Pfizer Limited Dr Thornton fon minnetle kabul edilmektedir.

1. Toplama, Depolama ve Serum ve Bronkoalveoler Lavaj Akışkanlar hazırlanması <ol><li> 4 pıhtılaşmasına kullanmak ° C, ve -20 azından alikotları olarak deposu serum ° C&#39;ye önceden kan izin vererek tedavi edilmemiş kan örneklerinden serum Collect. Bronkoalveoler lavaj sıvıları (BAL) de -20 ° C&#39;de alikotları olarak saklanmalıdır Not: Depolama serum ve alikotları tekrar test sırasında numunelerin donma-çözülme tekrarlanan tarafından hedef antijen bozulması için potansiyel sınırlar olarak BAL. </li><li> Çözülme örnekler ve 14,000 rpm&#39;de 1 dakika vorteks ve santrifüj ile iyice serum ve BAL örnekleri karıştırın. </li><li> Insan serum numuneleri rutin testi için, doku kültürü ortamı (TCM) ile serum 01:01 (v / v) seyreltik. TCM RPMI-1640 ortamı, 10% (v / v) fetal buzağı serumu, 200mm L-glutamin solüsyonu 1% (v / v) ve koruyucu madde olarak, sodyum azid (% 0.02 w / v) oluşur. Orta önceden hazırlanmış ve birkaç ay süreyle 4 ° C&#39;de saklanabilir. Dilut 100 ul uygulayınLFD için ed serum. </li><li> Insan BAL sıvılarında, ve hayvan modelleri BAL sıvılarında için, hiçbir tedavi öncesi ile, LFD için düzgün numune 100 ul geçerlidir. </li><li> Hayvan modellerinde serum için, fosfat EDTA, kaynar su banyosunda, 14.000 rpm&#39;de 5 dakika boyunca santrifüj 3dk için ısı% 4 (w / v) içeren tamponlu salin ile serum 01:02 (v / v) seyreltilmiş ve 100 uygulamak LFD cihaza düzgün süpernatan ul. </li></ol> 2. Yanal akış Aygıt serum ve BAL Uygulama <ol><li> Oda sıcaklığında (23 ° C) yanal akış cihazlar depolamak. Bu sıcaklıkta, cihazlar 12 ay stabildir. Bir yüzey üzerinde kendi keseleri ve yerden aygıtları kaldırın. </li><li> Steril bir pipet ucu kullanarak, cihazının açıklaması portuna önişlemli serum veya neat BAL Örnek 100 ul uygulanır. </li><li> Assay testlerin sonuçları kaydedilmiş hangi bir zamanda oda sıcaklığında 15 dakika boyunca çalışmasına izin verir. Not: saniye içinde sıvı se olacaktırtr gözlem penceresinde Nitroselüloz zar boyunca kılcal hareket ile geçirmek. </li></ol> 3. LFD Sonuçlar kaydedilmesi ve yorumlanması <ol><li> LFD bir iç kontrol hattı (plastik gövde üzerinde C harfi ile gösterilir) ve bir test çizgisi (T harfi ile gösterilir) oluşur. Kontrol çizgisi her zaman serum veya BAL örneğinde bakılmaksızın Aspergillus antijeni görünmelidir. Bu tahlil doğru çalıştığını gösterir. </li><li> Aspergillus antijeni serum veya BAL örnek varsa, test çizgisi de örnek uygulama 15 dakika içinde görünür. Test çizgisi yoğunluğu örnek Aspergillus antijeni mevcut miktarı ile orantılı olduğundan, test çizgisi (+) zayıf pozitif olarak görünebilir, orta pozitif (+ +) veya gibi güçlü bir pozitif (+ + +) . Ancak, herhangi bir pozitif test çizgisi ne olursa olsun, şiddeti, örnek Aspergillus antijeni varlığı işaret eder. ThAspergillus antijeni e yokluğunda, hiçbir test çizgi görünür, ve sonuç negatif olarak kaydedilir (-). </li></ol> 4. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar BAL ve serum numuneleri negatif, zayıf bir pozitif, orta pozitif ve güçlü bir pozitif LFD sonuçlar için temsili örnekler, Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. (AML) hastalarda EORTC / MSG tanı kriterlerine göre tanı akut myeloid lösemi BAL sıvılarında kullanarak antijeni pozitif LFD testleri (güçlü ve zayıf) veya negatif LFD testlerin sonuçları Tablo 1&#39;de verilmiştir. Ilgili klinik ve mikolojik (galaktomannan ve kültür) verileri ve her hasta için St Bartholomews Hastanesi&#39;nde 8 de geliştirilen bir Aspergillus spesifik PCR testinin sonuçları bu tabloya eklenmiştir. Hastalığın tanısı ana faktörler (nötropeni, kortikosteroidlerin uzun süreli kullanımı, diğer tanınan T-hücre immunos ile tedavi dayanmaktadıruppressants), klinik kriterler ve BAL için GM pozitifliği (burada bir GM endeks değeri&gt; 0.8 olarak tanımlanır). 