Este trabalho foi apoiado por uma bolsa da Fundação Simons (SFARI # 89638 para RB).

O protocolo seguinte adere às diretrizes do Conselho de Revisão Institucional da Universidade de Washington. 1. Avaliação eletrofisiológica <ol><li> Preparação de Sessão <ol><li> Preparação da sala: coloque o manipulandum (ver Figura 1), um bloco de madeira com um sensor ligado, que envia um marcador com carimbo de tempo para aquisição de software quando ele é apreendido, em cima da mesa dentro de agarrar alcance do participante. Ative software de aquisição de EEG e começar a &quot;nova sessão&quot; (Figura S1). </li><li> Preparação útil: solução morna de água destilada (1 L), cloreto de potássio (1 colher de sopa) e xampu (1 colher de chá) a 104 ° F. Mergulhe 128-eletrodo densa-array sistema de EEG na solução salina aquecida. </li><li> Preparação Participante: garantir que o participante está sentado confortavelmente cerca de 75 cm do monitor de apresentação do estímulo e em plena vista da câmera de vídeoera. Encontre e marque o vértice sobre a cabeça do participante com um marcador de pele. Meça o vértice por encontrar a interseção do ponto médio entre o násio eo ínion e ponto médio entre preauriculars. </li><li> Net aplicação: Coloque a tampa de EEG na cabeça do participante de tal forma que o eletrodo vértice é colocado diretamente sobre a marca de vértice. Verificar impedâncias e assegurar que as impedâncias são abaixo do limiar apropriado para o sistema de EEG em uso (Figura S2). </li><li> Comece a sessão de vídeo gravação. </li></ol></li><li> Configuração de gravação: Sinal de referência para o eletrodo de vértice. Filtro analógico entre 0,1 e 100 Hz, amplificar o sinal e digitalizar a 500 amostras / seg. </li><li> Apresentação do estímulo: presente participante com três condições: observar, executar e descanso, adaptados do paradigma desenvolvido por Muthukumaraswamy e colegas 5. <ol><li> Observe condição: Instrua participante para sentar-se calmamente e assistirum vídeo de uma pessoa segurando o manipulandum. Cada ensaio deve durar 6 segundos. Tempo de vídeo pré-gravado para os ensaios observar com precisão para assegurar que o aperto observada ocorre exactamente 3 seg. Monitorar atenção visual do participante durante a tarefa, e marcar ensaios durante a qual eles não frequentam a tela para ser descartado no pós-processamento. </li><li> Executar condição: Instrua participante para sentar-se calmamente com descanso mão direita, logo abaixo do manipulandum e, ao ouvir um sinal sonoro pré-gravado, a imitar a garra manipulandum do observar videoclipe condição. Cada ensaio deve durar 6 segundos. Verifique se o sinal sonoro é apresentado em exatamente 3 segundos por prerecording uma faixa auditivo que mantém um consistente cronometrado executar sugestão e intervalo inter-julgamento. Utilize um sensor na manipulandum para gravar com precisão o tempo que compreensão do participante ocorre (Figura S3). </li><li> Condição de repouso: Instrua participante para sentar-se quietly com os olhos abertos e passivamente observar uma pequena cruz no monitor estímulo. Registro EEG contínuo durante a condição de descanso para 3 min. </li><li> Para tanto observar e executar as condições, apresentam blocos casualizados de dez ensaios, para um total de quarenta ensaios por condição. Certifique-se de que a imagem do manipulandum permanece na tela ao longo dos blocos de observar e executar, inclusive entre os ensaios. Administrar a condição de repouso após a conclusão das condições de observar e executar. </li></ol></li><li> Informática <ol><li> Após a coleta de dados, verifique novamente impedâncias. Observe quaisquer alterações aos níveis de impedância. Terminar gravação software de aquisição. </li><li> Pós-processamento: sinal