Name: in vivo microinjection and electroporation of mouse testis
Uploaded: 2014-08-23T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 39 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation of Mouse Testis at JoVE.com

Biz testis mikroenjeksiyon öğretmek için Münster Üniversitesi Üreme Tıbbı ve Androloji Merkezi Birgit Westernstroeer teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca, biz Ursula Antkewitz ve teknik yardım için Petra reckling minnettarız. Biz bu işi (WE2458 / 10-1) desteklemek için Alman Araştırma Vakfı (DFG) teşekkür ederim. &#160;

Tüm yapılan hayvan deneyleri yerel etik kurul (Landesamt für Landwirtschaft, Lebensmittelsicherheit und Fischerei, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Almanya) tarafından onaylanmıştır. 1. Plazmid Preparasyon <ol><li> Plazmid hazırlanması için, plazmid arıtma kitleri (Malzemeler tabloya bakınız) ya da hayvanın bağışıklık reaksiyonları önlenebilir ve böylece endotoksin çıkartma tampon maddesi ile benzer bir yöntem kullanınız. Kılavuzun yönergeleri izleyin. Plasmid dilüsyon için GKD 2 O kullanır. </li><li> Maksimum hızda (20.000 xg) DNA çözüm iplik artıkları ortadan kaldırın. Daha sonra süpernatan toplamak. </li><li> Bir spektrofotometre (materyalleri görmek) ile plazmid konsantrasyonunu belirleyin. </li><li> 1-3 mikrogram (DNA) / ul GKD 2 O ile plazmid konsantrasyon ayarlayın. Not: Daha yüksek konsantrasyonlar çok viskoz enjeksiyon çözüm neden olabilir iken düşük konsantrasyonlar, transfeksiyon etkinliğini azaltacaktır. Bunun yanı sıra,transfeksiyon verimi plazmidin büyüklüğüne bağlıdır ve ayrı ayrı test edilmesi gerekir. </li><li> Enjeksiyondan önce, bir çözelti, karışımı hazırlamak 5 ul PBS (10x) ve 5 ul Fast Green (% 0.5) ile birlikte, örneğin 40 ul plasmid için. Hızlı Yeşil enjeksiyon işlemi takip için gereklidir. Tercihen, ince duvarlı PCR-tüpleri veya Parafilm kullanın. Not: Testis büyüklüğüne bağlı olarak, 20-50 ul&#39;lik bir hacim testisler için gerekli olacaktır. </li></ol> Mikroenjeksiyon Pipet 2. hazırlanması <ol><li> Mikroenjeksiyon pipetler hazırlanması için borosilikat kılcal damarları (Malzemeler tabloya bakınız) kullanın. </li><li> Dikey kılcal çektirmesi ile cam kılcal damarları çekin (Malzemeler tabloya bakınız). </li><li> Usulca bantlama forseps ile kılcal ucunu kırmak. Ucu genellikle 50-80 mm çapında ve yaklaşık 1 cm uzunluğundadır. Bu dokuya nüfuz kadar sert değildir gibi çok uzun ipuçlarını kaçının. </li><li> Son, sha atBir mikropipet beveler (Malzemeler tabloya bakınız) kullanılarak 45 ° açı 30 derece ucu rpen. </li><li> Enjeksiyon solüsyon karışımı ile mikroenjeksiyon pipet yükleyin (plazmid Hazırlama bakınız). Küçük bir şırınga ile cam kılcal arkasına çözümü uygulayın. Not: iletkenliği azaltmak hem de muhtemelen doku hasarına neden olur böylece, aksi takdirde, bu çözelti ile birlikte plazmid seminifer tüp içine enjekte edilecektir, yükleme sırasında, hava kabarcıklarını önlemek için deneyin. </li></ol> 3. Anestezi ve Cerrahi <ol><li> Steril (yani, şırınga, iğne, cerrahi aletler, vb) malzeme kullanılarak aseptik koşullarda işlemi gerçekleştirin. Bu hayvanın enfeksiyonu azaltmak ve iyi sağkalım oranları sağlayacaktır. </li><li> 6-8 haftalık bir yaşta elektroporasyon için erkek fareler kullanın. </li><li> Cerrahi sonrası analjezik tedavi başlatmak için, analjezikler ile fare ameliyattan önce günde içme suyu eklendi sağlar. Bu götkuvvetle muhtemel cerrahi sonrası hypodipsia (azaltılmış su emme) durumunda önleyici bir analjezi etmiş olur. Bu amaçla, örneğin, bir çocuk, ibuprofen süspansiyonu (20 mg / ml) ile içme suyu maruz kalmaktadır. İlaçlı içme suyu da günde bir ve aynı konsantrasyonda iyileşme iki temin edilmelidir. Bu C57BL / 6J yaş 8 hafta boyunca 25 g, 5 ml / g içme suyu ve vücut ağırlığı için geçerli bir 7.5 mg / kg arasında günlük bir doz anlamına gelir. Bu analjezik rejimi temel bir ağrı ve yüksek refah 26 ile birlikte hızlandırılmış kurtarma garanti. </li><li> (Malzemeler tabloya bakınız): 1 oranında cerrahi gününde çalışma çözeltisi anestezi hazırlanması için, 1% 10 Ketamin ve% 2 ksilazin karıştırın. </li><li> Anestezi sıvısı deri altından 0.25 ml 100 mg / vücut ağırlığı tatbik ediniz, hayvan anestetize için (Ketamin = 0.125 g / kg, ksilazin = 0.025 g / kg). Farelerin organ hasarı ve yaralanmaları önlemek için pelvik ve ekstremite arasında bir enjeksiyon sitesini kullanın. Genellikle, 10 dakika ihtiyaç vardırkadar fare derin anestezi. </li><li> Anestezi sırasında kuruluğunu önlemek için veteriner merhem ile fare gözleri örtün. </li><li> Yanıt toplam eksikliği tarafından fark edilir derin anestezi tutuklama, sınayın. Bu