Este trabalho foi apoiado em parte pelo Van Andel Research Institute e uma bolsa de pesquisa dos Institutos Nacionais de Saúde (CA181343) para SBR

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A confiabilidade de anticorpos em aplicações de pesquisa biomédica é primordial 46 , 47 . Isto é especialmente verdadeiro na bioquímica da cromatina, dada a posição dos anticorpos como ferramentas-chave para a maioria das técnicas desenvolvidas para caracterizar a abundância e distribuição de PTM de histonas. O protocolo apresentado aqui detalha um pipeline otimizado para o projeto, fabricação e uso de microarrays de péptidos para analisar a espec...

O DNA genômico é embalado elegantemente dentro do núcleo da célula eucariótica com proteínas histonas para formar cromatina. A subunidade de repetição da cromatina é o nucleossoma, que consiste em 147 pares de bases de DNA envolvidos em torno de um núcleo octamerico de proteínas histonas - H2A, H2B, H3 e H4 1 . A cromatina é amplamente organizada em eucromatina vagamente compactada e domínios de heterocromatina bem embalados. O grau de compactação da cromatina regula a medida em que as máquinas de proteínas podem acessar o DNA subjacente para realizar processos fundamentais de DNA, tais como replicação, transcrição e reparo. Os principais reguladores da acessibilidade do genoma no contexto da cromatina são PTMs na cauda não estruturada e nos domínios principais das proteínas das histonas 2 , 3 . Os PTM Histone funcionam diretamente influenciando a estrutura da cromatina 4 e indiretamente através daH o recrutamento de proteínas leitoras e seus complexos macromoleculares associados que possuem atividades de remodelação da cromatina, enzima e andaimes 5 . Estudos sobre a função das histonas PTM nas últimas duas décadas sugerem esmagadoramente que essas marcas desempenham papéis fundamentais na regulação do destino das células, do desenvolvimento organizacional e da iniciação / progressão da doença. Alimentado pelos avanços na tecnologia proteômica baseada em espectrometria de massa, foram descobertas mais de 20 PTM de histonas únicas em mais de 80 resíduos de histonas distintas 6 . Notavelmente, essas modificações geralmente ocorrem em combinações e consistentes com a hipótese do &quot;código histônico&quot;, numerosos estudos sugerem que as proteínas leitoras são direcionadas para regiões discretas de cromatina através do reconhecimento de combinações específicas de histonas PTM 7 , 8 , 9 . Um desafio chave para avançar será atribuir funções ao grDevido a lista de PTM de histonas e para determinar como combinações específicas de PTM de histonas orquestra as funções dinâmicas associadas à cromatina. Os anticorpos são os reagentes lynchpin para a detecção de PTM de histonas. Como tal, mais de 1.000 anticorpos específicos de PTM de histonas foram comercialmente desenvolvidos para uso em pesquisa de bioquímica de cromatina. Com o rápido desenvolvimento da tecnologia de sequenciação de DNA de alto rendimento, esses reagentes estão sendo amplamente utilizados por pesquisadores individuais e iniciativas de &quot;roteiro&quot; de epigenômica em larga escala ( por exemplo , ENCODE e BLUEPRINT) em ChIP-seq (imunoprecipitação de cromatina, juntamente com sequenciação da próxima geração ) Pipelines para gerar mapas espaciais de alta resolução da distribuição de histonas PTM em todo o genoma 10 , 11 . No entanto, estudos recentes mostraram que a especificidade dos anticorpos PTM das histonas pode ser altamente variável e que esses reagentes exibem falta<html> Propriedades avoráveis, como o reconhecimento do epitopo fora do alvo, forte influência positiva e negativa dos PTM vizinhos e dificuldade em discriminar a ordem de modificação sobre um resíduo particular ( por exemplo , mono-, di- ou trimetilisina) 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16, 17, 18. Portanto, o controle de qualidade rigoroso dos reagentes de anticorpos específicos de PTM de histonas é necessário para interpretar com precisão os dados gerados com esses reagentes valiosos. A tecnologia Microarray permite a interrogação simultânea de milhares de interações macromoleculares em um formato de alto rendimento, reprodutível e miniaturizado. Por esta razão, uma variedade de plataformas de microarray foram criadas para analisar proteína-DNA 19 ,&quot;, 20, proteína-proteína 21 e interações proteína-péptido 22. Na verdade, as microarrays de péptidos de histonas emergiram como uma plataforma de descoberta informativa para pesquisa de bioquímica de cromatina, permitindo o perfil de alto rendimento dos escritores, borrachas e leitores de histonas PTMs 15 , 23 , 24 e também para a análise da especificidade do anticorpo das histonas 17 , 25. Além da sua aplicação na pesquisa de cromatina e epigenética, os arrays de péptidos de histona possuem utilidade potencial como teste diagnóstico / prognóstico para lúpus eritematoso sistêmico e outras doenças autoimunes em que os anticorpos anti- Os autoanticorpos da cromatina são gerados 26 , 27 . Aqui, descrevemos um pipeline integrado que desenvolvemos para projetar, fabricar e queGerando microarrays de péptidos de histona para gerar perfis de especificidade para anticorpos que reconhecem histonas e seus PTMs. O pipeline é facilitado pela ArrayNinja, uma aplicação de software de código aberto e interativa que desenvolvemos recentemente, que integra os estágios de design e análise das experiências de microarrays 28 . ArrayNinja funciona melhor no Google Chrome. Resumidamente, uma impressora de microarray de contato robotizado é usada para depositar uma biblioteca de péptidos de histona conjugados com biotina em posições definidas em lâminas de microscópio de vidro revestidas com estreptavidina. As matrizes podem então ser usadas em um formato de ensaio competitivo e paralelo para interrogar interações anticorpo-epítopo ( Figura 1 ). A biblioteca de péptidos consiste em centenas de péptidos sintéticos únicos que abrigam PTMs (acetilação de lisina, metilação de lisina / arginina e fosforilação de serina / treonina) e em combinações relevantes em grande parte derivadas de conjuntos de dados proteômicos. Métodos para síntese e validação de péptidos<html> São detalhados em outro lugar 23 . Os dados gerados a partir dos nossos atuais esforços de rastreamento de anticorpos de PTM de histonas utilizando esta plataforma de matriz são arquivados em um recurso público da Web, a Histone Antibody Specificity Database (www.histoneantibodies.com). Notavelmente, as microarrays de péptidos de histonas fabricadas com variações deste protocolo também foram utilizadas amplamente para caracterizar a atividade dos domínios de leitor PTM de histona 8 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 e, mais recentemente, para histona de perfil Atividades de gravador e borracha PTM 24 . /files/ftp_upload/55912/55912fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; Figura 1: Desenho dos desenhos animados do procedimento Stepwise para triagem de anticorpos em um microarray de péptido de histona. Os péptidos de histona biotinilados que abrigam modificações pós-translacionais definidas (círculos vermelho e azul) são co-impressos com biotina-fluoresceína em vidro revestido com estreptavidina. As interações positivas são visualizadas como fluorescência vermelha. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55912/55912fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="746">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Printing Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">ArrayIt</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">PPB</td>