Rereference EEG à média. Segmento de dados de EEG contínuo em quarenta ensaios de 6 seg para cada condição (Figura S4). </li><li> Realizar detecção artefato automatizado. Use algoritmos automatizados para inspecionar segmentos para artefatos de movimento, identificando rápidas amplitudes média exceeding 200 mV, diferencial amplitudes médias superiores a 100 mV e zero variância através de um dado ensaio (Figura S5). </li><li> Realizar a detecção manual do artefato inspecionando visualmente dados e confirmando com análise de vídeo da sessão para remover todos os ensaios na condição de observação contaminado com qualquer artefato do movimento e todos os ensaios na condição de execução contaminado com qualquer artefato movimento relacionado ao gesto alcance. Excluir ensaios com artefato importante da análise. Descarte qualquer ensaios que foram sinalizados durante a aquisição como não compareceram. Examinar e taxa de rejeição julgamento para cada grupo de diagnóstico em análise, note. </li></ol></li><li> A análise dos dados <ol><li> Por Muthukumaraswamy et al. 5, segmento ensaios limpos em 2 épocas seg consistindo de 1 seg de dados antes que o segure e 1 segundo depois, tanto para as condições de observar (como marcado pela fotocélula) e executar (conforme marcado pelo sensor manipulandum). Segmento cinclinou-se duas épocas de seg a condição de repouso. </li><li> Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) cada segmento. Selecione um grupo de oito eletrodos em cada hemisfério em torno das posições padrão C3 e C4 para análises estatísticas (seguindo Muthukumaraswamy et al. 5 e Bernier et al. 3) (Figura 2). Para cada condição, em média, o poder através dos estudos incluídos para calcular espectros de potência. </li><li> Calcule atenuação mu examinando a potência média durante quer a execução ou a observação de uma ação motora, em relação à potência média durante a condição de repouso, em toda a gama Hz 8-13. Use o log dessa razão para determinar o grau de atenuação. Nota: um valor negativo representa atenuação durante a execução ou observação, enquanto que um valor positivo representa aumento. Esta metodologia leva em conta a variabilidade entre os indivíduos, ea não normalidade dos valores expressos em forma de razão. &lt;br /&gt; Nota: Este protocolo foi desenvolvido usando um 128-eletrodo densa-array sistema de EEG com software Net Station versão 4.1. Enquanto os passos básicos são semelhantes em todos os sistemas de EEG, protocolos de aquisição e análise pode variar. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Caracterização da amostra <ol><li> Identificar população potencial de pacientes para participação no paradigma através de registros de pesquisas, listas de participantes anteriores, ou referências de clínicas e médicos da região. </li><li> Potenciais participantes de tela para a probabilidade de atender os critérios de diagnóstico para a construção clínica (por exemplo, Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo) e para identificar quaisquer critérios de exclusão, como a presença de traumatismo craniano, tumor, história apreensão, ou uso de medicação anti-convulsivante ou barbitúricos que pode distorcer a sinal eletrofisiológico. </li><li> Confirme o estatuto de diagnóstico da população de pacientes através do uso de instrumentos de diagnóstico padrão ouro (por exemplo, Autism Diagnostic Interview-ReVised (ADI-R 11) e do Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G, 12), administrada pelo médico especialista seguinte Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico - 5 ª Edição (DSM-5) Critérios de 13. </li><li> Identificar amostra controle pareado em variáveis ​​relevantes de interesse, tais como idade, sexo, capacidade cognitiva, etc </li></ol>