2002 EORTC / MSG kılavuzlar 10, hastalar 12, 13 ve 16 altında konak faktörleri ve klinik kriterleri ya da GM pozitifliği temelinde &#39;mümkün&#39; IA tanısı konuldu. Sırasıyla klinik veriler ve mikoloji gelen destekleyici kanıt eşliğinde sürece gözden geçirilmiş (2008) EORTC / MSG kurallarına 2, konak faktörleri ve GM pozitifliği tek başına veya konak faktörleri ve sadece klinik kriterlerine göre &#39;olası&#39; invaziv fungal enfeksiyon belirtisi değildir. Hasta 6 çünkü ana faktörler, majör ve minör klinik özellikleri ve GM pozitifliği hem de 2002 ve 2008 kuralları uyarınca &quot;muhtemel&quot; IA tanısı kondu. Not, bu LFD ya PCR ne de henüz EORTC / MSG kılavuzlar dahil edilir ise, örnek olarak BAL Aspergillus antijen ve nükleik asit varlığında gösteren iki deneyleri ve ticari galaktomannan test arasında güçlü bir uyum olduğu<html> Hastaların 6 ve 12 ile s. IPA tanısında LFD ve PCR etkinliğini ortaya koyan çalışmaların Ek sonuçların Johnson ve ark 8 bulunabilir. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3721/3721fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1. Serum ve BAL kullanarak LFD testlerin sonuçları (kontrol ve test çizgisi) Negatif (sadece kontrol hattı) ve pozitif. Test hattı reaksiyon yoğunlukları ve serum numuneleri BAL hedef antijene konsantrasyonları ile orantılıdır. Reaksiyonlar tipik olarak aralıktan zayıf bir (+) orta yoluyla (+) kuvvetli (+ + +). Ne olursa olsun test hattı yoğunluğu, her üç serum pozitif reaksiyon kan Aspergillus antijeni dolaşan varlığı nedeniyle invaziv pulmoner aspergillozis hastalığı işaret eder. Pozitif BAL reaksiyonlar (zayıf, orta veya güçlü) sporlar ve akciğerlerde potansiyel patojen hif gelişme çimlenme işaret eder. &quot;pdflinebreak&gt; <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Hasta hayır. </td><td> Patient bilgi </td><td> Klinik kriterler 1 </td><td> BAL kültürü 2 </td><td> GM ÇED endeksi 3 </td><td> EORTC / MSG (2002) 4 </td><td> EORTC / MSG (2008) 5 </td><td> Aspergillus PCR sonucu </td><td> LFD sonucu </td></tr><tr><td> 6 </td><td> - </td><td> Binbaşı CT bulguları (nodül ve halo) ve küçük bir </td><td> Negatif </td><td> 0.9 (pozitif) </td><td> Muhtemel </td><td> Muhtemel </td><td> Pozitif </td><td> (+) Pozitif Zayıf </td></tr><tr><td> 12 </td><td> Presumed önceki mantar enfeksiyonu </td><td> Minör majör bir </td><td> Candida glabrata </td><td> 6.43 (kuvvetli pozitif) </td><td> Mümkün </td><td> Hiçbiri </td><td> Pozitif </td><td> Güçlü pozitif (+ + +) </td></tr><tr><td> 13 </td><td> Koagülaz-negatif Staphylococcus ve E. Kanda coli </td><td> Hayır majör, iki minör </td><td> Negatif </td><td> 0,25 (negatif) </td><td> Mümkün </td><td> Hiçbiri </td><td> Negatif </td><td> Negatif (-) </td></tr><tr><td> 16 </td><td> Akciğer enfeksiyonu </td><td> Yeni sızmak artı çoğul efüzyon dahil 3 minör kriterin </td><td> Negatif </td><td> 0,16 (negatif) </td><td> Mümkün </td><td> Hiçbiri </td><td> Negatif </td><td> Negatif (-) </td></tr></tbody></table> Bilgisayarlı tomografi 1 Nodüller veya haleler mantar enfeksiyonu düşündürür Bu normal insan florasının 9 parçası olarak izole ikinci en sık görülen maya olarak BAL sıvısında 2 Candida glabrata bir kirletici olarak kabul edilir BAL GM ÇED test&gt; 0.8 3 indeks Aspergillus enfeksiyonunun göstergesidir 4 &#39;yaklaşıma uygun olan 2002 EORTC / MSG tanı kriterlerine göree &#39;,&#39; olası &#39;veya&#39; kanıtlanmış invaziv mantar hastalığıdır 10 5 &#39;olası&#39; için gözden geçirilmiş (2008) EORTC / MSG tanı kriterleri, &#39;olası&#39; veya &#39;kanıtlanmış&#39; invaziv mantar hastalığıdır 2 dayanarak Tablo 1. LFD muhtemel IPA ile ve kontrol AML hastalarında (enfeksiyon bulgusu) akut myeloid lösemi hastalarının BAL örneklerinin testleri, ve enfeksiyon EORTC / MSG tanı sonuçları.