amaçla, sadece hayvan ayak tutturulur. </li><li> Ameliyat başlatmak için, bir elektrikli tıraş makinesi veya benzeri ile karın tüylerini ve STERILIUM veya benzeri ile çalışma alanı dezenfekte. </li><li> Doğrudan karın bölgesinin merkezinde Sünnet bezlerinin üstünde bir ventral kesi yapmak. O yerde, ilk deplasman cilt çekin ve yaklaşık 8-14 mm&#39;lik küçük enine deri kesim yapmak. Daha sonra, abdominal kas tabakası boyunca devam eder. Not: hayvana zarar azaltılması için mümkün olduğunca lezyon kadar küçük olmalıdır. </li><li> Ekli testis ortaya çıkarmak ve sadece kesi yerinde (Şekil 2A) yanında bir önceki hazırlanmış su geçirmez tek kullanımlık kağıt örtü üzerine yerleştirmek için dikkatle karın yağ yastıkları yukarı çekin. </li><li> F dürbün kullanınenjeksiyon hedef olarak götürücü kanalını ind. Duktus efferent testis ve epididimis arasındaki ince damar kavşak olarak tanımlanır. Bu önemli testis arter bitişiğinde yer almaktadır. Duktus arter 45 ° &#39;lik bir açıyla neredeyse çalışır ve gözle kaput epididimisdeki girer. Not: fare yaşına bağlı olarak, duktus genellikle yağ dokusunda gömüldü. </li><li> Bu yağ dokusu efferent kanalını temizlemek için ince forseps kullanın. Daha sonra, çevre bozmadan kanalının net bir görüş sağlamak için steril kağıt şerit üzerinde serbest duktus yerleştirin. </li></ol> 4. Mikroenjeksiyon ve DNA Uygulaması <ol><li> Mikromanipülatör / enjektör ünitesine plazmid çözüm ile yüklenir mikroenjeksiyon pipet, bağlayın. </li><li> Ucu rete testis (Şekil 2B) bakacak olan götürücü kanala mikroenjeksiyon iğne paralel yerleştirin. </li><li> Ince cımbız kullanın vemikroenjeksiyon pipet kanalı üzerinde şerit. Bunu üzerine çekerken kılcal kanala paralel tutulur emin olun. Not: Bu yordam mikromanipülatör ile iğne hareket ettirerek gemiyi nüfuz daha uygundur. </li><li> Testis doğru dikkatlice iğneyi yönlendirmek ve bu tunika albuginea (Şekil 2C) altında direkt rete testisi nüfuz olarak sadece durdurmak. Not: retenin testis overreaching durumunda, plazmit çözelti ara boşluk içine akar. Bu genellikle seminifer tübüller transfecting yetmezliğine yol açar. </li><li> Pi: 100 hPa, ti: 0.2 sn, ve pc: 0 hPa (Şekil 2B) plazmid çözüm enjeksiyon için aşağıdaki ayarları ile mikropüskürtücüden kullanmaktadır. </li><li> Yeşil renk yardımıyla durumunu doldurma testisi gözlemleyerek tüm enjeksiyon sürecini izlemek. Testis sadece pl ile hacmine 2/3 kadar dolu olduğunu özenasmid çözeltisi (Şekil 2E). Not: enjeksiyon hacmi aşılırsa, testis dokusu zarar görebilir. </li></ol> Testis 5. Elektroporasyon <ol><li> Etkili elektroporasyon etkinleştirmek PBS (1x) olarak cımbız elektrotlar emmek için. Bu, yeterli iletkenlik sağlar. </li><li> Sorunsuz ıslak elektrotlar (Şekil 2F) arasındaki testis sıkmak. Elektroporatörü ile elektrik direncini ölçün. </li><li> Testis akım uygulayın. 50 msn darbe süresi ve 950 ms aralığı sabit bir zaman süresi ile 4 farklı testis sitelerinde 40 V sekiz kare darbeleri uygulayın. </li></ol> 6. Yara Kapatma ve Post-cerrahi <ol><li> Elektroporasyon bittiğinde, geri özgün konumunda testis yerleştirin. </li><li> Cerrahi sütür (materyalleri görmek) ile iç kas tabakası diker. </li><li> Sütür klipleri (Malzemeler tabloya bakınız) kullanılarak cilt kapatın. Cildi zekâ çekinh cımbız. Kas tabakası dışlamak emin olun. En fazla 5 mm mesafede klipsleri, her bir koyun. Not: cerrahi dikiş fare tarafından yutulabilir Çünkü, sütür klipler cilt lezyonu kapatılması için tercih edilir. </li><li> Fare 37 ° C sıcak pad üzerinde temperli steril boş fare kafes içinde yerleştirilen steril kağıt havlu üzerinde anestezi kurtarmak için izin verin. Ped, bir ısı derecesi oluşturarak kafesin yarısının ısınma sağlamalıdır. Hayvan için bu durum kafeste sıcaklık çeşitli bireysel, en rahat alanı aramak için mümkün kılar. Ek olarak, stres daha da azaltılabilir, böylece steril kağıt havlu tabakası ile fare kapsamaktadır. Not: fare vücut yüzeyi vücut kütlesi ile ilgili olarak olağanüstü yüksek olması nedeniyle daha büyük hayvanlar ile karşılaştırıldığında, termal destek kemirgen başarılı bir şekilde geri kazanılması için özel bir önem taşımaktadır. </li><li> Işletilen hayvan tamamen uyanmış zaman, i aktarmaktam donanımlı bir yeni fare kafesine daha kurtarma için t. Eski kafes ya da bir grup farenin geri hayvan koyma. Kafes yara enfeksiyonu önlemek için mümkün olduğunca temiz ve steril olduğundan emin olun. Tüm kurtarma sürecini izlemek. Tamamen iyileşti ve normal davranmaya görünüyor kadar geri hayvan bakım tesisi için fareyi aktarmak için, bekle. Not: Ek per- ve ameliyat sonrası stratejiler Pritchett-Coming KR ve ark 6 tarafından tartışılmıştır. </li></ol>