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Neurosci. , 110-123 (2011).</li><li>Oberman, L., McCleery, J., Hubbard, E., Bernier, R., Pineda, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+changes+in+mu+suppression+to+observed+actions+in+individuals+with+autism+spectrum+disorders.">Developmental changes in mu suppression to observed actions in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.</a> Soc. Cogn. Affective Neurosci. 8, 300-304 .</li></ol>

Os autores declaram não haver interesses financeiros concorrentes.

A bem-sucedida aquisição, processamento e análise de dados eletrofisiológicos relacionados ao ritmo mu ea aplicação de populações clínicas requer 1) a aplicação de ferramentas metodológicas de EEG, 2) detecção de artefato cuidadoso e redução de dados, 3) a identificação precisa do ritmo mu, e 4) a caracterização precisa da população clínica e identificação de grupos de controle apropriados. Metodologia apropriada EEG requer bom funcionamen...

Eletroencefalografia (EEG) é um método eficaz, eficiente e não invasivo de avaliar e registrar a atividade cerebral. Como os neurónios fogo no cérebro, a tensão resultante pode ser amplificado, gravada, e representada graficamente. A resolução temporal do EEG permite a análise do mesmo breves alterações nos padrões de oscilação do cérebro, assim como a análise da resposta do cérebro a estímulos específicos. Apesar de ser a mais antiga técnica de imagens do cérebro, que remonta ao final do século 19, EEG ainda tem ampla aplicabilidade. Embora a ressonância magnética funcional (fMRI) tem excelente resolução espacial, tem relativamente baixa resolução temporal. Isto representa uma grande limitação da avaliação fMRI dada a incrível velocidade com que os processos ocorrem no cérebro. EEG tem a capacidade de avaliar a atividade elétrica do cérebro ao nível de milissegundos, proporcionando potencial iNsight nas fases de processamento do cérebro. Tecnologias em desenvolvimento também têm expandido a aplicabilidade do EEG. Um aumento na densidade de sistemas de gravação tem permitido o desenvolvimento de técnicas de localização de fonte, mitigar alguns dos limites de EEG em relação resolução espacial. Além disso, os sistemas modernos têm reduzido o participante set-up tempo individual significativamente, permitindo a avaliação das populações anteriormente indisponíveis, tais como amostras clínicas 1-3,28-30 infantil e. Dada a excelente resolução temporal, o EEG pode ser usado para examinar a resposta neuronal relacionada com comportamentos específicos, estados ou estímulos externos. Um exemplo deste utilitário é a avaliação do sistema de neurônios-espelho (MNS) em seres humanos. Os neurônios-espelho foram inicialmente identificados em macacos usando única gravação neurônio 4, evidenciando um grupo deneurônios que responderam simultaneamente a execução ea observação de ações motoras. Este método de gravação direta de colocar eletrodos no cérebro raramente é utilizado em seres humanos, e apenas em casos clínicos terríveis. EEG tem proporcionado um método para avaliar os MNS pela monitorização do ritmo EEG mu. Este padrão de oscilação no intervalo de 8-12 Hz demonstrou atenuar potência EEG em resposta à execução de acções e observação do motor, semelhantes ao padrão de activação observada em macacos de 5-7. Da mesma forma, a estimulação das regiões cerebrais putativos MNS através de Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana (por exemplo, o giro frontal inferior) abole EEG ritmo mu 8 e supressão ritmo EEG mu se correlaciona com sinais BOLD de fMRI em regiões de neurônios espelho putativos em assuntos 9, fornecendo apoio adicional de que este ritmo índices, pelo menos em parte, a atividade MNS. Avaliação do ritmo EEG mu permitiu uma avaliação não invasiva de ato de neurônios-espelhoivity em humanos. EEG fornece uma metodologia única para examinar a atividade cerebral e quando combinado com ensaios baseados comportamentalmente, ele pode ser uma ferramenta poderosa para elucidar aspectos da cognição social, como a imitação, em populações clínicas. Além disso, a aplicabilidade do EEG para uso com populações com deficiências cognitivas ou de linguagem permite a introspecção em habilidades dos indivíduos para os quais outras técnicas de imagem ou paradigmas comportamentais podem ser utilizar menos sucesso. O protocolo descrito fornece uma avenida para examinar funções sociais cognitivos teoricamente ligados ao sistema de neurônios-espelho em indivíduos com desenvolvimento típico e atípico, como o Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Geodesic EEG System</td><td>EGI</td><td>N/A</td><td>Any EEG system, not only EGI based systems, is applicable for the described study</td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB software</td><td>MATLAB</td><td>N/A</td><td>Any mathematical, statistical software that can work with matrices is applicable</td></tr><tr><td>Netstation software</td><td>EGI</td><td>N/A</td><td>Any EEG acquisition software is applicable for the described study</td></tr><tr><td>Manipulandum</td><td>custom</td><td>N/A</td><td>Any object that is coregistered with data acquisition software to signal a successful grasp</td></tr></tbody></table>

eeg mu rhythm in typical and atypical development

Eletroencefalografia (EEG) é um método eficaz, eficiente e não invasivo de avaliar e registrar a atividade cerebral. Dada a excelente resolução temporal, o EEG pode ser usado para examinar a resposta neuronal relacionada com comportamentos específicos, estados ou estímulos externos. Um exemplo deste utilitário é a avaliação do sistema de neurônios-espelho (MNS) em seres humanos através do exame do ritmo EEG mu. O ritmo EEG mu, atividade oscilatório na faixa de freqüência Hz 8-12 gravado a partir de eletrodos localizados centralmente, é suprimida quando um executa individuais, ou simplesmente observa, ações voltadas gol. Como tal, tem sido proposto que reflectem a actividade das MNS. Foi teorizado que a disfunção do sistema de neurônios-espelho (MNS) desempenha um papel que contribui para os déficits sociais do transtorno do espectro do autismo (ASD). Os MNS pode então ser examinado de forma não invasiva em populações clínicos usando EEG mu ritmo atenuação como um índice para a sua actividade. O prot descritoocol fornece uma avenida para examinar funções sociais cognitivos teoricamente ligados aos MNS em indivíduos com desenvolvimento típico e atípico, como ASD.

