Name: levator auris longus preparation for examination of mammalian neuromuscular transmission under voltage clamp conditions
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우리 감사 닥터 마크 M. 부자와 다니엘 미 란다 편집 의견, 아마 드 Khedraki이 기술, 그리고 라이트 주립 대학 재정 지원 (A.A.V. 시작 기금)에 대 한 설정 도움.

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저자는 공개 없다.

여기에 설명 된 준비 및 신경 근육 학 전송 전류 또는 전압 클램프 조건 하에서 측정에 대 한 마우스 랄 근육의 사용 이다. 랄 개 해 부에 대 한 고려해 야 할 몇 가지 중요 한 포인트가 있다. 전극으로 전극 합 문 근육 에이즈에서 초과 결합 조직 청소 때 합 문에 대 한 위치 결합 조직 퍼 가기 수 있습니다. 그러나, 멀리 취할 수 있는 결합 조직 제거 쉽게 근육 손상의 기회를 제한 하기. 그것은 매우 ?...

신경 근육 학 교차로에서 시 냅 스 전송 공부 신경 및 골격 근육 시스템의 동적 관계에 통찰력을 제공 하 고 시 냅 스 생리학을 조사 하기 위한 우수한 모델입니다. Levator auris longus (LAL)은 얇은 근육, 쉽게 시각화에 신경 근육 접합부에 대 한 허용. 이전 보고서는 랄을 사용 하 여 시 냅 스 약물과 독 소를 검사 하 고 랄1,2의 골격 근육 섬유 유형 특성을 특징 하 편의 설명 했습니다. 수많은 연구는 신경 근육 학 생리학3,,45,6,7,8을 검사 하는 랄을 사용 했습니다. 전기 생리학, 랄 신경 근육 접합을 쉽게 관찰 하는 능력 모터 종판에 microelectrodes의 정확한 배치에 대 한 수 및 시 냅 스 전송 기록에 공간 클램프 문제를 크게 감소 시킨다. 전류 클램프 녹음 근육 막 속성 막 시간 상수 (τm) 및 (R에서에) 입력된 저항 등의 쉽게 얻을 수 있습니다. 또한, 이러한 속성은 신경 근육 학 전송, 시 냅 스 기능 근육 막 속성의 직접적인 비교에 대 한 수를 기록 하는 데 사용 하는 동일한 근육 섬유에서 측정할 수 있습니다. 이러한 데이터의 분석의 많은 신경 근육 학 질병 및 변경 된 활동의 상태 물리적 메커니즘에 중요 한 통찰력을 제공할 수 있습니다.
여기에 설명 된 기술의 핵심 요소는 비선형 전류 클램프에 적용 되지 않습니다 하 고 근육 막 속성의 독립은 시 냅 스 녹음에 대 한 전압 클램프의 사용 이다. 전류 클램프 반대 전압 클램프를 사용 하 여 신경 근육 학 전송 검사의 장점은 개척 1950 년대9에서 노력에 의해 설립 되었다. 전류 클램프에서 진폭에서 10-15 mV를 초과 하는 EPPs mEPP 진폭9의 선형 제품 않습니다. 예를 들어, 평균 mEPP 1 mV, 5의 EPP mV 5 mEPPs 5 (QC);의 제품으로 간주 수 있습니다 반면, 40의 EPP mV 이상의 40 mEPPs의 제품 될 것입니다. 이 비선형 큰 EPPs에 막 잠재력과 아 세 틸 콜린 수용 체에 대 한 평형 잠재력의 차이 EPP에 대 한 강제 운전 때문에 발생 (~-10 mV), 실질적으로 큰 EPPs는 동안 감소. 근육 막 잠재력 전압 클램프 실험 기간 동안 변경 되지 않습니다 때문에이 문제는 전압 클램프 실험에서 피할 수 있습니다. 결점은 전압 클램프 실험은 전류 클램프 녹음 보다 완료 하는 데 기술적으로 어렵습니다. 이 염두에서에 두고, McLachlan와 마틴 엡 스10의 전류 클램프 녹음에서 비선형 차지 간단 수학 교정 개발. 수정11,,1213, 잘 작동 하지만 중요 한 것은, 근육 막 속성 방해 하지는 가정.
근육 막 속성은 특히 공부 하는 조건 또는 질병 상태는 근육을 방해 하는 경우를 고려 하는 것이 중요 합니다. 예를 들어, Huntington의 질병의 R6/2 유전자 변형 모델에서 골격 근육 휴식 염화 칼륨 전류14,15에서 hyperexcitable 진보적인 감소 때문입니다. 결과적으로, mEPPs와 엡 스 R6/2 골격 근육에서 증폭 됩니다. 물론, 추가 요소는 mEPPs와 엡 스를 변경할 수 있습니다. 올 무-단백질8관련이 있을 듯 EPPs에 변화를 발견 Huntington의 질병 쥐는 (R6/1)의 다른 모델을 사용. 변경 된 신경 근육 학 전송을 일으키는 메커니즘을 평가 하는 전압 클램프를 사용 하 여 변경 된 근육 막 속성의 영향을 제거 도움이 것입니다. 최근 연구에서 R6/2 신경 근육 학 전송 여기 설명 된 기술을 사용 하 여 두 전류 및 전압 클램프 조건에서 연구 했다. 모터 종판 전체 종판16의 길이 상수 내에서 두 개의 microelectrodes를 배치 하 여 전압 고정으로 적은 1% 오류 보다 했다. 그것은 그 전압 클램프를 표시 했다 고 나왔고 R6/2 근육에 신경 근육 학 전송의 대조 측정 전류 클램프 레코드 수정. 이 근육 막 속성 변경 하는 경우 비선형에 대 한 엡 스를 해결 하는 것이 어려울 수 있습니다 강조 하 고 근육 막 속성의 독립적인 전압 클램프 레코드의 혜택을 보여줍니다. 여기에 소개 하는 프로토콜은 조건 또는 시 냅 스 전송 및 postsynaptic 막 속성에 영향을 주는 질병 상태를 검사 합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Olympus Compound Microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>BX51WI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10x Objective</td><td>Olympus</td><td>UMPLFLN10XW</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>40x Objective</td><td>Olympus</td><td>LUMPLFLN40XW</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate Glass</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>BF150-86-7.