<ol>
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Biz ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

IPA tanımlanmasından sadece gerçekten biyopsi örnekleri etyolojik etkenin izolasyonu ile elde edilebilir, ancak uygun örneklerin kurtarma çok hasta hastalarda çoğu kez mümkün değildir ve Aspergillus kandan nadiren kurtarılabilir olabilir. Büyük gelişmeler IPA tanısında göğüs tarama bilgisayarlı tomografi kullanımı konusunda yapılmış iken, bu &quot;halo&quot; ya da &quot;hava-hilal&quot; işaretleri olarak pulmoner IPA düşündüren özellikler ya geçici ya da nefes eserler isnat edilebilir veya diğer mantar enfeksiyonları 11,12. Bu veriler bu nedenle hastanın serum içinde dolaşan veya BAL sıvılarında, balgam ve idrar örnekleri 13 mevcut olduğunu mantarlardan imza moleküller (GM ve β-glukan) tanımlamak amacı serolojik teknikler ile takviye edilir. Bu testlerin tatmin edici hassasiyet gösterilecek, bunlar belirli koşullar altında 1,6 yeterli özgüllük eksikliği veya parazit muzdarip </sup&gt;. IPA tespiti için LFD testi burada sunulan en meşhuru, virüsler, bakteriler, parazitler ve toksinler 14-19 tespiti için testler güncel ve kullanılır olmuştur IPA ve istismarlara teknoloji &#39;nokta-bakım&#39; tanı sağlar İlk 1988 yılında Unipath tarafından tanıtılan sınar ev gebelik için. Burada anlatılan Aspergillus LFD olarak, Aspergillus spesifik MAb JF5 gözenekli bir nitroselüloz membran üzerinde bir yakalama bölgesi (test çizgisi) için immobilize edilir. Ayrı bir bölgede zarı immobilize anti-fare immunglobulin bir iç kontrol (kontrol çizgisi) olarak görev yaptı. Serbest limana serum veya BAL sıvı ilavesi, serbest pad MAb JF5-koloidal altın konjugat hedef antijene bağlanır ve karmaşık sonra kapiler gözenekli zar boyunca geçer. Yakalama bölgesinde immobilize MAb JF5 kırmızı bir test hattı elde JF5-koloidal altın-antijen kompleksine bağlanır. Herhangi bir ilişkisiz JF5-koloidal altınkonjuge tahlil doğru çalıştığını gösteren iç kontrol bağlar. Kırmızı bir kontrol hattı ile sonuçlanır. Testi gerçekleştirmek için yalnızca 15 dakika alarak, hızlı, GM ve β-glukan algılama dayalı serum ve BAL testleri ile karşılaştırıldığında ucuz ve pahalı cihazlar veya çalıştırmak için kapsamlı laboratuar olanakları gerektirmez. Ayrıca, MAb JF5 GM ve β-glukan testleri 1,4,6 yanlış pozitif reaksiyona neden olduğu gösterilmiştir ilaçlar ya da kirletici ile çapraz reaksiyon vermez. Mevcut tanı testleri üzerinden ilave bir büyük avantajı Aspergillus türlerinin invaziv büyüme göstergesidir aktivitesini tespit LFDs yeteneğidir. LFD prosedürü içinde kritik bir safha, cihaza serum veya BAL numunenin uygulama sonrası sonuç 15 dak okumak için ihtiyaç vardır. Bu testi mayıs önyargı sonucu interpretati gibi, sonuçları kaydetmeden önce uzun 15 dakika bırakılmamalıdırüzerinde. Bir zayıf reaksiyon inkübasyon periyodu uzatarak geliştirilmiş olmayacak. Enfeksiyon hayvan modellerinde serum ısıl işlemi testi duyarlılığını artırmak için tespit edilmiştir. Test bir sınırlaması niteliksel olması ve pozitifliği öznel bir değerlendirme yapmak için operatör dayanır. Test hattının yoğunluğu ve serum numuneleri BAL (Şekil 1) antijeni içeriğine göre değişir. Ancak, herhangi bir pozitif reaksiyon (bilinen negatifleri ile karşılaştırılarak belirlenir) Aspergillus antijeni ve bu nedenle enfeksiyon varlığını gösterir. LFD testlerin öznelliği sınırlamak için, el cihazları LFD test hattı yoğunluğu ölçümü izin ve antijen saptama 20 için eşik değerlerin kurulmasını sağlamak hangi mevcuttur. LFD gelecekteki gelişmeleri ticarileştirilmesi ve diğer invaziv fungal patojenlerin aynı anda saptanması sağlayan bir multipleks LFD gelişimi bulunmaktadırçok özel Mablar 3 kullanarak.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reaktif Adı </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog numarası </td><td> Yorumlar </td></tr><tr><td> Aspergillus LFD </td><td> University of Exeter </td><td></td><td> Istek üzerine yazarın edinilebilir </td></tr><tr><td> RPMI-1640 </td><td> Sigma </td><td> R0883 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> L-Glutamine </td><td> Sigma </td><td> G7513 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fetal buzağı serumu </td><td> Biosera </td><td> S9100 </td><td> Fetal dana serumu ve diğer kaynaklardan TCM hazırlanmasında kullanılabilirler </td></tr><tr><td> EDTA </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> BPE120-1 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

detection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in haematological malignancy patients by using lateral-flow technology