Adultos típicos, crianças e bebés têm consistentemente demonstrado ritmo mu tanto durante a execução e observação de ações através de uma variedade de paradigmas e estímulos 5, 14-30. Atenuação nesta faixa de frequências é consistentemente localizada através de eletrodos centrais (Figura 3), indicando que esta não é a redução do poder de alfa que é registrado em outras regiões do couro cabeludo. Da mesma forma, a atenuação nesta frequência durante a observação de m...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development at JoVE.com

EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development

Avaliação do ritmo EEG mu fornece uma metodologia única para examinar a atividade cerebral e quando combinado com ensaios baseados comportamental, pode ser uma ferramenta poderosa para elucidar aspectos da cognição social, como a imitação, em populações clínicas.

EEG Mu Ritmo no desenvolvimento típico e atípico

Electroencephalography (EEG) is an effective, efficient, and noninvasive method of assessing and recording brain activity. Given the excellent temporal ...

eeg-mu-rhythm-in-typical-and-atypical-development

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

25.5K visualizações.  University of Washington.  Avaliação do ritmo EEG mu fornece uma metodologia única para examinar a atividade cerebral e quando combinado com ensaios baseados comportamental, pode ser uma ferramenta poderosa para elucidar aspectos da cognição social, como a imitação, em populações clínicas. 

Vídeo: EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and signal processing make it possible to exploit information from other imaging modalities like structural MRI that provide high spatial resolution to overcome this constraint1. This is especially useful for investigations that require high resolution in the temporal as well as spatial domain. In addition, due to the easy application and low cost of EEG recordings, EEG is often the method of choice when working with populations, such as young children, that do not tolerate functional MRI scans well. However, in order to investigate which neural substrates are involved, anatomical information from structural MRI is still needed. Most EEG analysis packages work with standard head models that are based on adult anatomy. The accuracy of these models when used for children is limited2, because the composition and spatial configuration of head tissues changes dramatically over development3.&#160;
In the present paper, we provide an overview of our recent work in utilizing head models based on individual structural MRI scans or age specific head models to reconstruct the cortical generators of high density EEG. This article describes how&#160;EEG recordings are acquired, processed, and analyzed with pediatric populations at the London Baby Lab, including laboratory setup, task design, EEG preprocessing, MRI processing, and EEG channel level and source analysis.&#160;

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in estimating the cortical sources of scalp measured electrical activity for cognitive neuroscience experiments. This article describes how high density EEG is acquired and how recordings are processed for cortical source estimation in children from the age of 2 years at the London Baby Lab.

Cortical Fonte Análise de alta densidade EEG Recordings em Crianças

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

Comportamento

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

Processamento Auditivo infantil e oscilações cerebrais relacionados a eventos

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography (dEEG)

Dense array electroencephalography (dEEG), which provides a non-invasive window for measuring brain activity and a temporal resolution unsurpassed by any other current brain imaging technology1,2, is being used increasingly in the study of social cognitive functioning in infants and adults. While dEEG is enabling researchers to examine brain activity patterns with unprecedented levels of sensitivity, conventional EEG recording systems continue to face certain limitations, including 1) poor spatial resolution and source localization3,4,2) the physical discomfort for test subjects of enduring the individual application of numerous electrodes to the surface of the scalp, and 3) the complexity for researchers of learning to use multiple software packages to collect and process data. Here we present an overview of an established methodology that represents a significant improvement on conventional methodologies for studying EEG in infants and adults. Although several analytical software techniques can be used to establish indirect indices of source localization to improve the spatial resolution of dEEG, the HydroCel Geodesic Sensor Net (HCGSN) by Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI), a dense sensory array that maintains equal distances among adjacent recording electrodes on all surfaces of the scalp, further enhances spatial resolution4,5,6 compared to standard dEEG systems. The sponge-based HCGSN can be applied rapidly and without scalp abrasion, making it ideal for use with adults7,8, children9,10,11, and infants12, in both research and clinical4,5,6,13,14,15 settings. This feature allows for considerable cost and time savings by decreasing the average net application time compared to other dEEG systems. Moreover, the HCGSN includes unified, seamless software applications for all phases of data, greatly simplifying the collection, processing, and analysis of dEEG data.
The HCGSN features a low-profile electrode pedestal, which, when filled with electrolyte solution, creates a sealed microenvironment and an electrode-scalp interface. In all Geodesic dEEG systems, EEG sensors detect changes in voltage originating from the participant's scalp, along with a small amount of electrical noise originating from the room environment. Electrical signals from all sensors of the Geodesic sensor net are received simultaneously by the amplifier, where they are automatically processed, packaged, and sent to the data-acquisition computer (DAC). Once received by the DAC, scalp electrical activity can be isolated from artifacts for analysis using the filtering and artifact detection tools included in the EGI software. Typically, the HCGSN can be used continuously for only up to two hours because the electrolyte solution dries out over time, gradually decreasing the quality of the scalp-electrode interface.
In the Parent-Infant Research Lab at the University of Toronto, we are using dEEG to study social cognitive processes including memory, emotion, goals, intentionality, anticipation, and executive functioning in both adult and infant participants.

Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography dEEG

Dense array electroencephalography is being used increasingly to study social cognitive functions in infants and adults. Here we present an established methodology that represents a significant improvement on conventional methodologies for studying EEG in infants and adults.

Investigando Cognição Social em Crianças e Adultos usando eletroencefalografia Matriz Densa ( D EEG)

Dense array electroencephalography (dEEG), which provides a non-invasive window for measuring brain activity and a temporal resolution unsurpassed by any ...

Neurociência

Preterm EEG: A Multimodal Neurophysiological Protocol

Since its introduction in early 1950s, electroencephalography (EEG) has been widely used in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) for assessment and monitoring of brain function in preterm and term babies. Most common indications are the diagnosis of epileptic seizures, assessment of brain maturity, and recovery from hypoxic-ischemic events. EEG recording techniques and the understanding of neonatal EEG signals have dramatically improved, but these advances have been slow to penetrate through the clinical traditions. The aim of this presentation is to bring theory and practice of advanced EEG recording available for neonatal units. 
In the theoretical part, we will present animations to illustrate how a preterm brain gives rise to spontaneous and evoked EEG activities, both of which are unique to this developmental phase, as well as crucial for a proper brain maturation. Recent animal work has shown that the structural brain development is clearly reflected in early EEG activity. Most important structures in this regard are the growing long range connections and the transient cortical structure, subplate. Sensory stimuli in a preterm baby will generate responses that are seen at a single trial level, and they have underpinnings in the subplate-cortex interaction. This brings neonatal EEG readily into a multimodal study, where EEG is not only recording cortical function, but it also tests subplate function via different sensory modalities. Finally, introduction of clinically suitable dense array EEG caps, as well as amplifiers capable of recording low frequencies, have disclosed multitude of brain activities that have as yet been overlooked.
In the practical part of this video, we show how a multimodal, dense array EEG study is performed in neonatal intensive care unit from a preterm baby in the incubator. The video demonstrates preparation of the baby and incubator, application of the EEG cap, and performance of the sensory stimulations.

This video explains the background theory of the neonatal EEG activity and the sensory responses, followed by a live demonstration of their recording in neonatal intensive care unit.

Prematuro EEG: Protocolo A Multimodal neurofisiológico

Since its introduction in early 1950s, electroencephalography (EEG) has been widely used in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) for assessment and ...

Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

Crucial to the success of epilepsy surgery is the availability of a robust biomarker that identifies the Epileptogenic Zone (EZ). High Frequency Oscillations (HFOs) have emerged as potential presurgical biomarkers for the identification of the EZ in addition to Interictal Epileptiform Discharges (IEDs) and ictal activity. Although they are promising to localize the EZ, they are not yet suited for the diagnosis or monitoring of epilepsy in clinical practice. Primary barriers remain: the lack of a formal and global definition for HFOs; the consequent heterogeneity of methodological approaches used for their study; and the practical difficulties to detect and localize them noninvasively from scalp recordings. Here, we present a methodology for the recording, detection, and localization of interictal HFOs from pediatric patients with refractory epilepsy. We report representative data of HFOs detected noninvasively from interictal scalp EEG and MEG from two children undergoing surgery.
The underlying generators of HFOs were localized by solving the inverse problem and their localization was compared to the Seizure Onset Zone (SOZ) as this was defined by the epileptologists. For both patients, Interictal Epileptogenic Discharges (IEDs) and HFOs were localized with source imaging at concordant locations. For one patient, intracranial EEG (iEEG) data were also available. For this patient, we found that the HFOs localization was concordant between noninvasive and invasive methods. The comparison of iEEG with the results from scalp recordings served to validate these findings. To our best knowledge, this is the first study that presents the source localization of scalp HFOs from simultaneous EEG and MEG recordings comparing the results with invasive recordings. These findings suggest that HFOs can be reliably detected and localized noninvasively with scalp EEG and MEG. We conclude that the noninvasive localization of interictal HFOs could significantly improve the presurgical evaluation for pediatric patients with epilepsy.