			<td style="width:281px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Omnipure</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:105px;">2390</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Streptavidin-coated glass microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td>439003-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">polypropylene 384 well plate</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:105px;">784201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Biotin-fluorescein</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Sigma</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:105px;">53608</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">contact microarray printer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Aushon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:105px;">2470</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Aushon 2470 Microarray Printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">contact microarray printer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Gene Machines</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">OmniGrid 100</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">OmniGrid Microarray Printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:105px;">14190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Blocking Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">ArrayIt</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">SBB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Hydrophobic wax pen</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Vector Labs</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">H-4000</td>
			<td>ImmEdge Hydrophobic Barrier PAP Pen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Silicon Gasket</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Grace Bio-labs</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:105px;">622511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Hybridization Vessel</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">267061</td>
			<td>or similar vessel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Fluorescent-dye conjugated secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A-21244</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Alexa Fluor 647 (anti-rabbit)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Fluorescent-dye conjugated secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A-21235</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Alexa Fluor 647 (anti-mouse)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Wax Imprinter</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">ArrayIt</td>
			<td>MSI48</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Omnipure</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:105px;">9490</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Microarray Scanner</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Innopsys</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">InnoScan 1100AL</td>
			<td>or equivalent microarray scanner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">EipTitan Histone Peptide Microarray</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Epicypher</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:105px;">112001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">AbSurance Pro Histone Peptide Microarray</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Millipore</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:105px;">16668</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">MODified Histone Peptide Array</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Active Motif</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:105px;">13001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Histone Code Peptide Microarrays</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">JPT</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">His_MA_01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Wax</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Royal Oak</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">GulfWax</td>
			<td>for wax imprinter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Humidified Microarray Slide Hybridization Chamber</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">97000-284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">High throughput microscope slide washing chamber</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">ArrayIt</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">HTW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Microscope slide centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">VWR</td>
			<td>93000-204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Antibody 1</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:105px;">8898</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Antibody 2</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">07-473</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:255px;">Biotinylated histone peptide</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">EpiCypher</td>
			<td>12-0001</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Example peptide. Similar peptides with various modifications are available from several commercial sources.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">ImageMagick</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:105px;"></td>
			<td>https://www.imagemagick.org/script/index.php</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">ArrayNinja</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:105px;"></td>
			<td>https://rothbartlab.vai.org/tools/</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of histone antibody specificity with peptide microarrays