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CCD Camera</td><td>Santa Barbara Instruments Group</td><td>ST-7XMEI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mater-9 Pulse Generator</td><td>AMPI</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iso-flex Stimulus Isolator</td><td>AMPI</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pCLAMP 10 Data Acquisition and Analysis Software</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>1-2500-0180</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Concentric Bipolar Electrode</td><td>FHC</td><td>CBDSH75</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ball-joint Manipulator</td><td>Narishige&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-metalic Syringes 34 Gauge</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>MF34G-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nikon Stereomicroscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>SMZ800N</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>No. 5 Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spring Scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>15006-09</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>No. 2 Forceps</td><td>Roboz</td><td>RS-5Q41</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microdissecting Scissors</td><td>Roboz</td><td>RS-5912SC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit</td><td>Dow Corning</td><td>2404019862</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hair Removal Cream</td><td>Nair</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Grass SD9 Stimulator</td><td>Grass Medical</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Model P-1000 Micropipette Puller</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>P-1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Axon Digidata 1550 Low-noise Data Acuisition System</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low Pass Bessell Filter</td><td>Warner Instrument Corp.</td><td>LPF-8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Left-handed Micromanipulator</td><td>Siskiyou Corp.</td><td>MX1641/45DL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Right-handed Micromanipulator</td><td>Siskiyou Corp.</td><td>MX1641/45DR</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Single Motion Controler</td><td>Siskiyou Corp.</td><td>MC100e</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Crossed Roller Micromanipulator</td><td>Siskiyou Corp.</td><td>MX1641R</td><td>This was added to the Z-axis of the Left and Right-handed micromanipulators to allow the z axis to be motorized. This custom set-up is cheaper and less bulky than buying a 4-axis motorized micromanipulator. It also allows us to control both micromanipulators with one controller</td></tr><tr><td>All chemicals were orded from Fisher except,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BTS</td><td>Toronto Research Chemicals</td><td>B315190</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CTX</td><td>Alomone Labs</td><td>C-270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-Di-2-Asp</td><td>Molecular Probes</td><td></td><td>Molecular probes is no longer a company. Now ordered through Fisher</td></tr></tbody></table>