High Frequency Oscillations (HFOs) have emerged as presurgical biomarkers for the identification of the epileptogenic zone in pediatric patients with medically refractory epilepsy. A methodology for the noninvasive recording, detection, and localization of HFOs with simultaneous scalp electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) is presented.

Oscilações de alta frequência interictais detectado com simultânea Magnetoencefalografia e Eletroencefalografia como biomarcador da Pediatric epilepsia

Crucial to the success of epilepsy surgery is the availability of a robust biomarker that identifies the Epileptogenic Zone (EZ). High Frequency ...

Medicina

Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates

Amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) is an easily accessible technique to monitor the electrocortical activity in preterm and term infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). This method was first used to monitor newborns after asphyxia, providing information about future neurological outcomes. The aEEG is also helpful to select newborns who benefit from cooling. The aEEG monitoring of preterm infants is becoming more widespread, as various studies have shown that neurodevelopmental outcome is related to early aEEG tracings. Here, we demonstrate the application of the aEEG monitoring system and present typical patterns that depend upon gestational age and pathophysiological conditions. Furthermore, we mention pitfalls in the interpretation of the aEEG, as this method requires accurate fixation and localization of the electrodes. Additionally, the raw EEG can be used to detect neonatal seizures or to identify aEEG application problems. In conclusion, aEEG is a safe and generally well-tolerated method for the bedside monitoring of neonatal cerebral function; it can even provide information about long-term outcome.

Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor Cerebral Function Monitor to Neonates

Here, we show how to apply amplitude-integrated electroencephalography to monitor cerebral function in neonates.

Aplicação de um Monitor de EEG Amplitude-integrado (Monitor de função Cerebral) para recém-nascidos

Amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) is an easily accessible technique to monitor the electrocortical activity in preterm and term infants in neonatal ...

How to Obtain Reliable Visual Event-related Potentials in Newborns

The present study discusses the characteristics of visual event-related potentials (VEPs) and outlines methodological steps for obtaining reliable measurements in newborns. Obtaining high-quality, reliable VEPs is crucial for the early detection of abnormal development of the central nervous system in at-risk newborns, and for implementing successful early interventions. Recommendations are based on a previous study which showed that when post-conceptional age, polysomnography-identified sleep stages, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) googles as the luminous source are controlled, no more than 4 repetitions of VEP averages are required to obtain replicable recordings, variability decreases, and reliable VEPs can be obtained. By controlling for these sources of variability and using statistical analyses, we were able to clearly and reliably identify the amplitude and latency of three main components (NII, PII and NIII) present in 100% of newborns (n = 20) during active sleep. Recording VEPs during awake states, quiet sleep and transitional sleep is not recommended because VEP morphology may differ significantly from one average to the next, leading to the risk of misleading clinical prognoses. Moreover, it is easier to obtain VEPs during active sleep because this state can be clearly and reliably identified at this stage of development, sleep cycles are short enough to allow measurements to be taken in a reasonable time, and the method does not require new o expensive equipment.

Several important points for obtaining high-quality reliable visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in newborns while minimizing variability and the risk of misleading prognoses are presented.

Como obter potenciais confiáveis relacionados a eventos visuais em recém-nascidos

The present study discusses the characteristics of visual event-related potentials (VEPs) and outlines methodological steps for obtaining reliable ...