As modificações pós-translacionais (PTMs) nas proteínas das histonas são amplamente estudadas quanto aos seus papéis na regulação da estrutura da cromatina e da expressão gênica. A produção em massa e a distribuição de anticorpos específicos para as PTM das histonas facilitaram grandemente a pesquisa nessas marcas. Como os anticorpos PTM das histonas são reagentes-chave para muitas aplicações de bioquímica de cromatina, a análise rigorosa da especificidade do anticorpo é necessária para a interpretação precisa dos dados e o progresso contínuo no campo. Este protocolo descreve uma tubagem integrada para o projeto, fabricação e uso de microarrays de péptidos para perfilar a especificidade de anticorpos de histonas. Os aspectos de design e análise deste procedimento são facilitados pelo ArrayNinja, um pacote de software de código aberto e interativo desenvolvido recentemente para simplificar a personalização de formatos de impressão em microarray. Este pipeline foi usado para exibir um grande número de antibióticos de histona PTM, amplamente utilizados e comercializados.S, e os dados gerados a partir dessas experiências estão disponíveis gratuitamente através de um banco de dados de especificações de anticorpos de histona online e em expansão. Além das histonas, a metodologia geral aqui descrita pode ser aplicada amplamente à análise de anticorpos específicos de PTM.

Este protocolo tem sido usado para projetar e fabricar uma plataforma de microarrays de péptidos para a análise da especificidade de anticorpos de PTM das histonas. A matriz consulta uma biblioteca de mais de 300 características peptídicas únicas (20 a 40 resíduos de comprimento) representando muitas das combinações conhecidas de PTMs encontradas nas proteínas histonas núcleo e variante 38 . Este pipeline tem sido um campo de trabalho para a triagem de m...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Histone Antibody Specificity with Peptide Microarrays at JoVE.com

Analysis of Histone Antibody Specificity with Peptide Microarrays

Análise da especificidade de anticorpo com histona com microarrays de péptidos

Este manuscrito descreve métodos para a aplicação de tecnologia de microarrays de péptidos para o perfil específico de anticorpos que reconhecem histonas e suas modificações pós-tradução.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) on histone proteins are widely studied for their roles in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression. The ...

analysis-of-histone-antibody-specificity-with-peptide-microarrays

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

39.8K visualizações.  Van Andel Research Institute.  Este manuscrito descreve métodos para a aplicação de tecnologia de microarrays de péptidos para o perfil específico de anticorpos que reconhecem histonas e suas modificações pós-tradução. 