levator auris longus preparation for examination of mammalian neuromuscular transmission under voltage clamp conditions

이 프로토콜 전류 클램프 및 클램프 전압 조건 하에서 신경 근육 학 교차로에서 기록 시 냅 스 전송 하는 기법을 설명합니다. Levator auris longus (LAL)의 비보 전 준비 때문에 모터 종판에서 합 문 microelectrode에 대 한 신경 근육 접합의 쉽게 시각화를 제공 하는 얇은 근육 사용 됩니다. 이 메서드는 자발적인 미니어처 종판 전위와 전류 (mEPPs 및 mEPCs), 신경 갖는 종판 잠재력 및 전류 (엡 스와 Epc)의 기록 뿐만 아니라 모터 종판 막 속성에 대 한 수 있습니다. 이 방법에서 얻은 결과 quantal 콘텐츠 (QC), 소포 자료 사이트 (n)의 수, 확률의 소포 자료 (p확인해), 시 냅 스 촉진 및 우울증, 근육 막 시간 상수 (τ 포함 m) 및 입력 저항. 인간 질병의 마우스 모델에이 기술 적용 질병 상태에 주요 병 리를 강조 하 고 새로운 치료 전략을 확인할 수 있습니다. 완전히 전압 클램핑 단일 시 냅 스에 의해이 제공 합니다 현재 사용할 수 있는 시 냅 시스 전송의 가장 상세한 분석의 하나.

그림 8 12 주 된 야생 타입 R6/2 마우스에서에서 현재 펄스 (그림 8A)와 전류 클램프 아래 한 LAL 섬유에서 전압 응답 (그림 8B)의 예가 나와 있습니다. MEPPs의이 레코드 모터 종판에서 찍은 나타냅니다. 레코드는 정상적인 생리 염 분 해결책에서 얻은 했다. 이러한 전류 클램프 레코드 R에 그리고 τm</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Levator Auris Longus Preparation for Examination of Mammalian Neuromuscular Transmission Under Voltage Clamp Conditions at JoVE.com

Levator Auris Longus Preparation for Examination of Mammalian Neuromuscular Transmission Under Voltage Clamp Conditions

Levator Auris Longus 포유류 신경 근육 학 전송 전압 클램프 조건에서의 시험을 위한 준비

이 문서에 설명 된 프로토콜 neuromuscular 접속점에 자발적인 기록 마우스 levator auris longus (LAL) 근육 및 신경 갖는 postsynaptic 잠재력 (전류 클램프)과 전류 (전압 클램프)를 사용 합니다. 이 기술 사용 하 여 정상과 질병 조건 하에서 시 냅 시스 전송의 기계 장치에 중요 한 통찰력을 제공할 수 있습니다.

This protocol describes a technique to record synaptic transmission from the neuromuscular junction under current-clamp and voltage-clamp conditions. An ...

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Levator Auris Longus Preparation for Examination of Mammalian Neuromuscular Transmission Under Voltage Clamp Conditions

9.3K 조회수.  Wright State University. 이 문서에 설명 된 프로토콜 neuromuscular 접속점에 자발적인 기록 마우스 levator auris longus (LAL) 근육 및 신경 갖는 postsynaptic 잠재력 (전류 클램프)과 전류 (전압 클램프)를 사용 합니다. 이 기술 사용 하 여 정상과 질병 조건 하에서 시 냅 시스 전송의 기계 장치에 중요 한 통찰력을 제공할 수 있습니다.

