Chapter 25
The Lymphatic and Immune System
Wprowadzenie do układu limfatycznego i odpornościowego
Immunity refers to the body's ability to resist infections and diseases. All cells and tissues that provide immunity collectively form the immune ...
Funkcje układu limfatycznego i odpornościowego
The lymphatic system provides structural and functional support to the immune system against pathogens.
The lymphoid organs, lymph, and lymphatic vessels ...
Naczynia limfatyczne i transport limfy
Lymphatic vessels, or lymphatics, transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system.
The journey of lymph begins in the thin-walled lymphatic ...
Komórki limfoidalne i tkanki
Lymphoid cells and lymphoid tissues are the two major components of lymphoid organs.
Lymphoid cells consist of immune system cells such as B and T ...
Pierwotne narządy limfatyczne
The thymus and red bone marrow are the two primary lymphoid organs that are sites for lymphocyte production and maturation.
Red bone marrow is primarily ...
Wtórne narządy limfatyczne
Secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues or MALT, are the sites where lymphocytes first ...
Szczegółowa budowa i funkcja węzłów chłonnych
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels. They are majorly located in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical ...
Rozwój układu limfatycznego
The mesoderm cells of the developing veins form the precursor lymphatic vessels and nodes called lymph sacs.
The paired jugular lymph sacs are the first ...
Wprowadzenie do odporności wrodzonej i nabytej
Present from birth, innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against a wide range of harmful pathogens.
It provides immediate, non-specific ...
Powierzchniowe bariery membranowe
Surface barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes are the body's initial defense against pathogens, offering physical and chemical protection.
...
Komórki wrodzonej odpowiedzi immunologicznej
The two essential cells involved in the innate immune responses are phagocytes and natural killer, or NK cells.
Phagocytes — microphages and ...
Białka przeciwdrobnoustrojowe
Antimicrobial proteins, such as interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial peptides, enhance the immune response by ...
Układ dopełniacza
The complement system consists of about 20 plasma proteins, working together to fortify the body's defense against infections through opsonization, ...
Nadzór immunologiczny za pomocą komórek NK i fagocytów
Immune surveillance involves monitoring peripheral tissues to detect pathogens and infected or cancerous body cells.
Natural killer, or NK cells, which ...
Reakcja zapalna
An inflammatory response is a localized, non-specific immune reaction marked by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and occasional loss of function.
Any ...
Cechy szczególne odporności adaptacyjnej
The adaptive immune system provides a specialized defense using T and B lymphocytes with specific features to combat infections effectively.
These cells ...
Komórki adaptacyjnej odpowiedzi immunologicznej
In the bone marrow, the common lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to precursors for T and B lymphocytes.
Next, these precursors mature to gain ...
Antygeny biorące udział w odporności adaptacyjnej
Complete antigens, or simply antigens, are large, complex foreign molecules, mainly proteins, that initiate an immune response.
They possess two key ...
Różnorodność receptorów antygenowych
Antigen receptors are multiprotein complexes on the B and T cell membranes that recognize specific antigens.
A B cell antigen receptor, or BCR, is a ...
Komórki prezentujące antygen
Antigen-presenting cells, also known as APCs, process foreign antigens, such as fragments from pathogens, for recognition by T cells.
When an APC engulfs ...
Szlaki przetwarzania antygenu
The antigen-processing pathways break down antigens for presentation to lymphocytes.
The endogenous and exogenous pathways are the two main ...
Aktywacja limfocytów T i selekcja klonalna
Naive T cells express membrane proteins called the cluster of differentiation, or CD markers with the T cell receptor or TCR.
There are two major T cell ...
Typy i funkcje limfocytów T
Activated T cells with CD4 markers give rise to the effector helper and regulatory T cells, while the effector cytotoxic T cells arise from T cells with ...
Odpowiedź immunologiczna za pośrednictwem cytotoksycznych limfocytów T
Cytotoxic T cells target body cells infected by viruses, intracellular bacteria, or parasites. They also eliminate cancerous cells and foreign cells ...
Aktywacja i różnicowanie limfocytów B
Naive B cells become sensitized when they encounter their corresponding antigen, which binds to the B cell receptor, or BCR, on the cell surface.
After ...
Struktura i klasy przeciwciał
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are soluble proteins produced by effector B cells called plasma cells in response to foreign substances like ...
Działanie przeciwciał
Antibodies recognize and bind antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes for pathogen elimination.
After binding to an antigen, the antibody neutralizes ...
Pamięć immunologiczna
Immunological memory is the ability to react faster to the antigens that have previously activated the immune response.
This occurs due to long-lived ...
Odporność czynna a odporność bierna
Active immunity refers to the process by which an individual's immune system is stimulated to produce a protective response to a pathogen, typically ...
Rozwój kompetencji immunologicznych
Cell-mediated immunity in a fetus begins at the third month of growth, and active antibody-mediated immunity follows about one month later.
The first ...
Obrona przed patogenami bakteryjnymi
The immune defense against pathogenic bacteria involves phagocytes like macrophages from the innate system along with the T and B cells from the adaptive ...
Odpowiedź immunologiczna przeciwko patogenom wirusowym
Upon viral infection, cells secrete interferons to protect uninfected cells and activate the patrolling NK cells to initiate a non-specific innate immune ...
Choroby niedoboru odporności
Immunodeficiency diseases occur due to exposure to immunosuppressive agents, poor development of lymphoid organs, or viral infections.
Prolonged use of ...
Nadwrażliwość
Hypersensitivity, or allergic reaction, occurs when the immune system overreacts to an allergen.
Hypersensitivity can be of four types.
Type I or ...
Zaburzenia autoimmunologiczne
In an autoimmune disorder, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells and tissues by activating self-reactive T and B cells.
There are ...
Przeszczep tkanek
Tissue transplantation is a complex yet vital medical procedure that involves transferring cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient to ...
Immunoterapia nowotworów
Cancer immunotherapy aids the body's immune system to identify and eliminate cancer cells, using vaccines, oncolytic viruses, activated patient T ...
Szczepionki przeciwnowotworowe
Cancer vaccination can be preventive, protecting against oncogenic agents, or active, combating existing cancerous cells.
Like traditional vaccines, ...
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