Vídeo: Analysis of Histone Antibody Specificity with Peptide Microarrays

Laboratory Scale Production and Purification of a Therapeutic Antibody

Ensuring the successful production of a therapeutic antibody begins early on in the development process. The first stage is vector expression of the antibody genes followed by stable transfection into a suitable cell line. The stable clones are subjected to screening in order to select those clones with desired production and growth characteristics. This is a critical albeit time-consuming step in the process. This protocol considers vector selection and sourcing of antibody sequences for the expression of a therapeutic antibody. The methods describe preparation of vector DNA for stable transfection of a suspension variant of human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) cell line, using polyethylenimine (PEI). The cells are transfected as adherent cells in serum-containing media to maximize transfection efficiency, and afterwards adapted to serum-free conditions. Large scale production, setup as batch overgrow cultures is used to yield antibody protein that is purified by affinity chromatography using an automated fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) instrument. The antibody yields produced by this method can provide sufficient protein to begin initial characterization of the antibody. This may include in vitro assay development or physicochemical characterization to aid in the time-consuming task of clonal screening for lead candidates. This method can be transferable to the development of an expression system for the production of biosimilar antibodies.

This protocol describes the production of a therapeutic antibody in a mammalian expression system. The methods described include preparation of vector DNA, stable transfection and serum-free adaptation of a human embryonic kidney 293 cell line, set up of large scale cultures and purification using affinity chromatography.

Produção à escala laboratorial e purificação de um anticorpo terapêutico

Ensuring the successful production of a therapeutic antibody begins early on in the development process. The first stage is vector expression of the ...

Bioquímica

Easy Manipulation of Architectures in Protein-based Hydrogels for Cell Culture Applications

Hydrogels are recognized as promising materials for cell culture applications due to their ability to provide highly hydrated cell environments. The field of 3D templates is rising due to the potential resemblance of those materials to the natural extracellular matrix. Protein-based hydrogels are particularly promising because they can easily be functionalized and can achieve defined structures with adjustable physicochemical properties. However, the production of macroporous 3D templates for cell culture applications using natural materials is often limited by their weaker mechanical properties compared to those of synthetic materials. Here, different methods were evaluated to produce macroporous bovine serum albumin (BSA)-based hydrogel systems, with adjustable pore sizes in the range of 10 to 70 &#181;m in radius. Furthermore, a method to generate channels in this protein-based material that are several hundred microns long was established. The different methods to produce pores, as well as the influence of pore size on material properties such as swelling ratio, pH, temperature stability, and enzymatic degradation behavior, were analyzed. Pore sizes were investigated in the native, swollen state of the hydrogels using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The feasibility for cell culture applications was evaluated using a cell-adhesive RGD peptide modification of the protein system and two model cell lines: human breast cancer cells (A549) and adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (MCF7).

Different methods to manipulate three-dimensional architecture in protein-based hydrogels are evaluated here with respect to material properties. The macroporous networks are functionalized with a cell-adhesive peptide, and their feasibility in cell culture is evaluated using two different model cell lines.

Fácil manipulação das arquiteturas em hidrogel à base de proteínas para aplicações de cultura de células

Hydrogels are recognized as promising materials for cell culture applications due to their ability to provide highly hydrated cell environments. The field ...