İnvazif pulmoner aspergilloz (İPA) morbidite ve hematolojik malignite hasta ve hematopoetik kök hücre nakli, 1 ölüm önde gelen nedenidir. IPA Algılama zorlu bir tanısal zorluk temsil eder ve bir &#39;altın standart&#39; yokluğunda, klinik verileri ve mikrobiyoloji ve histopatoloji makul bir arada dayanmaktadır. IPA Tanı Araştırma ve Tedavi Kanser ve, &quot;kanıtlanmış&quot;, &quot;olası&quot;, ve &quot;mümkün&quot; invaziv fungal hastalıklar 2 tanımlayan Alerji ve Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar Mikoloji Çalışma Grubu (EORTC / MSG) uzlaşma Ulusal Enstitüsü için Avrupa Organizasyonu uygun olmalıdır . Günümüzde, nükleik asit bazlı testler dışarıdan IPA algılama ve böylece polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR) için onaylanmıştır mevcut EORTC / MSG tanı kriterleri dahil değildir. Histolojik kesitlerde Aspergillus belirlenmesi nedeniyle simi sorunlu olduğunudiğer invaziv fungal patojenlere 3, ve kanıtlanmış tanımlama ile hifal morfolojileri kolay değildir saf kültür etyolojik ajan izolasyonu gerektirir. Kültür-temelli yaklaşımlar biyopsi örneklerinin durumu güveniyor, ancak bu her zaman hasta hasta erişilebilir değildir ve elde edilen her zaman kültür için geçerli propagules verim yok. Aspergillus patogenezinde önemli bir özelliği, anjiyo-işgali, serum ve bronkoalveoler lavaj (BAL) sıvısında karakteristik antijenik imzalar molekülleri tespit testleri kullanılarak immünolojik mantar izlemek için olanak sağlayan bir özelliktir. Bu, Aspergillus galaktomannan ve korunmuş mantar hücre duvarı bileşeni algılar (1 → 3)-β-D-a &#39;Pan-fungal&#39; deneyi (Fungitell testi) algılar Platelia enzim immunoassay geliştirilmesi (GM-EIA) neden olmuştur glukan, ancak kendi hücre duvarlarını 1,4 Bu bileşenin eksikliği mucorales içinde. Mınesil monoklonal antikor son gelişme (mAb) bazlı enfeksiyonu 1,5 taşıyıcı belirteç tespit deneyleri yol açmıştır, bu testler 1,4-6 doğruluğunu çevreleyen Sues. Thornton 5 son zamanlarda IPA noktası bakımı (POC) tanısı için immuno-kromatografik yanal akış cihazı (LFD) geliştirmek için hibridoma teknolojisi ve kullanımı kullanarak bir Aspergillus spesifik MAb (JF5) üretimi nitelendirdi. LFD önemli bir avantajı MAb JF5 mantar sadece 5 aktif büyümenin sırasında salgılanan ekstraselüler glikoprotein antijenine bağlanır yana aktivitesini tespit yeteneğidir. Böyle Aspergillus sporları solunan havanın ortak bir bileşen olduğundan IPA tanısı için akciğer BAL gibi sıvıları kullanarak bu önemli bir husustur. IPA teşhisinde cihazın yardımcı LFD geliştirilmiş duyarlılık ve Spec gösterilmiştir enfeksiyon bir hayvan modeli kullanılarak kanıtlanmıştırificity Platelia GM ve Fungitell (1 → 3)-β-D-glukan deneyleri 7 ile karşılaştırıldığında. Burada, insan serum ve BAL sıvılarında Aspergillus antijeni tespit etmek için basit bir LFD prosedürü sunuyoruz. Onun hız ve doğruluk hematolojik malignite hastalarında İPA tanısı için yeni bir ek noktası bakım test sağlar.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Haematological Malignancy Patients by using Lateral-flow Technology at JoVE.com

Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Haematological Malignancy Patients by using Lateral-flow Technology

Invaziv pulmoner aspergillozis için hızlı ve hassas noktası bakım testi sunulmaktadır. Bir bağlanan bir monoklonal antikor kullanılarak yanal-akış teknolojisi yararlanır<em&gt; Aspergillus</em&gt; Antijen akciğer enfeksiyonları sırasında salgılanan. Testi serum ve brochoalveolar lavaj ile uyumlu ve hastalık tanısı için yeni bir ek testi temsil eder.

Yanal-flow teknolojisi kullanılarak Hematolojik Malignite Hastalarda invaziv pulmoner aspergillozis Algılama

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in haematological malignancy patients and hematopoietic stem cell ...

detection-invasive-pulmonary-aspergillosis-haematological-malignancy

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

27.9K Görüntüleme.  University of Exeter. Invaziv pulmoner aspergillozis için hızlı ve hassas noktası bakım testi sunulmaktadır. Bir bağlanan bir monoklonal antikor kullanılarak yanal-akış teknolojisi yararlanır Aspergillus Antijen akciğer enfeksiyonları sırasında salgılanan. Testi serum ve brochoalveolar lavaj ile uyumlu ve hastalık tanısı için yeni bir ek testi temsil eder.

Video: Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Haematological Malignancy Patients by using Lateral-flow Technology

Non-invasive Imaging of Leukocyte Homing and Migration in vivo

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is a high resolution imaging technique that has been broadly adapted by biologists. The value of 2P microscopy is that it provides rich spatiotemporal information regarding cell behaviors within intact tissues and in live mice. Leukocyte recruitment plays a significant role in host defense against infection and when unchecked, can contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Studying leukocyte recruitment in vivo is technically challenging since cells are moving rapidly within vessels located deep within light scattering tissues. To date, most intravital imaging studies require surgical preparation to expose the blood vessels and tissues. To avoid the tissue damage and inflammation induced by surgery itself, here, we describe a non-invasive single-cell imaging approach that can be used to study leukocyte trafficking in the mouse footpad and phalanges. We discuss the technical aspects of our 2P imaging preparation and walk the reader through a typical experiment from initial set up to execution and data collection.