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Sansar Michaelis, Alexander Sobczak ve Joachim M. Weitzel&#39;in, Üreme Biyoloji Enstitüsü, Çiftlik Hayvanı Biyoloji Leibniz Enstitüsü (FBN), Dummerstorf Almanya&#39;yı istihdam hiçbir rakip mali çıkarlarının olmadığını beyan ederim.

Özellikle erkek infertilitesi ve kaçınılmaz spermatogenez alanında üreme biyolojisi alanında, araştırma canlı organizmalar üzerinde dayanır. Testis işlevini incelemek amacıyla, yeterli hücre kültürü / in vitro bir sistem haploid olgun sperm 1,2 diploid spermatogonyum tüm önemli morfolojik değişiklikler yansıtma kapasitesine kurulmuştur. Böylece, genetik olarak değiştirilmiş hayvanların üretimi genellikle gereklidir ve erkek üreme biyolojisi böyle değe...

Memeli spermatogenez olgun haploid sperm içine geliştirmek amacıyla art arda mitoz, mayoz ve farklılaşma geçiren kendini yenileyen kök hücrelerin karmaşık bir süreç olarak kabul edilir. Bu morfolojik değişiklikler, farklı hücre tipleri tarafından orkestra ve derin girişimlerine rağmen, hücre kültürü 1,2 bu süreçleri taklit hala imkansız. Dolayısıyla, bugüne kadar spermatogenez üzerine araştırmalar in vivo model olarak yaşayan organizmalar dayanır. Genel olarak, gen fonksiyonu çalışmalar, genellikle transgenik hayvanlarda dayanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, üretme ve hayvan modellerinde bu tür sürdürülmesi zaman alıcı ve maliyet-yoğun ve oldukça karmaşıktır. Bu üreten ve nesiller boyunca transgen korumak için gerekli uzun yetiştirme süreci atfedilir. Buna ek olarak, transgenik ya da nakavt yaklaşım bütün organizmanın genetik manipülasyon g hedeflerken fizyolojik bozulmalara neden eğilimliÖrneğin birden fazla bölgelerde, temel işlevleri, testis dışında veya sistemik ile enes. Bundan başka, bazı geçiş transfeksiyon yöntemleri bazı önemli dezavantajlar ile ilişkilidir. Lipofeksiyon 3 ve mikro-parçacık bombardımanı 4 dokuya zarar verebilir ve yeterli transfeksiyon verimi açısından belirli bir hücre derinliği ile sınırlıdır, oysa Örneğin, virüs aracılı gen transferi tipik dezavantajları, immün reaksiyonlar ve ilave güvenlik düzenlemelerinin olası provokasyon bulunmaktadır. Buna karşılık, geçici nakiller başka bir ortak yolu olarak elektroporasyon (AP), in vivo nakil ve tutarlı in vivo gen analizi etkinleştirmek için umut verici bir teknik teşkil görünüyor. Genel olarak, AP nanosaniye olan sonuç olarak aracılı gözenek ile yerel zar gerilimine bağlı olarak dinamik bir olgu olarak adlandırılır. Bu boşluklar milisaniye boyunca muhafaza edilebilir, yeterli To DNA, RNA veya küçük moleküllerin 5 erişim izni. Uygulanan gerilim çok yüksek olduğunda, EP genellikle geçici karakteri nedeniyle ısı üretimi ve hücre 5 sonuçta geri dönüşümsüz hasar ile çok kapsamlı geçirgenleştirmeden indüksiyonu ile karşılaşmaktadır. Burada, elektroporasyon in vivo gen testis özelliklerinin ortaya konması için genetik dönüşümü için uygulanan testis olma yeteneğine sahip bir etkin ve ekonomik bir transfeksiyon sistemi olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu makalede, götürücü kanal ve fare testis sonra elektroporasyon ile bir plazmid hazırlama işlemi, mikro-enjeksiyon giderir. Bu prosedür, spermatogenez işlemlerini incelemek için in vivo fare testis seminifer tüp hızlı, spesifik ve verimli transfeksiyona elde etmek için tercih edilen bir araç olabilir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Sigma</td><td>1-15 PK</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrophotometer</td><td>Nanodrop</td><td>ND-1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette puller</td><td>Narishige</td><td>PC-10</td><td>vertical capillary puller</td></tr><tr><td>Microinjection capillaries</td><td>Clark</td><td>GC100-10</td><td>borosilicate standard wall</td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette beveler</td><td>Bachofer</td><td>Typ 462</td><td>rotating disk beveler</td></tr><tr><td>Electroporator</td><td>Nepagene</td><td>CUY 21EDIT</td><td>square wave electroporator</td></tr><tr><td>Tweezer electrodes</td><td>Nepagene</td><td>CUY 650P5</td><td>5 mm &amp;Oslash; disk electrodes</td></tr><tr><td>Stereo microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>Stemi 2000-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cold light source</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>KL 1500LCD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microinjection pump</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>Femtojet</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulator</td><td>homemade</td><td></td><td>XYZ cross