Reliable Acquisition of Electroencephalography Data during Simultaneous Electroencephalography and Functional MRI

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), EEG-fMRI, combines the complementary properties of scalp EEG (good temporal resolution) and fMRI (good spatial resolution) to measure neuronal activity during an electrographic event, through hemodynamic responses known as blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) changes. It is a non-invasive research tool that is utilized in neuroscience research and is highly beneficial to the clinical community, especially for the management of neurological diseases, provided that proper equipment and protocols are administered during data acquisition. Although recording EEG-fMRI is apparently straightforward, the correct preparation, especially in placing and securing the electrodes, is not only important for safety but is also critical in ensuring the reliability and analyzability of the EEG data obtained. This is also the most experience-demanding part of the preparation. To address these issues, a straightforward protocol that ensures data quality was developed. This article provides a step-by-step guide for acquiring reliable EEG data during EEG-fMRI using this protocol that utilizes readily available medical products. The presented protocol can be adapted to different applications of EEG-fMRI in research and clinical settings, and may be beneficial to both inexperienced and expert operators.

This article provides a straightforward protocol for acquiring good quality electroencephalography (EEG) data during simultaneous EEG and functional magnetic resonance imaging by utilizing readily available medical products.

Aquisição confiável de dados de eletroencefalografia durante eletroencefalografia simultânea e ressonância magnética funcional

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), EEG-fMRI, combines the complementary properties of scalp EEG ...

Multi-system Monitoring for Identification of Seizures, Arrhythmias and Apnea in Conscious Restrained Rabbits

Patients with ion channelopathies are at a high risk of developing seizures and fatal cardiac arrhythmias. There is a higher prevalence of heart disease and arrhythmias in people with epilepsy (i.e., epileptic heart.) Additionally, cardiac and autonomic disturbances have been reported surrounding seizures. 1:1,000 epilepsy patients/year die of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The mechanisms for SUDEP remain incompletely understood. Electroencephalograms (EEG) and electrocardiograms (ECG) are two techniques routinely used in the clinical setting to detect and study the substrates/triggers for seizures and arrhythmias. While many studies and descriptions of this methodology are in rodents, their cardiac electrical activity differs significantly from humans. This article provides a description of a non-invasive method for recording simultaneous video-EEG-ECG-oximetry-capnography in conscious rabbits. As cardiac electrical function is similar in rabbits and humans, rabbits provide an excellent model of translational diagnostic and therapeutic studies. In addition to outlining the methodology for data acquisition, we discuss the analytical approaches for examining neuro-cardiac electrical function and pathology in rabbits. This includes arrhythmia detection, spectral analysis of EEG and a seizure scale developed for restrained rabbits.

Using simultaneous video-EEG-ECG-oximetry-capnography, we developed a methodology to evaluate the susceptibility of rabbit models to develop provoked arrhythmias and seizures. This novel recording system establishes a platform to test the efficacy and safety of therapeutics and can capture the complex cascade of multi-system events that culminate in sudden death.

Monitoramento multissuso para identificação de convulsões, arritmias e apneia em coelhos conscientes contidos

Patients with ion channelopathies are at a high risk of developing seizures and fatal cardiac arrhythmias. There is a higher prevalence of heart disease ...

Sincronização de EEG e ECG da vida real nas interações bebê-cuidador

Home-Based EEG Hyperscanning for Infant-Caregiver Social Interactions

Prior hyperscanning studies that record the brain activities of caregivers and children concurrently have primarily been conducted within the confines of the laboratory, thus limiting the generalizability of results to real-life settings. Here, a comprehensive protocol for capturing synchronized electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG), and behavioral recordings from infant-caregiver dyads during various interactive tasks at home is proposed. This protocol demonstrates how to synchronize the different data streams and report EEG data retention rates and quality checks. Additionally, critical issues and possible solutions with respect to the experimental setup, tasks, and data collection in home settings are discussed. The protocol is not limited to infant-caregiver dyads but can be applied to various dyadic constellations. Overall, we demonstrate the flexibility of EEG hyperscanning setups, which allow experiments to be conducted outside of the laboratory to capture participants' brain activities in more ecologically valid environmental settings. Yet, movement and other types of artifacts still constrain the experimental tasks that can be performed in the home setting.

Autor em destaque: capturando interações bebê-cuidador por meio da coleta de dados multimodais sincronizados

This protocol describes how synchronized electroencephalography, electrocardiography, and behavioral recordings were captured from infant-caregiver dyads in a home setting.

Hipervarredura de EEG domiciliar para interações sociais entre bebês e cuidadores

Prior hyperscanning studies that record the brain activities of caregivers and children concurrently have primarily been conducted within the confines of ...