Non-invasive Imaging of Leukocyte Homing and Migration in vivo

Here, we describe a non-invasive two-photon (2P) microscopy approach to study leukocyte homing in the mouse footpad. We discuss the technical aspects of our tissue imaging preparation and walk the reader through a typical experiment from initial set up to execution and data collection.

Lökosit Homing Göç ve non-invaziv Görüntüleme In vivo</em

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is a high resolution imaging technique that has been broadly adapted by biologists.  The value of 2P microscopy is that it ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for rapid culture-independent detection of Salmonella spp. Cell-charged tapes can also be placed face-down on selective agar for solid-phase enrichment prior to detection. Alternatively, low-volume liquid enrichments (liquid surface miniculture) can be performed on the surface of the tape in non-selective broth, followed by FISH and analysis via flow cytometry. To begin, sterile adhesive tape is brought into contact with fresh produce, gentle pressure is applied, and the tape is removed, physically extracting microbes present on these surfaces. Tapes are mounted sticky-side up onto glass microscope slides and the sampled cells are fixed with 10% formalin (30 min) and dehydrated using a graded ethanol series (50, 80, and 95%; 3 min each concentration). Next, cell-charged tapes are spotted with buffer containing a Salmonella-targeted DNA probe cocktail and hybridized for 15 - 30 min at 55&deg;C, followed by a brief rinse in a washing buffer to remove unbound probe. Adherent, FISH-labeled cells are then counterstained with the DNA dye 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and results are viewed using fluorescence microscopy. For solid-phase enrichment, cell-charged tapes are placed face-down on a suitable selective agar surface and incubated to allow in situ growth of Salmonella microcolonies, followed by FISH and microscopy as described above. For liquid surface miniculture, cell-charged tapes are placed sticky side up and a silicone perfusion chamber is applied so that the tape and microscope slide form the bottom of a water-tight chamber into which a small volume (&le; 500 &mu;L) of Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) is introduced. The inlet ports are sealed and the chambers are incubated at 35 - 37&deg;C, allowing growth-based amplification of tape-extracted microbes. Following incubation, inlet ports are unsealed, cells are detached and mixed with vigorous back and forth pipetting, harvested via centrifugation and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Finally, samples are hybridized and examined via flow cytometry to reveal the presence of Salmonella spp. As described here, our "tape-FISH" approach can provide simple and rapid sampling and detection of Salmonella on tomato surfaces. We have also used this approach for sampling other types of fresh produce, including spinach and jalape&ntilde;o peppers.

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple adhesive-tape-based approach for sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by rapid whole cell detection of Salmonella using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Yapışkan bant tabanlı Örnekleme ve Floresans kombinasyonu In situ</emHızlı Algılama> Hibridizasyon Salmonella Taze üretin

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in ...

Detection of Bacteria Using Fluorogenic DNAzymes

Outbreaks linked to food-borne and hospital-acquired pathogens account for millions of deaths and hospitalizations as well as colossal economic losses each and every year. Prevention of such outbreaks and minimization of the impact of an ongoing epidemic place an ever-increasing demand for analytical methods that can accurately identify culprit pathogens at the earliest stage. Although there is a large array of effective methods for pathogen detection, none of them can satisfy all the following five premier requirements embodied for an ideal detection method: high specificity (detecting only the bacterium of interest), high sensitivity (capable of detecting as low as a single live bacterial cell), short time-to-results (minutes to hours), great operational simplicity (no need for lengthy sampling procedures and the use of specialized equipment), and cost effectiveness. For example, classical microbiological methods are highly specific but require a long time (days to weeks) to acquire a definitive result.1 PCR- and antibody-based techniques offer shorter waiting times (hours to days), but they require the use of expensive reagents and/or sophisticated equipment.2-4 Consequently, there is still a great demand for scientific research towards developing innovative bacterial detection methods that offer improved characteristics in one or more of the aforementioned requirements. Our laboratory is interested in examining the potential of DNAzymes as a novel class of molecular probes for biosensing applications including bacterial detection.5
DNAzymes (also known as deoxyribozymes or DNA enzymes) are man-made single-stranded DNA molecules with the capability of catalyzing chemical reactions.6-8 These molecules can be isolated from a vast random-sequence DNA pool (which contains as many as 1016 individual sequences) by a process known as "in vitro selection" or "SELEX" (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment).9-16 These special DNA molecules have been widely examined in recent years as molecular tools for biosensing applications.6-8
Our laboratory has established in vitro selection procedures for isolating RNA-cleaving fluorescent DNAzymes (RFDs; Fig. 1) and investigated the use of RFDs as analytical tools.17-29 RFDs catalyze the cleavage of a DNA-RNA chimeric substrate at a single ribonucleotide junction (R) that is flanked by a fluorophore (F) and a quencher (Q). The close proximity of F and Q renders the uncleaved substrate minimal fluorescence. However, the cleavage event leads to the separation of F and Q, which is accompanied by significant increase of fluorescence intensity.
More recently, we developed a method of isolating RFDs for bacterial detection.5 These special RFDs were isolated to "light up" in the presence of the crude extracellular mixture (CEM) left behind by a specific type of bacteria in their environment or in the media they are cultured (Fig. 1). The use of crude mixture circumvents the tedious process of purifying and identifying a suitable target from the microbe of interest for biosensor development (which could take months or years to complete). The use of extracellular targets means the assaying procedure is simple because there is no need for steps to obtain intracellular targets.
Using the above approach, we derived an RFD that cleaves its substrate (FS1; Fig. 2A) only in the presence of the CEM produced by E. coli (CEM-EC).5 This E. coli-sensing RFD, named RFD-EC1 (Fig. 2A), was found to be strictly responsive to CEM-EC but nonresponsive to CEMs from a host of other bacteria (Fig. 3).
Here we present the key experimental procedures for setting up E. coli detection assays using RFD-EC1 and representative results.