table</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical instruments</td><td>FST</td><td></td><td>scissors, forceps, needle holder</td></tr><tr><td>Fine forceps</td><td>FST</td><td>Dumont #5, #7</td><td>efferent ducts preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Michel clip applying stapler</td><td>FST</td><td>Michel, 12029-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Michel suture clips</td><td>FST</td><td>Michel, 12040-01</td><td>7.5 x 1.75 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical suture</td><td>Catgut, Markneukirchen, Germany</td><td>Catgut 00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe with 30 G needle</td><td>B. Braun</td><td>Omnican 40</td><td>to load micropipette and for anesthesia</td></tr><tr><td>Plasmid isolation kit</td><td>Promega</td><td>Cat. # A2495</td><td>plasmid Midiprep</td></tr><tr><td>Plasmid pEGFP-C1</td><td>Clontech</td><td>Cat. #6084-1</td><td>CMV-promoter + EGFP</td></tr><tr><td>Plasmid pDsRed2-N1</td><td>Clontech</td><td>Cat. #6084-1</td><td>CMV-promoter + DsRed2</td></tr><tr><td>Fast Green dye</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F7258-25G</td><td>for dilution in ddH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td></tr><tr><td>10% Ketamine</td><td>Serum Werk, Bernburg, Germany</td><td>Urotamin</td><td>mix in a rate 1:1 with xylazine</td></tr><tr><td>2% Xylazine</td><td>Serum Werk, Bernburg, Germany</td><td>Xylazin</td><td>mix in a rate 1:1 with ketamine</td></tr><tr><td>Sterilium</td><td>Bode Chemie</td><td>Sterillium</td><td>disinfection</td></tr><tr><td>Vet ointment</td><td>S&amp;amp;K Pharma, GmbH</td><td>Kerato Biciron 5%, Augensalbe</td><td>opthalmic ointment to prevent eye dryness</td></tr><tr><td>To-Pro-3 iodide</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>T3605</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;10x PBS, pH 7.4&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>1.37 M NaCl</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>3957.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ibuprofen, Dolormin</td><td>Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson Consumer Health Care Germany</td><td>01094902</td><td>analgesic pediatric solution (NSAID) for postsurgery pain relief</td></tr><tr><td>27 mM KCl</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>6781.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mM Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>T106.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>18 mM KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>3904.1</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

in vivo microinjection and electroporation of mouse testis

Bu video ve makale katkı mikroenjeksiyon ve in vivo fare testis elektroporasyon kapsamlı bir açıklamasını verir. Testis fare hücreleri için bu özel teknik transfeksiyon spermatogenez benzersiz süreçlerin çalışma sağlar. Aşağıdaki protokol, plazmid yapıları ile fare testis hücrelerin transfeksiyonu odaklanmaktadır. Özellikle, kırmızı flöresanlı proteinin (DsRed2) ifade yeşil flüoresan protein (EGFP) ve ayrıca pDsRed2-N1 vektör geliştirilmiş ifade eden raportör vektör pEGFP-C1, ikinci. Her iki raportör genler kodlanan insan sitomegalovirüs hemen erken promoteri (CMV) kontrolü altındaydı. Fare testislerinde gen transferini gerçekleştirmek için, raportör plasmid yapıları, canlı farelerde testis enjekte edilir. Bu amaçla, bir hayvan anestetize testis maruz kalmakta ve mikroenjeksiyon site hazırlanır. Bizim tercih yerienjeksiyon testis ve epididim arasında spermlerin anatomik taşıma rotası olarak sonuçta bağlı rete testis ile, efferent kanal olduğunu. Bu şekilde, mikro enjeksiyon sonrası seminifer tüp doldurma sayesinde mükemmel lekeli DNA çözeltilerinin kullanılması ile idare ve kontrol edilir. Onun renkli tübül yapısı ile testisin yeterli dolgu gözlemledikten sonra, organ elektropore edilmiştir. Bu testis hücrelere DNA solüsyonu aktarılmasını sağlar. Inkübasyon 3 gün sonra, testis çıkarılır ve transfeksiyon başarı gösteren, yeşil ve kırmızı floresans mikroskobu altında incelendi. Genellikle, bu protokol DNA- ya RNA- teslim için kullanılabilir için canlı fare testisi içine inşa (over) ifade veya in vivo gen fonksiyon analizinde kolaylaştırılması, genleri yıkmak. Ayrıca, raportör gen ya da putatif düzenlenmesinden çalışmak için uygundurTory elemanları. Böylece, elektroporasyon tekniğinin ana avantajları, alternatif tekniklerle karşılaştırıldığında Gerekli düşük çaba yanı sıra ılımlı teknik ekipman ve becerileri ile birlikte hızlı performans vardır.