Semi-automated Biopanning of Bacterial Display Libraries for Peptide Affinity Reagent Discovery and Analysis of Resulting Isolates

Biopanning bacterial display libraries is a proven technique for peptide affinity reagent discovery for recognition of both biotic and abiotic targets. Peptide affinity reagents can be used for similar applications to antibodies, including sensing and therapeutics, but are more robust and able to perform in more extreme environments. Specific enrichment of peptide capture agents to a protein target of interest is enhanced using semi-automated sorting methods which improve binding and wash steps and therefore decrease the occurrence of false positive binders. A semi-automated sorting method is described herein for use with a commercial automated magnetic-activated cell sorting device with an unconstrained bacterial display sorting library expressing random 15-mer peptides. With slight modifications, these methods are extendable to other automated devices, other sorting libraries, and other organisms. A primary goal of this work is to provide a comprehensive methodology and expound the thought process applied in analyzing and minimizing the resulting pool of candidates. These techniques include analysis of on-cell binding using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), to assess affinity and specificity during sorting and in comparing individual candidates, and the analysis of peptide sequences to identify trends and consensus sequences for understanding and potentially improving the affinity to and specificity for the target of interest.

Biopanning bacterial display libraries is a proven technique for discovery of peptide affinity reagents, a robust alternative to antibodies. The semi-automated sorting method herein has streamlined biopanning to decrease the occurrence of false positives. Here we illustrate the thought process and techniques applied in evaluating candidates and minimizing downstream analysis.

Biopanning semi-automático de exibição bacteriana bibliotecas para peptídeo afinidade reagente descoberta e análise dos isolados resultantes

Biopanning bacterial display libraries is a proven technique for peptide affinity reagent discovery for recognition of both biotic and abiotic targets. ...

The Determination of Protease Specificity in Mouse Tissue Extracts by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: Manipulating PH to Cause Specificity Changes

Proteases have several biological functions, including protein activation/inactivation and food digestion. Identifying protease specificity is important for revealing protease function. The method proposed in this study determines protease specificity by measuring the molecular weight of unique substrates using Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The substrates contain iminobiotin, while the cleaved site consists of amino acids, and the spacer consists of polyethylene glycol. The cleaved substrate will generate a unique molecular weight using a cleaved amino acid. One of the merits of this method is that it may be carried out in one pot using crude samples, and it is also suitable for assessing multiple samples. In this article, we describe a simple experimental method optimized with samples extracted from mouse lung tissue, including tissue extraction, placement of digestive substrates into samples, purification of digestive substrates under different pH conditions, and measurement of the substrates&#39; molecular weight using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In summary, this technique allows for the identification of protease specificity in crude samples derived from tissue extracts using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, which may easily be scaled up for multiple sample processing.

Here, we present a protocol to determine protease specificity in crude mouse tissue extracts using MALDI-TOF spectrometry.

A determinação da especificidade da Protease no Mouse tecido extrai por espectrometria de massa MALDI-TOF: manipulando o PH para causar alterações de especificidade

Proteases have several biological functions, including protein activation/inactivation and food digestion. Identifying protease specificity is important ...

Kinase Inhibitor Screening In Self-assembled Human Protein Microarrays

The screening of kinase inhibitors is crucial for better understanding properties of a drug and for the identification of potentially new targets with clinical implications. Several methodologies have been reported to accomplish such screening. However, each has its own limitations (e.g., the screening of only ATP analogues, restriction to using purified kinase domains, significant costs associated with testing more than a few kinases at a time, and lack of flexibility in screening protein kinases with novel mutations). Here, a new protocol that overcomes some of these limitations and can be used for the unbiased screening of kinase inhibitors is presented. A strength of this method is its ability to compare the activity of kinase inhibitors across multiple proteins, either between different kinases or different variants of the same kinase. Self-assembled protein microarrays generated through the expression of protein kinases by a human-based in vitro transcription and translation system (IVTT) are employed. The proteins displayed on the microarray are active, allowing for measurement of the effects of kinase inhibitors. The following procedure describes the protocol steps in detail, from the microarray generation and screening to the data analysis.

A detailed protocol for the generation of self-assembled human protein microarrays for the screening of kinase inhibitors is presented.