We have recently reported a novel approach for generating fluorogenic DNAzyme probes that can be applied to set up a simple, "mix-and-read" fluorescent assay for bacterial detection. These special DNA probes catalyze the cleavage of a chromophore-modified DNA-RNA chimeric substrate in the presence of crude extracellular mixture (CEM) produced by a specific bacterium, thereby translating bacterial detection into fluorescence signal generation. In this report we will describe key experimental procedures where a specific DNAzyme probe denoted "RFD-EC1" is employed for the detection of the model bacterium, Escherichia coli (E. coli).

Flourogenik DNAzymes kullanarak Bakterilerin Tespiti

Outbreaks linked to food-borne and hospital-acquired pathogens account for millions of deaths and hospitalizations as well as colossal economic losses ...

Detection of MicroRNAs in Microglia by Real-time PCR in Normal CNS and During Neuroinflammation

Microglia are cells of the myeloid lineage that reside in the central nervous system (CNS)1. These cells play an important role in pathologies of many diseases associated with neuroinflammation such as multiple sclerosis (MS)2. Microglia in a normal CNS express macrophage marker CD11b and exhibit a resting phenotype by expressing low levels of activation markers such as CD45. During pathological events in the CNS, microglia become activated as determined by upregulation of CD45 and other markers3. The factors that affect microglia phenotype and functions in the CNS are not well studied. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a growing family of conserved molecules (~22 nucleotides long) that are involved in many normal physiological processes such as cell growth and differentiation4 and pathologies such as inflammation5. MiRNAs downregulate the expression of certain target genes by binding complementary sequences of their mRNAs and play an important role in the activation of innate immune cells including macrophages6 and microglia7. In order to investigate miRNA-mediated pathways that define the microglial phenotype, biological function, and to distinguish microglia from other types of macrophages, it is important to quantitatively assess the expression of particular microRNAs in distinct subsets of CNS-resident microglia. Common methods for measuring the expression of miRNAs in the CNS include quantitative PCR from whole neuronal tissue and in situ hybridization. However, quantitative PCR from whole tissue homogenate does not allow the assessment of the expression of miRNA in microglia, which represent only 5-15% of the cells of neuronal tissue. Hybridization in situ allows the assessment of the expression of microRNA in specific cell types in the tissue sections, but this method is not entirely quantitative. In this report we describe a quantitative and sensitive method for the detection of miRNA by real-time PCR in microglia isolated from normal CNS or during neuroinflammation using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for MS. The described method will be useful to measure the level of expression of microRNAs in microglia in normal CNS or during neuroinflammation associated with various pathologies including MS, stroke, traumatic injury, Alzheimer's disease and brain tumors.

Microglia are resident macrophages that provide the first line of defense and immune surveillance of the central nervous system. MicroRNAs are regulatory molecules that play an important role in many physiological processes including activation and differentiation of macrophages. In this article, we describe the method for measurement of microRNAs in microglia.

Normal MSS Real-time PCR ve Nöro sırasında mikroglia içinde microRNA tespiti

Microglia are cells of the myeloid lineage that reside in the central nervous system (CNS)1. These cells play an important role in pathologies of many ...

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Modern advancements in imaging technology encourage further development and refinement in the way viral research is accomplished. Initially proposed by Russel and Burch in Hume's 3Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement), the utilization of animal models in scientific research is under constant pressure to identify new methodologies to reduce animal usage while improving scientific accuracy and speed. A major challenge to Hume's principals however, is how to ensure the studies are statistically accurate while reducing animal disease morbidity and overall numbers. Vaccine efficacy studies currently require a large number of animals in order to be considered statistically significant and often result in high morbidity and mortality endpoints for identification of immune protection. We utilized in vivo imaging systems (IVIS) in conjunction with a firefly bioluminescent enzyme to progressively track the invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by an encephalitic virus in a murine model. Typically, the disease progresses relatively slowly, however virus replication is rapid, especially within the CNS, and can lead to an often, lethal outcome. Following intranasal infection of the mice with TC83-Luc, an attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus strain modified to expresses a luciferase gene; we are able to visualize virus replication within the brain at least three days before the development of clinical disease symptoms. Utilizing CNS invasion as a key encephalitic disease development endpoint we are able to quickly identify therapeutic and vaccine protection against TC83-Luc infection before clinical symptoms develop. With IVIS technology we are able to demonstrate the rapid and accurate testing of drug therapeutics and vaccines while reducing animal numbers and morbidity.