Kullanıldığı olarak in vivo fare testis mikro-enjeksiyon ve elektroporasyon gerçekleştirmek için protokole uygun olarak, deneysel ortamda, sınai olarak imal edilmiş mikropipetler elde etmek mümkün olsa da. Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilmiş olduğu için, (Şekil 1A çekerek kendi pipetler oluşturmak için tercih edilen bir böylece) ve bizote (Şekil 1B) cam kapilerleri onlar bizim ihtiyaçlarını donatılmış. Mikro enjeksiyon ve elektroporasyon iç...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation of Mouse Testis at JoVE.com

In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation of Mouse Testis

Testis fare hücreleri için bir transfeksiyon tekniği Spermatogenezisin benzersiz süreçleri incelemek için bu makalede, in vivo mikroenjeksiyon ve fare testis Elektroporasvon açıklar. Sunulan protokol, elektroporasyon ile cam kılcal hazırlanması götürücü kanalı yoluyla mikro-enjeksiyon, ve transfeksiyon adımlar içerir.

Fare Testis İn Vivo Mikroenjeksiyon ve Elektroporasyon

This video and article contribution gives a comprehensive description of microinjection and electroporation of mouse testis in vivo. This particular ...

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Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation of Mouse Testis

27.8K Görüntüleme.  Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN).  Testis fare hücreleri için bir transfeksiyon tekniği Spermatogenezisin benzersiz süreçleri incelemek için bu makalede, in vivo mikroenjeksiyon ve fare testis Elektroporasvon açıklar. Sunulan protokol, elektroporasyon ile cam kılcal hazırlanması götürücü kanalı yoluyla mikro-enjeksiyon, ve transfeksiyon adımlar içerir. 

Video: In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation of Mouse Testis

In Utero Intraventricular Injection and Electroporation of E15 Mouse Embryos

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic mouse neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors lining the walls of the lateral ventricle. This technique is now widely used to study the processes involved in corticogenesis by over-expressing or knocking down genes and observing the effects on cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In comparison to traditional knockout strategies, in-utero electroporation provides a rapid means to manipulate a population of cells during a specific temporal window. In this video protocol we outline the experimental methodology for preparing mice for surgery, exposing the uterine horns through laporatomy, injecting DNA into the lateral ventricles of the developing embryo, electroporating DNA into the progenitors lining the lateral wall, and caring for animals post-surgery. Our laboratory uses this protocol for surgeries on E13-E16 mice, however, it is most commonly performed at E15, as shown in this video. 

E15 Fare Embriyolar Utero İntraventriküler Enjeksiyon ve Elektroporasyon

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic mouse neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors ...

Biyoloji

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural connectivity form during development. In mice, retinofugal projections are arranged in a topographic manner and form eye-specific layers in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus and the Superior Colliculus (SC). The development of these precise patterns of retinofugal projections has typically been studied by labeling populations of RGCs with fluorescent dyes and tracers, such as horseradish peroxidase1-4. However, these methods are too coarse to provide insight into developmental changes in individual RGC axonal arbor morphology that are the basis of retinotopic map formation. They also do not allow for the genetic manipulation of RGCs.
Recently, electroporation has become an effective method for providing precise spatial and temporal control for delivery of charged molecules into the retina5-11. Current retinal electroporation protocols do not allow for genetic manipulation and tracing of retinofugal projections of a single or small cluster of RGCs in postnatal mice. It has been argued that postnatal in vivo electroporation is not a viable method for transfecting RGCs since the labeling efficiency is extremely low and hence requires targeting at embryonic ages when RGC progenitors are undergoing differentiation and proliferation6. 
In this video we describe an in vivo electroporation protocol for targeted delivery of genes, shRNA, and fluorescent dextrans to murine RGCs postnatally. This technique provides a cost effective, fast and relatively easy platform for efficient screening of candidate genes involved in several aspects of neural development including axon retraction, branching, lamination, regeneration and synapse formation at various stages of circuit development. In summary we describe here a valuable tool which will provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sensory map development.

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

We demonstrate an in vivo electroporation protocol for transfecting single or small clusters of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and other retinal cell types in postnatal mice over a wide range of ages. The ability to label and genetically manipulate postnatal RGCs in vivo is a powerful tool for developmental studies.

Fare Retina Ganglion Hücreleri Transfeksiyon tarafından In vivo Elektroporasyon

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural ...

