这项研究得到了资助，在促进科学（日本学术振兴会），批准援助赠款由教育部，文化，体育，科学和技术在日本，为日本社会科学的研究的援助从鸟类和日本科学技术厅，来自日本的神经信息学中心（NIJC），日本理化学研究所和科研优先领域，结合脑研究（师恩）赠款援助赠款援助的波峰的援助 - 由文部科学省在日本。我们感谢他们的协助，在这部电影奥哈拉公司和圆子林。

协议<ol><li>高架十字迷宫试验中使用的仪器是在A +的配置，包括对面的相互垂直的两个张开双臂（25 × 5 × 0.5厘米），两个中心（25 × 5 × 16厘米的封闭武器）平台（5 × 5 × 0.5厘米）。张开双臂有一个非常小（0.5厘米）的墙，以减少跌倒的人数，而封闭的武器有高（16厘米）的墙包围的手臂。整个装置是高出地面50厘米（大原公司，东京），是放置在一个空的圆形罐（100厘米直径，高35厘米，通常用于Morris水迷宫任务）保护小鼠下降或在实验过程中企图逃跑。该仪器是由塑​​料材料。该平台是白色的墙壁都是透明的。是在高架十字迷宫设备的材料和颜色的变化。 </li><li>小鼠与12 h光/暗周期（上午7:00灯）内，如前面所述（隆夫和宫川，2006A）。行为测试之间进行的上午9:00和下午6:00。所有实验小鼠转移到行为测试室30分钟前开始一审habituate行为测试室条件。测试顺序是平衡整个基因型。有两个测试试验的目的而使用的做法动物。其一是，以确保一切罚款录音系统。另一种是尽可能保持统一的测试条件。也就是说，在整个会议的第一个鼠标将与他人（即，测试业务，并从以前的试验中没有气味的线索事先没有噪音）没有这样的审判实践经验有所不同条件。根据京都大学的动物研究委员会的指导方针保持动物。 </li><li>行为测试室（170 × 210 × 200厘米，小原公司，东京）是隔音和光照强度保持在100勒克斯。鼠标被放置在中心区与走向一个封闭的手臂其头部的迷宫。高架十字迷宫实验是使用一台摄像机连接到电脑，这是一个远程设备控制记录。条目的数量（一个条目定义为鼠标的大规模进入手臂中心）到每个手臂和所花费的时间在张开双臂的记录和这些测量焦虑样行为的索引服务。 </li><li>小鼠被允许自由移动约10分钟的迷宫。每个鼠标接收一个在我们的测试电池的试验。用于采集和分析的行为数据（图片EP）的应用程序是基于对公共领域的图像J计划（韦恩Rasband在美国国立精神卫生研究所和在<a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/">可用</a> http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ <a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/">/ IJ</a> ），这是刚宫川（通过奥哈拉公司，日本东京）修改。 </li><li>移动的距离，到每个手臂的条目数量，时间花费在每个胳膊，和图片EP方案计算到张开双臂的条目％。 </li><li>每次试验后，所有的武器和中心区的清洁与超级次氯酸水，是一种高效去除异味剂和相对较弱的气味本身相比，其他的清洁解决方案，以防止对嗅觉线索为基础的偏见。因此，我们可以控制嗅觉线索的条件下进行测试。 </li></ol>