In Vivo Imaging Systems IVIS Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Utilizing luciferase and in vivo imaging systems (IVIS) as a novel means to identify disease endpoints before clinical developments occur. IVIS has allowed us to visualize in real time the invasion of encephalitic viruses over multiple days, providing a more accurate disease model for future study. It has also allowed us to identify the potential protective features of antivirals and vaccines faster than currently utilized animal models. The capability to utilize individual animals over multiple time points ensures reduced animal requirements, costs, and overall morbidity to the animals utilized ensuring a more humane and more scientific means of disease study.

Bir Nöro-İnvazif encephalitic Virüs Vivo Görüntüleme Sistemleri (IVIS) Algılama

Modern advancements in imaging technology encourage further development and refinement in the way viral research is accomplished. Initially proposed by ...

Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure Measurements in Combination with Harvest of Lung and Immune Tissue Samples in Mice

The function of the right heart is to pump blood through the lungs, thus linking right heart physiology and pulmonary vascular physiology. Inflammation is a common modifier of heart and lung function, by elaborating cellular infiltration, production of cytokines and growth factors, and by initiating remodeling processes 1.
Compared to the left ventricle, the right ventricle is a low-pressure pump that operates in a relatively narrow zone of pressure changes. Increased pulmonary artery pressures are associated with increased pressure in the lung vascular bed and pulmonary hypertension 2. Pulmonary hypertension is often associated with inflammatory lung diseases, for example chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or autoimmune diseases 3. Because pulmonary hypertension confers a bad prognosis for quality of life and life expectancy, much research is directed towards understanding the mechanisms that might be targets for pharmaceutical intervention 4. The main challenge for the development of effective management tools for pulmonary hypertension remains the complexity of the simultaneous understanding of molecular and cellular changes in the right heart, the lungs and the immune system.
Here, we present a procedural workflow for the rapid and precise measurement of pressure changes in the right heart of mice and the simultaneous harvest of samples from heart, lungs and immune tissues. The method is based on the direct catheterization of the right ventricle via the jugular vein in close-chested mice, first developed in the late 1990s as surrogate measure of pressures in the pulmonary artery5-13. The organized team-approach facilitates a very rapid right heart catheterization technique. This makes it possible to perform the measurements in mice that spontaneously breathe room air. The organization of the work-flow in distinct work-areas reduces time delay and opens the possibility to simultaneously perform physiology experiments and harvest immune, heart and lung tissues.
The procedural workflow outlined here can be adapted for a wide variety of laboratory settings and study designs, from small, targeted experiments, to large drug screening assays. The simultaneous acquisition of cardiac physiology data that can be expanded to include echocardiography5,14-17 and harvest of heart, lung and immune tissues reduces the number of animals needed to obtain data that move the scientific knowledge basis forward. The procedural workflow presented here also provides an ideal basis for gaining knowledge of the networks that link immune, lung and heart function. The same principles outlined here can be adapted to study other or additional organs as needed.

A specific and rapid protocol to simultaneously investigate right heart function, lung inflammation, and the immune response is described as a learning tool. Video and figures describe physiology and microdissection techniques in an organized team-approach that is adaptable to be used for small to large sized studies.

Akciğer ve Fareler immün Doku Örneklerinde Hasat ile kombinasyon Sağ Ventrikül Sistolik Basınç Ölçümleri

The function of the right heart is to pump blood through the lungs, thus linking right heart physiology and pulmonary vascular physiology. Inflammation is ...

A Method for Generating Pulmonary Neutrophilia Using Aerosolized Lipopolysaccharide

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe disease characterized by alveolar neutrophilia, with limited treatment options and high mortality. Experimental models of ALI are key in enhancing our understanding of disease pathogenesis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from gram positive bacteria induces neutrophilic inflammation in the airways and lung parenchyma of mice. Efficient pulmonary delivery of compounds such as LPS is, however, difficult to achieve. In the approach described here, pulmonary delivery in mice is achieved by challenge to aerosolized Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS. Dissolved LPS was aerosolized by a nebulizer connected to compressed air. Mice were exposed to a continuous flow of LPS aerosol in a Plexiglas box for 10 min, followed by 2 min conditioning after the aerosol was discontinued. Tracheal intubation and subsequent bronchoalveolar lavage, followed by formalin perfusion was next performed, which allows for characterization of the sterile pulmonary inflammation. Aerosolized LPS generates a pulmonary inflammation characterized by alveolar neutrophilia, detected in bronchoalveolar lavage and by histological assessment. This technique can be set up at a small cost with few appliances, and requires minimal training and expertise. The exposure system can thus be routinely performed at any laboratory, with the potential to enhance our understanding of lung pathology.

We describe a method for inducing neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation by challenge to aerosolized lipopolysaccharide by nebulization, to model acute lung injury. In addition, basic surgical techniques for lung isolation, tracheal intubation and bronchoalveolar lavage are also described.

Aerosolize Lipopolisakarid kullanma Yaratma Pulmoner nötrofilisi için bir yöntem

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe disease characterized by alveolar neutrophilia, with limited treatment options and high mortality. Experimental models ...