Triagem de inibidores da quinase em Microarrays de proteínas humanas Automontados

The screening of kinase inhibitors is crucial for better understanding properties of a drug and for the identification of potentially new targets with ...

Isolation of Histone from Sorghum Leaf Tissue for Top Down Mass Spectrometry Profiling of Potential Epigenetic Markers

Histones belong to a family of highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes. They pack DNA into nucleosomes as functional units of chromatin. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones, which are highly dynamic and can be added or removed by enzymes, play critical roles in regulating gene expression. In plants, epigenetic factors, including histone PTMs, are related to their adaptive responses to the environment. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic control can bring unprecedented opportunities for innovative bioengineering solutions. Herein, we describe a protocol to isolate the nuclei and purify histones from sorghum leaf tissue. The extracted histones can be analyzed in their intact forms by top-down mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with online reversed-phase (RP) liquid chromatography (LC). Combinations and stoichiometry of multiple PTMs on the same histone proteoform can be readily identified. In addition, histone tail clipping can be detected using the top-down LC-MS workflow, thus, yielding the global PTM profile of core histones (H4, H2A, H2B, H3). We have applied this protocol previously to profile histone PTMs from sorghum leaf tissue collected from a large-scale field study, aimed at identifying epigenetic markers of drought resistance. The protocol could potentially be adapted and optimized for chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq), or for studying histone PTMs in similar plants.

The protocol has been developed to effectively extract intact histones from sorghum leaf materials for profiling of histone post-translational modifications that can serve as potential epigenetic markers to aid engineering drought resistant crops.

Isolamento de Histone do tecido da folha de sorgo para perfil de espectrometria de massa de top down de potenciais marcadores epigenéticos

Histones belong to a family of highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes. They pack DNA into nucleosomes as functional units of chromatin. ...

Rapid Determination of Antibody-Antigen Affinity by Mass Photometry

Measurements of the specificity and affinity of antigen-antibody interactions are critically important for medical and research applications. In this protocol, we describe the implementation of a new single-molecule technique, mass photometry (MP), for this purpose. MP is a label- and immobilization-free technique that detects and quantifies molecular masses and populations of antibodies and antigen-antibody complexes on a single-molecule level. MP analyzes the antigen-antibody sample within minutes, allowing for the precise determination of the binding affinity and simultaneously providing information on the stoichiometry and the oligomeric state of the proteins. This is a simple and straightforward technique that requires only picomole quantities of protein and no expensive consumables. The same procedure can be used to study protein-protein binding for proteins with a molecular mass larger than 50 kDa. For multivalent protein interactions, the affinities of multiple binding sites can be obtained in a single measurement. However, the single-molecule mode of measurement and the lack of labeling imposes some experimental limitations. This method gives the best results when applied to measurements of sub-micromolar interaction affinities, antigens with a molecular mass of 20 kDa or larger, and relatively pure protein samples. We also describe the procedure for performing the required fitting and calculation steps using basic data analysis software.

We describe a single-molecule approach to antigen-antibody affinity measurements using mass photometry (MP). The MP-based protocol is fast, accurate, uses a very small amount of material, and does not require protein modification.

Determinação rápida da afinidade anticorpo-antígeno por fotometria em massa

Measurements of the specificity and affinity of antigen-antibody interactions are critically important for medical and research applications. In this ...

Cell-Free Production of Proteoliposomes for Functional Analysis and Antibody Development Targeting Membrane Proteins

Membrane proteins play essential roles in a variety of cellular processes and perform vital functions. Membrane proteins are medically important in drug discovery because they are the targets of more than half of all drugs. An obstacle to conducting biochemical, biophysical, and structural studies of membrane proteins as well as antibody development has been the difficulty in producing large amounts of high-quality membrane protein with correct conformation and activity. Here we describe a &#8220;bilayer-dialysis method&#8221; using a wheat germ cell-free system, liposomes, and dialysis cups to efficiently synthesize membrane proteins and prepare purified proteoliposomes in a short time with a high success rate. Membrane proteins can be produced as much as in several milligrams, such as GPCRs, ion channels, transporters, and tetraspanins. This cell-free method contributes to reducing the time, cost and effort for preparing high-quality proteoliposomes, and provides suitable means for functional analysis of membrane proteins, drug targets screening, and antibody development.