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所有的程序获得批准使用动物保健委员会和日本京都大学的。

尽管小鼠基因组已经测序，大多数基因的功能尚不清楚。 （奥斯汀等人，2004年;相叶等，2007）在小鼠的特定基因的缺失或其他操纵基因改造技术让。的突变小鼠（隆夫和宫川，2006年b;隆夫等，2007）的行为进行分析，然后确定特定基因上的一个特定的行为的影响。 高架十字迷宫测试的所有目前可用的动物模型焦虑的最流行的测试（1997年罗杰斯和Dalvi，克劳利，2007年）。这种焦虑行为测试已被用于筛选和转基因和基因敲除小鼠（克劳利，1999年）分型和药物发现（霍格等1996年;。克劳利，2007年）。高架十字迷宫试验有一个筛选（Rodgers和Dalvi，1997; Mechiel Korte和德波尔，2003;克劳利，2007年）;抗焦虑药物较强的预测有效性抗焦虑药物的增加，具体anxiogenic药物减少，条目的数量成张开双臂和所花费的时间。总项得分和总距离，被认为是一般的活动有用的索引。总条目评分也是焦虑指数，和条目，并在每个手臂所花费的时间的百分比构成初级焦虑指数（1997年，罗杰斯和Dalvi，Mechiel Korte和德波尔，2003年）。开启和关闭的武器被认为是引起同样的探索驱动，因此避免张开双臂被认为是一个更高层次的恐惧“（Rodgers和Dalvi，1997）归纳的结果。它被认为是造成开放和高架空间的恐惧，对小鼠的厌恶探索迷宫的张开双臂。 1984年，汉德利和Mithani高架X（加号）以上所述的迷宫测试的初步工作报告。原来的测试仪器提出了高出地面70厘米，由两个封闭，两个张开双臂，每个测量长45厘米，宽10厘米。在最初的研究中，他们打开/总ARM条目比“（汉德利和Mithani，1984年）。随后，其他指数包括的条目进入封闭式和开放式的武器和大鼠（Pellow等人，1985年; Pellow和文件，1986年）的封闭与开放的武器所花费的时间和小鼠（1987年，制表） 。 高架十字迷宫测试的变化包括延长都张开双臂（50 × 10厘米）和高大的围墙和一个封闭的武器打开屋顶的封闭武器（50 × 10 × 40厘米），整个迷宫升高到了50厘米（Pellow等，1985; Pellow和文件，1986年）的高度。目前，在我们的实验室，高架十字迷宫测试仪器配置在A +的形状，与对面的相互垂直的两个张开双臂（25 × 5厘米，与一个很轻微的，0.5厘米，墙上）两个封闭的武器（25 × 5 × 16厘米），并提出了高出地面50厘米（宫川等人，1996年，真锅等，2000;宫川等，2001;西格等，2004;森岛等人，2005年;宫本等，2005;箭头等，2006年;服部等，2007;尼曼等，2007;佐野等人，2008年，堀井等人，2008年，福田等，2008;池田等人，2008年）。被放置在鼠标+（5厘米× 5厘米）的中心，并允许自由探索迷宫。虽然5分钟的录音是共同的，行为记录在我们的协议为10分钟，以增加检测表型的机会。开放和封闭的高架武器诱发探索冲突（Mechiel Korte和德波尔，2003;克劳利，2007年）。 高架十字迷宫试验的措施，在实验过程中记录观察员出席了会议。在我们的实验室中，测试是一个视频摄像机连接到一台计算机和行为数据（图片EP）收购，并使用图像EP方案分析与记录。到与总手臂条目数量的张开双臂，张开双臂与封闭的武器花费的时间条目的数量，提供焦虑样行为的措施。 我们评估了超过90株突变小鼠基因工程使用在电影中的协议，并有超过5000个小鼠（包括野生型和突变型小鼠）的原始数据的大集。在我们的测试电池中，野生型窝通常用来作为对照。作为背景应变，C57BL/6J小鼠被广泛使用。我们收集C57BL/6J小鼠在行为测试数据。 C57BL/6J小鼠在高架十字迷宫测试获得的值如下（N = 914，平均SEM）的总距离：1547.55 14.27厘米;所花费的时间时间：56.49 2.42秒（张开双臂），384.02 3.13小号（封闭的武器），花了161.90 2.17秒（迷宫的中心）;的时间比在张开双臂：9.19 0.36％，在封闭的武器花费时间的比例：63.82 0.52％;条目数：7.64 0.21（张开双臂）， 24.32 0.28（封闭式武器）;％开放的胳膊条目：21.9 0.05％封闭武器条目：78.1 0.05。 C57BL/6J小鼠在张开双臂花更少的时间比在封闭的武器（P &lt;0.0001，N = 914，配对T T美国东部时间）。这表明，C57BL/6J小鼠倾向于避免张开双臂，和时间花费在张开双臂的焦虑样行为的有效指标。此外，测试顺序是平衡整个基因型，因为审判的数量会影响在张开双臂和中心平台所花费的时间。也就是说，指数均在第3和第4小鼠的增加相比，第一组（P = 0.0089，N = 476）（未发表数据）。随着我们的协议，超过1661小鼠的分析表明，在笼子里的测试小鼠的顺序，并没有显着影响的开放臂停留的时间（未发表数据）。也就是说，从笼中采取的第一个小鼠的表现没有显着差异从第二，第三或最后的老鼠。 虽然都用于评估类似焦虑的行为，高架十字迷宫试验和光/暗转换测试的结果并不总是一致（Holmes等，2000; Tujimura等，2008;岛等，按）例如，脑特定钙调磷酸酶基因敲除小鼠花费的时间减少的金额，光在光/暗转换测试室，但时间的增加量在高架十字迷宫测试（宫川等人张开双臂。 ，2003）。我们行为的测试电池的因子分析表明，高架十字迷宫试验和光/暗转换测试评估焦虑样行为的不同方面，如明亮的空间焦虑在光/暗转换测试和开放空间的焦虑，在开放的现场测试（隆夫和宫川，2006年b;山崎等人，2006年）的行为。因此，光/暗转换测试和高架十字迷宫试验，包括在我们的行为测试电池。 Crabbe和他的同事们报告说，控制变量和特征的突变体的实验可能产生的结果，具体到一个特定的实验室（克拉布等，1999）。程序实验室之间存在的差异，使其难以复制或它们之间的比较结果。建立协议的视觉文档，将促进更好地理解实验程序，允许在实验室和不同菌株的突变小鼠的行为表型的比较中使用的协议的标准化评估使用这些测试。我们以前发布的光/暗转换测试（隆夫和宫川，2006A）的电影协议。同样，其他的协议，如开放的现场测试，看电影，porsolt强迫游泳试验，目前正在作为未来视频杂志文章的出版和恐惧空调测试，我们在我们的行为的测试电池使用。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Elevated plus maze</td><td>Tool</td><td>O&amp;rsquo;hara Co.</td><td>(none)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