Detection of Human Leukocyte Antigen Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Utilizing Label-free Biosensor Technology

According to the American Cancer Society, more than 200,000 women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer each year and approximately 40,000 will die from the disease. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I samples peptides derived from proteasomal degradation of cellular proteins and presents these fragments on the cell surface for interrogation by circulating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Generation of T-cell receptor mimic (TCRm) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which recognize breast cancer specific peptide/HLA-A*02:01 complexes such as those derived from macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF19-27) and NY-ESO-1157-165 enable detection and destruction of breast cancer cells in the absence of an effective anti-tumor CTL response. Intact class I HLA/peptide complexes are shed by breast cancer cells and represent potentially relevant cancer biomarkers. In this work, a breakthrough biomarker screening system for cancer diagnostics incorporating T-cell receptor mimic monoclonal antibodies combined with a novel, label-free biosensor utilizing guided-mode resonance (GMR) sensor technology is presented. Detection of shed MIF/HLA-A*02:01 complexes in MDA-MB-231 cell supernatants, spiked human serum, and patient plasma is demonstrated. The impact of this work could revolutionize personalized medicine through development of companion disease diagnostics for targeted immunotherapies.

Intact class I HLA/peptide complexes are shed by cancer cells, representing a potential relevant cancer biomarker. Utilizing label-free sensor technology and T-cell receptor mimicking monoclonal antibodies, detection of shed MIF/HLA-A*02:01 complexes in MDA-MB-231 cell supernatants, spiked human serum, and patient plasma is demonstrated, enabling development of a novel cancer diagnostic platform.

Etiket-ücretsiz Biyosensör Teknolojisi kullanılması Meme Kanserinde İnsan Lökosit Antijen BİYOMARKÖRLERİN Algılama

According to the American Cancer Society, more than 200,000 women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer each year and approximately 40,000 will ...

High-throughput Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Animal Specimens by Nanoscale PCR

Nanoliter scale real-time PCR uses spatial multiplexing to allow multiple assays to be run in parallel on a single plate without the typical drawbacks of combining reactions together. We designed and evaluated a panel based on this principle to rapidly identify the presence of common disease agents in dogs and horses with acute respiratory illness. This manuscript describes a nanoscale diagnostic PCR workflow for sample preparation, amplification, and analysis of target pathogen sequences, focusing on procedures that are different from microliter scale reactions. In the respiratory panel presented, 18 assays were each set up in triplicate, accommodating up to 48 samples per plate. A universal extraction and pre-amplification workflow was optimized for high-throughput sample preparation to accommodate multiple matrices and DNA and RNA based pathogens. Representative data are presented for one RNA target (influenza A matrix) and one DNA target (equine herpesvirus 1). The ability to quickly and accurately test for a comprehensive, syndrome-based group of pathogens is a valuable tool for improving efficiency and ergonomics of diagnostic testing and for acute respiratory disease diagnosis and management.

High-throughput testing of DNA and RNA based pathogens by nanoscale PCR is described using a syndromic canine and equine respiratory PCR panel.

Nano PCR ile Hayvan Örnekler Solunum Patojenler yüksek verimlilik Algılama

Nanoliter scale real-time PCR uses spatial multiplexing to allow multiple assays to be run in parallel on a single plate without the typical drawbacks of ...

Generation of Murine Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridoma Technology

Monoclonal antibodies are universal binding molecules and are widely used in biomedicine and research. Nevertheless, the generation of these binding molecules is time-consuming and laborious due to the complicated handling and lack of alternatives. The aim of this protocol is to provide one standard method for the generation of monoclonal antibodies using hybridoma technology. This technology combines two steps. Step 1 is an appropriate immunization of the animal and step 2 is the fusion of B lymphocytes with immortal myeloma cells in order to generate hybrids possessing both parental functions, such as the production of antibody molecules and immortality. The generated hybridoma cells were then recloned and diluted to obtain stable monoclonal cell cultures secreting the desired monoclonal antibody in the culture supernatant. The supernatants were tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for antigen specificity. After the selection of appropriate cell clones, the cells were transferred to mass cultivation in order to produce the desired antibody molecule in large amounts. The purification of the antibodies is routinely performed by affinity chromatography. After purification, the antibody molecule can be characterized and validated for the final test application. The whole process takes 8 to 12 months of development, and there is a high risk that the antibody will not work in the desired test system.

An optimized protocol is presented for the generation of monoclonal antibodies based on the hybridoma technology. Mice were immunized with an immunoconjugate. Spleen cells were fused by PEG and an electric impulse with immortal myeloma cells. Antibody-producing hybridoma cells were selected by HAT and antigen-specific ELISA screening.

Hibridoma teknolojisi ile murin monoklonal antikorlar üretilmesi

Monoclonal antibodies are universal binding molecules and are widely used in biomedicine and research. Nevertheless, the generation of these binding ...

Yanal-flow teknolojisi kullanılarak Hematolojik Malignite Hastalarda invaziv pulmoner aspergillozis Algılama

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Lökosit Homing Göç ve non-invaziv Görüntüleme In vivo

Yapışkan bant tabanlı Örnekleme ve Floresans kombinasyonu In situ Hibridizasyon Salmonella Taze üretin