This protocol describes an efficient cell-free method for production of high-quality proteoliposome by bilayer-dialysis method using wheat cell-free system and liposomes. This method provides suitable means for functional analysis of membrane proteins, drug targets screening, and antibody development.

Produção Livre de Células de Proteolipossomas para Análise Funcional e Desenvolvimento de Anticorpos Visando Proteínas de Membrana

Membrane proteins play essential roles in a variety of cellular processes and perform vital functions. Membrane proteins are medically important in drug ...

Cryo-EM and Single-Particle Analysis with Scipion

Cryo-electron microscopy has become one of the most important tools in biological research to reveal the structural information of macromolecules at near-atomic resolution. In single-particle analysis, the vitrified sample is imaged by an electron beam and the detectors at the end of the microscope column produce movies of that sample. These movies contain thousands of images of identical particles in random orientations. The data need to go through an image processing workflow with multiple steps to obtain the final 3D reconstructed volume. The goal of the image processing workflow is to identify the acquisition parameters to be able to reconstruct the specimen under study. Scipion provides all the tools to create this workflow using several image processing packages in an integrative framework, also allowing the traceability of the results. In this article the whole image processing workflow in Scipion is presented and discussed with data coming from a real test case, giving all the details necessary to go from the movies obtained by the microscope to a high resolution final 3D reconstruction. Also, the power of using consensus tools that allow combining methods, and confirming results along every step of the workflow, improving the accuracy of the obtained results, is discussed.

Single-particle analysis in cryo-electron microscopy is one of the main techniques used to determine the structure of biological ensembles at high resolution. Scipion provides the tools to create the whole pipeline to process the information acquired by the microscope and achieve a 3D reconstruction of the biological specimen.

Crio-EM e Análise de Partículas Únicas com Scipion

Cryo-electron microscopy has become one of the most important tools in biological research to reveal the structural information of macromolecules at ...

In Vitro Characterization of Histone Chaperones using Analytical, Pull-Down and Chaperoning Assays

Histone proteins associate with DNA to form the eukaryotic chromatin. The basic unit of chromatin is a nucleosome, made up of a histone octamer consisting of two copies of the core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, wrapped around by the DNA. The octamer is composed of two copies of an H2A/H2B dimer and a single copy of an H3/H4 tetramer. The highly charged core histones are prone to non-specific interactions with several proteins in the cellular cytoplasm and the nucleus. Histone chaperones form a diverse class of proteins that shuttle histones from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and aid their deposition onto the DNA, thus assisting the nucleosome assembly process. Some histone chaperones are specific for either H2A/H2B or H3/H4, and some function as chaperones for both. This protocol describes how in vitro laboratory techniques such as pull-down assays, analytical size-exclusion chromatography, analytical ultra-centrifugation, and histone chaperoning assay could be used in tandem to confirm whether a given protein is functional as a histone chaperone.

In Vitro Characterization of Histone Chaperones using Analytical, Pull-Down and Chaperoning Assays

This protocol describes a battery of methods that includes analytical size-exclusion chromatography to study histone chaperone oligomerization and stability, pull-down assay to unravel histone chaperone-histone interactions, AUC to analyze the stoichiometry of the protein complexes, and histone chaperoning assay to functionally characterize a putative histone chaperone in vitro.

In vitro Caracterização de Chaperones de Histonas utilizando Ensaios Analíticos, Pull-Down e Chaperoning

Histone proteins associate with DNA to form the eukaryotic chromatin. The basic unit of chromatin is a nucleosome, made up of a histone octamer consisting ...