elevated plus maze for mice

尽管小鼠基因组完全测序，大部分在大脑中表达的基因的功能尚不清楚。突变小鼠的行为分析，可确定特定基因上的一个特定的行为的影响。如果目标基因表达在大脑中，表型的突变小鼠的行为可以澄清的遗传机制的正常行为。高架十字迷宫试验是最广泛使用的用于测量焦虑行为的测试之一。测试是基于开放和高架地区的小鼠的天然反感，以及其自然的自发的探索行为以新颖的环境。该仪器由越过中间互相垂直张开双臂和封闭的武器，和一个中心区。小鼠获得所有武器，并允许它们之间自由移动。张开双臂张开双臂所花费的时间到的条目数是用来作为开放空间诱导小鼠焦虑指数。不幸的是，实验室之间存在的程序上的差异使得它难以复制和实验室之间的结果进行比较。在这里，我们提出了一个详细的电影，高架十字迷宫试验证明我们的协议。在我们的实验室中，我们已经评估了超过90株的使用在电影中的协议的突变小鼠。作为一个公共数据库，我们现在建设的一部分，这些数据将被披露。可视化的协议将促进更好地了解整个实验过程的细节，允许在不同的实验室使用的协议和不同菌株的突变小鼠的行为表型的比较标准化的评估使用这个测试。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Elevated Plus Maze for Mice at JoVE.com

Elevated Plus Maze for Mice

高架十字迷宫试验是使用最广泛的测试般在小鼠焦虑行为的测量。在这里，我们目前的电影进行测试的详细程序。

对小鼠高架十字迷宫

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given ...

