksojen Ketogenic takviyeleri anksiyolitik etkisi araştırmak için Video ile kombine Test

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The ...

Chronic Stress Shifts Effort-Related Choice Behavior in a Y-Maze Barrier Task in Mice

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that measures motivation to expend effort and obtain reward. In mice, chronic stress exposure significantly impacts motivation to work for a higher value reward when a lesser value reward is freely available compared to unstressed mice. Here we describe the chronic corticosterone administration paradigm, which produces a shift in effortful responding in the Y-maze barrier task. In the Y-maze task, one arm contains 4 food pellets, while the other arm contains only 2 pellets. After mice learn to select the high reward arm, barriers with progressively increasing height are then introduced into the high reward arm over multiple test sessions. Unfortunately, most chronic stress paradigms (including corticosterone and social defeat) were developed in male mice and are less effective in female mice. Therefore, we also discuss chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), a stress paradigm we developed that is effective in both male and female mice. Repeating results with multiple distinct chronic stressors in male and female mice combined with increased usage of translationally relevant behavior tasks will help to advance the understanding of how chronic stress can precipitate mood disorders.

The Y-maze barrier task is a behavior test that examines motivation to expend effort for reward. Here, we discuss testing multiple well-validated chronic stressors including chronic corticosterone and social defeat stress with this behavior, as well as the novel chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), which is effective in females.

Kronik Stres Shifts Çabalar-İlgili Seçim Davranış Farelerde Bir Y-Labirent Bariyer Görev

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that ...

Investigating Migraine-Like Behavior Using Light Aversion in Mice

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as photophobia. Whilst it is impossible to confirm that a mouse is experiencing migraine, light aversion can be used as a behavioral surrogate for the migraine symptom of photophobia. To test for light aversion, we utilize the light/dark assay to measure the time mice freely choose to spend in either a light or dark environment. The assay has been refined by introducing two critical modifications: pre-exposures to the chamber prior to running the test procedure and adjustable chamber lighting, permitting the use of a range of light intensities from 55 lux to 27,000 lux. Because the choice to spend more time in the dark is also indicative of anxiety, we also utilize a light-independent anxiety test, the open field assay, to distinguish anxiety from light-aversive behavior. Here, we describe a modified test paradigm for the light/dark and open field assays. The application of these assays is described for intraperitoneal injection of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in two mouse strains and for optogenetic brain stimulation studies.

Rodents are not able to report migraine symptoms. Here, we describe a manageable test paradigm (light/dark and open field assays) to measure light aversion, one of the most common and bothersome symptoms in patients with migraines.

Farelerde Işıktan Kaçınma Kullanarak Migren Benzeri Davranışların İncelenmesi

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as ...

Davranışsal Testler Kullanarak Angelman Sendromunun Murin Modelini Doğrulama

Behavioral Characterization of an Angelman Syndrome Mouse Model

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of AS. We use the rotarod learning paradigm, detailed gait analysis, and nest building test to detect and characterize animal motor impairments. We test animal emotionality in the open field and elevated plus maze tests, as well as the affect in the tail suspension test. When AS mice are tested in the open field test, the results should be interpreted with care, since motor dysfunctions influence mouse behavior in the maze and alter activity scores.
The reproducibility and effectiveness of the presented behavioral tests has already been validated in several independent Uba3a mouse lines with different knockout variants, establishing this set of tests as an excellent validation tool in AS research. Models with the relevant construct and face validity will warrant further investigations to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disease and grant the development of causal treatments.

Yazar Spotlight: Bir Angelman Sendromu Murin Modelini Doğrulamak için Yüksek Derecede Tekrarlanabilir Davranış Testleri Dizisi 

This manuscript presents a set of highly reproducible behavioral tests to validate an Angelman syndrome mouse model.

Angelman Sendromlu Bir Fare Modelinin Davranışsal Karakterizasyonu

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of ...