Nörobilim

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge. Gene targeting to generate constitutive or conditional loss of function knockouts remains cost and labor intensive, as well as time consuming. Adding to these challenges, retina expressed genes may have essential roles outside the retina leading to unintended confounds when using a knockout approach. Furthermore, the ability to ectopically express a gene in a gain of function experiment can be extremely valuable when attempting to identify a role in cell fate specification and/or terminal differentiation.
We present a method for the rapid and efficient incorporation of DNA plasmids into the neonatal mouse retina by electroporation. The application of short electrical impulses above a certain field strength results in a transient increase in plasma membrane permeability, facilitating the transfer of material across the membrane 1,2,3,4. Groundbreaking work demonstrated that electroporation could be utilized as a method of gene transfer into mammalian cells by inducing the formation of hydrophilic plasma membrane pores allowing the passage of highly charged DNA through the lipid bilayer 5. Continuous technical development has resulted in the viability of electroporation as a method for in vivo gene transfer in multiple mouse tissues including the retina, the method for which is described herein 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
DNA solution is injected into the subretinal space so that DNA is placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium and retina of the neonatal (P0) mouse and electrical pulses are applied using a tweezer electrode. The lateral placement of the eyes in the mouse allows for the easy orientation of the tweezer electrode to the necessary negative pole-DNA-retina-positive pole alignment. Extensive incorporation and expression of transferred genes can be identified by postnatal day 2 (P2). Due to the lack of significant lateral migration of cells in the retina, electroporated and non-electroporated regions are generated. Non-electroporated regions may serve as internal histological controls where appropriate. 
Retinal electroporation can be used to express a gene under a ubiquitous promoter, such as CAG, or to disrupt gene function using shRNA constructs or Cre-recombinase. More targeted expression can be achieved by designing constructs with cell specific gene promoters. Visualization of electroporated cells is achieved using bicistronic constructs expressing GFP or by co-electroporating a GFP expression construct. Furthermore, multiple constructs may be electroporated for the study of combinatorial gene effects or simultaneous gain and loss of function of different genes. Retinal electroporation may also be utilized for the analysis of genomic cis-regulatory elements by generating appropriate expression constructs and deletion mutants. Such experiments can be used to identify cis-regulatory regions sufficient or required for cell specific gene expression 11. Potential experiments are limited only by construct availability.

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

A method for the incorporation of plasmid DNA into murine retinal cells for the purpose of performing either gain- or loss of function studies in vivo is presented. This method capitalizes on the transient increase in permeability of cell plasma membranes induced by the application of an external electrical field.

Gelişmekte olan Fare Retina in vivo Elektroporasyon olarak

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance molecules, local gene transfer or knock- out is required. Gene targeting knock-in or knock-out into local regions is possible to perform with combination with a specific CRE line, which is laborious, costly, and time consuming. Therefore, a simple transfection method, an in utero electroporation technique, which can be performed with short time, will be handy to test the possible function of candidate genes prior to the generation of transgenic animals 1,2. In addition to this, in utero electroporation targets areas of the brain where no specific CRE line exists, and will limit embryonic lethality 3,4. Here, we present a method of in utero electroporation combining two different types of electrodes for simple and convenient gene transfer into target areas of the developing brain. First, a unique holding method of embryos using an optic fiber optic light cable will make small embryos (from E9.5) visible for targeted DNA solution injection into ventricles and needle type electrodes insertion to the targeted brain area 5,6. The patterning of the brain such as cortical area occur at early embryonic stage, therefore, these early electroporation from E9.5 make a big contribution to understand entire area patterning event. Second, the precise shape of a capillary prevents uterine damage by making holes by insertion of the capillary. Furthermore, the precise shape of the needle electrodes are created with tungsten and platinum wire and sharpened using sand paper and insulated with nail polish 7, a method which is described in great detail in this protocol. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA into restricted areas of the brain and will enable small embryos to be electroporated. This will help to, open a new window for many scientists who are working on cell differentiation, cell migration, axon guidance in very early embryonic stage. Moreover, this technique will allow scientists to transfect plasmid DNA into deep parts of the developing brain such as thalamus and hypothalamus, where not many region-specific CRE lines exist for gain of function (GOF) or loss of function (LOF) analyses.

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

A gene transfer method into the developing mouse brain is described by using a unique surgical method and special shape of electrodes. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA temporally and spatially, which will aid many neuroscientists in studying brain development.

Fare Utero Elektroporasyon: Kontrollü Spatiotemporal Gen Transfeksiyon

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and the organ of Corti in the coiled cochlea. The cristae and maculae contain vestibular hair cells that transduce mechanical stimuli to subserve the special sense of balance, while auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti are the primary transducers for hearing 1. Cell fate specification in these sensory epithelia and morphogenesis of the semicircular canals and cochlea take place during the second week of gestation in the mouse and are largely completed before birth 2,3. Developmental studies of the mouse inner ear are routinely conducted by harvesting transgenic embryos at different embryonic or postnatal stages to gain insight into the molecular basis of cellular and/or morphological phenotypes 4,5. We hypothesize that gene transfer to the developing mouse inner ear in utero in the context of gain- and loss-of-function studies represents a complimentary approach to traditional mouse transgenesis for the interrogation of the genetic mechanisms underlying mammalian inner ear development6.
The experimental paradigm to conduct gene misexpression studies in the developing mouse inner ear demonstrated here resolves into three general steps: 1) ventral laparotomy; 2) transuterine microinjection; and 3) in vivo electroporation. Ventral laparotomy is a mouse survival surgical technique that permits externalization of the uterus to gain experimental access to the implanted embryos7. Transuterine microinjection is the use of beveled, glass capillary micropipettes to introduce expression plasmid into the lumen of the otic vesicle or otocyst. In vivo electroporation is the application of square wave, direct current pulses to drive expression plasmid into progenitor cells8-10. 
We previously described this electroporation-based gene transfer technique and included detailed notes on each step of the protocol11. Mouse experimental embryological techniques can be difficult to learn from prose and still images alone. In the present work, we demonstrate the 3 steps in the gene transfer procedure. Most critically, we deploy digital video microscopy to show precisely how to: 1) identify embryo orientation in utero; 2) reorient embryos for targeting injections to the otocyst; 3) microinject DNA mixed with tracer dye solution into the otocyst at embryonic days 11.5 and 12.5; 4) electroporate the injected otocyst; and 5) label electroporated embryos for postnatal selection at birth. We provide representative examples of successfully transfected inner ears; a pictorial guide to the most common causes of otocyst mistargeting; discuss how to avoid common methodological errors; and present guidelines for writing an in utero gene transfer animal care protocol.

Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mouse inner ear is a placode-derived sensory organ whose developmental program is elaborated during gestation. We define an in utero gene transfer technique consisting of three steps: mouse ventral laparotomy, transuterine microinjection, and in vivo electroporation. We use digital video microscopy to demonstrate the critical experimental embryological techniques.

Tarafından geliştirilmesi Fare İç Kulak için Gen Transferi<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Elektroporasyon

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and ...

An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process is supported by Sertoli cell junctions at the blood-testis barrier (BTB), which is the tightest tissue barrier in the mammalian body and segregates the seminiferous epithelium into two compartments, a basal and an adluminal. The BTB creates a unique microenvironment for germ cells in meiosis I/II and for the development of postmeiotic spermatids into spermatozoa via spermiogenesis. Here, we describe a reliable assay to monitor BTB integrity of mouse testis in vivo. An intact BTB blocks the diffusion of FITC-conjugated inulin from the basal to the apical compartment of the seminiferous tubules. This technique is suitable for studying gene candidates, viruses, or environmental toxicants that may affect BTB function or integrity, with an easy procedure and a minimal requirement of surgical skills compared to alternative methods.

An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity

Here, we present a protocol to assess the blood-testis barrier integrity by injecting inulin-FITC into testes. This is an efficient in vivo method to study blood-testis barrier integrity that can be compromised by genetic and environmental elements.

Fare kan-Testis bariyeri bütünlük çalışma için In Vivo yöntemi

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process is supported by ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation

A growing interest in cell biology is to express transgenically modified forms of essential proteins (e.g. fluorescently tagged constructs and/or mutant variants) in order to investigate their endogenous distribution and functional relevance. An interesting approach that has been implemented to fulfill this objective in fully differentiated cells is the in vivo transfection of plasmids by various methods into specific tissues such as liver1, skeletal muscle2,3, and even the brain4. We present here a detailed description of the steps that must be followed in order to efficiently transfect genetic material into fibers of the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) and interosseus (IO) muscles of adult mice using an in vivo electroporation approach. The experimental parameters have been optimized so as to maximize the number of muscle fibers transfected while minimizing tissue damages that may impair the quality and quantity of the proteins expressed in individual fibers. We have verified that the implementation of the methodology described in this paper results in a high yield of soluble proteins, i.e. EGFP and ECFP3, calpain, FKBP12, &beta;2a-DHPR, etc. ; structural proteins, i.e. minidystrophin and &alpha;-actinin; and membrane proteins, i.e. &alpha;1s-DHPR, RyR1, cardiac Na/Ca2+ exchanger , NaV1.4 Na channel, SERCA1, etc., when applied to FDB, IO and other muscles of mice and rats. The efficient expression of some of these proteins has been verified with biochemical3 and functional evidence5. However, by far the most common confirmatory approach used by us are standard fluorescent microscopy and 2-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM), which permit to identify not only the overall expression, but also the detailed intracellular localization, of fluorescently tagged protein constructs. The method could be equally used to transfect plasmids encoding for the expression of proteins of physiological relevance (as shown here), or for interference RNA (siRNA) aiming to suppress the expression of normally expressed proteins (not tested by us yet). It should be noted that the transfection of FDB and IO muscle fibers is particularly relevant for the investigation of mammalian muscle physiology since fibers enzymatically dissociated from these muscles are currently one of the most suitable models to investigate basic mechanisms of excitability and excitation-contraction coupling under current or voltage clamp conditions2,6-8.

DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation

We describe detailed procedures for the efficient transfection of plasmid DNA into the fibers of foot muscles of live mice using electroporation and the subsequent visualization of protein expression using fluorescence microscopy.

Memeli İskelet Kaslar kullanarak DNA Transfeksiyon In Vivo Elektroporasyon

 A growing interest in cell biology is to express transgenically modified forms of essential proteins (e.g. fluorescently tagged constructs and/or mutant ...