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

90.3K 次观看.  Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University. 高架十字迷宫试验是使用最广泛的测试般在小鼠焦虑行为的测量。在这里，我们目前的电影进行测试的详细程序。

视频: Elevated Plus Maze for Mice

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

在小鼠和大鼠连续的小巷测试焦虑

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

科研

行为学

Low-stress Route Learning Using the Lashley III Maze in Mice

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other aversive stimuli to motivate task acquisition. As animals age, sensory modalities deteriorate. For example, many strains of mice develop hearing deficits or cataracts. Changes in the sensory systems required to guide mice during task acquisition present potential confounds in interpreting learning changes in aging animals. Moreover, the use of aversive stimuli to motivate animals to learn tasks is potentially confounding when comparing mice with differential sensitivities to stress. To minimize these types of confounding effects, we have implemented a modified version of the Lashley III maze. This maze relies on route learning, whereby mice learn to navigate a maze via repeated exposure under low stress conditions, e.g. dark phase, no food/water deprivation, until they navigate a path from the start location to a pseudo-home cage with 0 or 1 error(s) on two consecutive trials. We classify this as a low-stress behavior test because it does not rely on aversive stimuli to encourage exploration of the maze and learning of the task. The apparatus consists of a modular start box, a 4-arm maze body, and a goal box. At the end of the goal box is a pseudo-home cage that contains bedding similar to that found in the animal&#x2019;s home cage and is specific to each animal for the duration of maze testing. It has been demonstrated previously that this pseudo-home cage provides sufficient reward to motivate mice to learn to navigate the maze1. Here, we present the visualization of the Lashley III maze procedure in the context of evaluating age-related differences in learning and memory in mice along with a comparison of learning behavior in two different background strains of mice. We hope that other investigators interested in evaluating the effects of aging or stress vulnerability in mice will consider this maze an attractive alternative to behavioral tests that involve more stressful learning tasks and/or visual cues.

The Lashley III maze is a route-learning task that does not rely on aversive stimuli or visual cues. It is thus a highly attractive option for evaluating learning and memory, especially in aging mice or otherwise where stress is a consideration.

低应力路线学习，在老鼠身上使用拉什利三迷宫

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other ...

神经科学

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

巴恩斯迷宫测试策略与小型和大型啮齿类动物模型

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

使用开放式现场迷宫来衡量小鼠的运动能力和焦虑样行为

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral science, conflicting outcomes are often provided from different laboratories. To identify reasons for the different outcomes, we previously focused on arm features, which differ between laboratories, most notably the presence/absence of ledges at the sides of open arms and the transparency/opaqueness of closed arm walls. In a previous report, we used a custom designed container to compare rat behavior on different combinations of open and closed arm designs under otherwise identical experimental conditions, and showed that differences in arm features interfere with experimental outcomes. In brief, open arm ledges significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in rats, while transparent arms may also have decreased this behavior. Furthermore, we verified a higher detection sensitivity of the effect of an anxiolytic drug in a combination of no-ledged open arm + opaque walled closed arm compared with a combination of ledged open arm + transparent walled closed arm. In this report, we introduce our protocol for the elevated plus maze test, together with discussion of the key results from the previous report and our experimental experience. We believe this report will provide useful information for researchers who have employed or who plan to use the elevated plus maze in their studies.

Rats' anxiety-like behavior tested by the elevated plus maze varies highly depending on the testing environment. Here we show how apparatus settings, especially arm structure, affect behavior on the maze, and we explain a reliable protocol to detect effects of anxiolytic drugs. This report will contribute to anxiety research.

大鼠动物焦虑症的实验研究: 开放臂壁和闭合臂墙透明度对高加迷宫试验的影响

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

利用巴恩斯迷宫和困境中的破坏范式分析小鼠的空间学习和社会行为

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The purpose of the method is to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments on laboratory rodent models. The EPM test is based on the rodents&#39; proclivity toward protected, enclosed dark spaces and unconditioned fear of open spaces and heights, and their innate intense motivation to explore novel environments. The EPM test is a widely used behavioral test for investigating the anxiolytic or anxiogenic responses of rodents given drugs that are known to affect behavior. Observation demonstrating a decreased proportion of time spent on closed arms, an increased proportion of time spent on open arms, a reduced number of entries to closed arms, and an elevated number of entries to open arms measured by the EPM test may reflect reduced anxiety levels. Using this method, the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anxiety-related behavior is tested in Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats. Exogenous ketone supplements are chronically fed to the rats for 83 days or subchronically and acutely orally gavaged, daily for 7 days, before conducting the EPM test. Behavioral data collection is performed using the SMART video tracking system by a blinded observer at the end of the treatments. The main findings indicate that the EPM test is an effective method to detect the ketone supplement-induced anxiolytic effect and can be considered a sensitive measure to assess changes in anxiety behavior associated with drug- or metabolic-based therapies.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate changes in the anxiety level of rodent animal models. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test, used together with a video tracking software, provides a reliable method to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments in preclinical laboratory scenarios.

高架加迷宫试验结合视频跟踪软件研究外源性生酮类补充剂的毒性作用

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The ...

Chronic Stress Shifts Effort-Related Choice Behavior in a Y-Maze Barrier Task in Mice

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that measures motivation to expend effort and obtain reward. In mice, chronic stress exposure significantly impacts motivation to work for a higher value reward when a lesser value reward is freely available compared to unstressed mice. Here we describe the chronic corticosterone administration paradigm, which produces a shift in effortful responding in the Y-maze barrier task. In the Y-maze task, one arm contains 4 food pellets, while the other arm contains only 2 pellets. After mice learn to select the high reward arm, barriers with progressively increasing height are then introduced into the high reward arm over multiple test sessions. Unfortunately, most chronic stress paradigms (including corticosterone and social defeat) were developed in male mice and are less effective in female mice. Therefore, we also discuss chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), a stress paradigm we developed that is effective in both male and female mice. Repeating results with multiple distinct chronic stressors in male and female mice combined with increased usage of translationally relevant behavior tasks will help to advance the understanding of how chronic stress can precipitate mood disorders.

The Y-maze barrier task is a behavior test that examines motivation to expend effort for reward. Here, we discuss testing multiple well-validated chronic stressors including chronic corticosterone and social defeat stress with this behavior, as well as the novel chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), which is effective in females.

在小鼠的 Y-Maze 障碍任务中，慢性应力转移与工作量相关的选择行为

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that ...

Investigating Migraine-Like Behavior Using Light Aversion in Mice

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as photophobia. Whilst it is impossible to confirm that a mouse is experiencing migraine, light aversion can be used as a behavioral surrogate for the migraine symptom of photophobia. To test for light aversion, we utilize the light/dark assay to measure the time mice freely choose to spend in either a light or dark environment. The assay has been refined by introducing two critical modifications: pre-exposures to the chamber prior to running the test procedure and adjustable chamber lighting, permitting the use of a range of light intensities from 55 lux to 27,000 lux. Because the choice to spend more time in the dark is also indicative of anxiety, we also utilize a light-independent anxiety test, the open field assay, to distinguish anxiety from light-aversive behavior. Here, we describe a modified test paradigm for the light/dark and open field assays. The application of these assays is described for intraperitoneal injection of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in two mouse strains and for optogenetic brain stimulation studies.

Rodents are not able to report migraine symptoms. Here, we describe a manageable test paradigm (light/dark and open field assays) to measure light aversion, one of the most common and bothersome symptoms in patients with migraines.

使用轻度厌恶研究小鼠偏头痛样行为

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as ...

使用行为测试验证 Angelman 综合征的小鼠模型

Behavioral Characterization of an Angelman Syndrome Mouse Model

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of AS. We use the rotarod learning paradigm, detailed gait analysis, and nest building test to detect and characterize animal motor impairments. We test animal emotionality in the open field and elevated plus maze tests, as well as the affect in the tail suspension test. When AS mice are tested in the open field test, the results should be interpreted with care, since motor dysfunctions influence mouse behavior in the maze and alter activity scores.
The reproducibility and effectiveness of the presented behavioral tests has already been validated in several independent Uba3a mouse lines with different knockout variants, establishing this set of tests as an excellent validation tool in AS research. Models with the relevant construct and face validity will warrant further investigations to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disease and grant the development of causal treatments.

作者聚焦:用于验证 Angelman 综合征小鼠模型的一系列高度可重复的行为测试 

This manuscript presents a set of highly reproducible behavioral tests to validate an Angelman syndrome mouse model.

安格曼综合征小鼠模型的行为表征

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of ...