Somatic Genome-Engineered Mouse Models Using In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation

Germline genetically engineered mouse models (G-GEMMs) have provided valuable insight into in vivo gene function in development, homeostasis, and disease. However, the time and cost associated with colony creation and maintenance are high. Recent advances in CRISPR-mediated genome editing have allowed the generation of somatic GEMMs (S-GEMMs) by directly targeting the cell/tissue/organ of interest.
The oviduct, or fallopian tube in humans, is considered the tissue-of-origin of the most common ovarian cancer, high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSCs). HGSCs initiate in the region of the fallopian tube distal to the uterus, located adjacent to the ovary, but not the proximal fallopian tube. However, traditional mouse models of HGSC target the entire oviduct, and thus do not recapitulate the human condition. We present a method of DNA, RNA, or ribonucleoprotein (RNP) solution microinjection into the oviduct lumen and in vivo electroporation to target mucosal epithelial cells in restricted regions along the oviduct. There are several advantages of this method for cancer modeling, such as 1) high adaptability in targeting the area/tissue/organ and region of electroporation, 2) high flexibility in targeted cell types (cellular pliancy) when used in combination with specific promoters for Cas9 expression, 3) high flexibility in the number of electroporated cells (relatively low frequency), 4) no specific mouse line is required (immunocompetent disease modeling), 5) high flexibility in gene mutation combination, and 6) possibility of tracking electroporated cells when used in combination with a Cre reporter line. Thus, this cost-effective method recapitulates human cancer initiation.

Somatic Genome-Engineered Mouse Models Using In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation

This protocol describes microinjection and in vivo electroporation for regionally restricted CRISPR-mediated genome editing in the mouse oviduct.

In Vivo Mikroenjeksiyon ve Elektroporasyon Kullanan Somatik Genom Mühendisliği Fare Modelleri

Germline genetically engineered mouse models (G-GEMMs) have provided valuable insight into in vivo gene function in development, homeostasis, and disease. ...

Kanser Araştırmaları

Germ Cell Transplantation and Testis Tissue Xenografting in Mice

Germ cell transplantation was developed by Dr. Ralph Brinster and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania in 19941,2. These ground-breaking studies showed that microinjection of germ cells from fertile donor mice into the seminiferous tubules of infertile recipient mice results in donor-derived spermatogenesis and sperm production by the recipient animal2. The use of donor males carrying the bacterial &beta;-galactosidase gene allowed identification of donor-derived spermatogenesis and transmission of the donor haplotype to the offspring by recipient animals1. Surprisingly, after transplantation into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, transplanted germ cells were able to move from the luminal compartment to the basement membrane where spermatogonia are located3. It is generally accepted that only SSCs are able to colonize the niche and re-establish spermatogenesis in the recipient testis. Therefore, germ cell transplantation provides a functional approach to study the stem cell niche in the testis and to characterize putative spermatogonial stem cells. To date, germ cell transplantation is used to elucidate basic stem cell biology, to produce transgenic animals through genetic manipulation of germ cells prior to transplantation4,5, to study Sertoli cell-germ cell interaction6,7, SSC homing and colonization3,8, as well as SSC self-renewal and differentiation9,10.
Germ cell transplantation is also feasible in large species11. In these, the main applications are preservation of fertility, dissemination of elite genetics in animal populations, and generation of transgenic animals as the study of spermatogenesis and SSC biology with this technique is logistically more difficult and expensive than in rodents. Transplantation of germ cells from large species into the seminiferous tubules of mice results in colonization of donor cells and spermatogonial expansion, but not in their full differentiation presumably due to incompatibility of the recipient somatic cell compartment with the germ cells from phylogenetically distant species12. An alternative approach is transplantation of germ cells from large species together with their surrounding somatic compartment. We first reported in 2002, that small fragments of testis tissue from immature males transplanted under the dorsal skin of immunodeficient mice are able to survive and undergo full development with the production of fertilization competent sperm13. Since then testis tissue xenografting has been shown to be successful in many species and emerged as a valuable alternative to study testis development and spermatogenesis of large animals in mice14.

Protocols for germ cell transplantation and testis tissue xenografting are described. Germ cell transplantation results in donor-derived spermatogenesis in recipient testes and represents a functional reconstitution assay for identification of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Testis tissue xenografting reproduces testis development and spermatogenesis of various donor species in recipient mice.

Germ Hücre Nakli ve Testis Dokusu Farelerde Xenografting

Germ cell transplantation was developed by Dr. Ralph Brinster and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania in 19941,2. These ground-breaking studies ...

Novel Method of Plasmid DNA Delivery to Mouse Bladder Urothelium by Electroporation

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are extremely valuable in revealing novel biological insights into the initiation and progression mechanisms of human diseases such as cancer. Transgenic and conditional knockout mice have been frequently used for gene overexpression or ablation in specific tissues or cell types in vivo. However, generating germline mouse models can be time-consuming and costly. Recent advancements in gene editing technologies and the feasibility of delivering DNA plasmids by viral infection have enabled rapid generation of non-germline autochthonous mouse cancer models for several organs. The bladder is an organ that has been difficult for viral vectors to access, due to the presence of a glycosaminoglycan layer covering the urothelium. Here, we describe a novel method developed in lab for efficient delivery of DNA plasmids into the mouse bladder urothelium in vivo. Through intravesical instillation of pCAG-GFP DNA plasmid and electroporation of surgically exposed bladder, we show that the DNA plasmid can be delivered specifically into the bladder urothelial cells for transient expression. Our method provides a fast and convenient way for overexpression and knockdown of genes in the mouse bladder, and can be applied to building GEMMs of bladder cancer and other urological diseases.

We describe a novel method for the delivery of DNA plasmid into the urothelial cells of mouse bladder in vivo through urethra catheterization and electroporation. It offers a fast and convenient way for generating autochthonous mouse models of bladder diseases.

Plazmid DNA teslimat için fare mesane Urothelium elektroporasyon tarafından roman yöntemi

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are extremely valuable in revealing novel biological insights into the initiation and progression mechanisms ...