비디오: Levator Auris Longus Preparation for Examination of Mammalian Neuromuscular Transmission Under Voltage Clamp Conditions

Patch Clamp Recordings on Intact Dorsal Root Ganglia from Adult Rats

Patch clamp studies from dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) neurons have increased our understanding of the peripheral nervous system. Currently, the majority of recordings are conducted on dissociated DRG neurons, which is a standard preparation for most laboratories. Neuronal properties, however, can be altered by axonal injury resulting from enzyme digestion used in acquiring dissociated neurons. Further, dissociated neuron preparations cannot fully represent the microenvironment of the DRG since loss of contact with satellite glial cells that surround the primary sensory neurons is an unavoidable consequence of this method. To overcome the limitations in using conventional dissociated DRG neurons for patch clamp recordings, in this report we describe a method to prepare intact DRGs and conduct patch clamp recordings on individual primary sensory neurons ex vivo. This approach permits the fast and straightforward preparation of intact DRGs, mimicking in vivo conditions by keeping DRG neurons associated with their surrounding satellite glial cells and basement membrane. Furthermore, the method avoids axonal injury from manipulation and enzyme digestion such as when dissociating DRGs. This ex vivo preparation can additionally be used to study the interaction between primary sensory neurons and satellite glial cells.

This manuscript describes how to prepare intact dorsal root ganglia for patch clamp recordings. This preparation maintains the microenvironment for neurons and satellite glial cells, thus avoiding the phenotypic and functional changes seen using dissociated DRG neurons.

성인 쥐에서 본래 등쪽 뿌리 신경절에 패치 클램프 녹음

Patch clamp studies from dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) neurons have increased our understanding of the peripheral nervous system. Currently, the majority of ...

연구

생화학

Electrophysiological Methods for Recording Synaptic Potentials from the NMJ of Drosophila Larvae

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. The larval neuromuscular system is a model synapse for the study of synaptic physiology and neurotransmission, and is a valuable research tool that has defined genetics and is accessible to experimental manipulation. Larvae can be dissected to expose the body wall musculature, central nervous system, and peripheral nerves. The muscles of Drosophila and their innervation pattern are well characterized and muscles are easy to access for intracellular recording. Individual muscles can be identified by their location and orientation within the 8 abdominal segments, each with 30 muscles arranged in a pattern that is repeated in segments A2 - A7. Dissected drosophila larvae are thin and individual muscles and bundles of motor neuron axons can be visualized by transillumination1. Transgenic constructs can be used to label target cells for visual identification or for manipulating gene products in specific tissues. In larvae, excitatory junction potentials (EJP&#8217;s) are generated in response to vesicular release of glutamate from the motoneurons at the synapse. In dissected larvae, the EJP can be recorded in the muscle with an intracellular electrode. Action potentials can be artificially evoked in motor neurons that have been cut posterior to the ventral ganglion, drawn into a glass pipette by gentle suction and stimulated with an electrode. These motor neurons have distinct firing thresholds when stimulated, and when they fire simultaneously, they generate a response in the muscle. Signals transmitted across the NMJ synapse can be recorded in the muscles that the motor neurons innervate. The EJP&#8217;s and minature excitatory junction potentials (mEJP&#8217;s) are seen as changes in membrane potential. Electrophysiological responses are recorded at room temperature in modified minimal hemolymph-like solution2 (HL3) that contains 5 mM Mg2+ and 1.5 mM Ca2+. Changes in the amplitude of evoked EJP&#8217;s can indicate differences in synaptic function and structure. Digitized recordings are analyzed for EJP amplitude, mEJP frequency and amplitude, and quantal content.

Here we describe electrophysiological methods for measuring synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larva. Evoked release is initiated artificially by stimulating the motor neuron axons, and transmission through the NMJ can be measured by the postsynaptic response evoked in the muscle.

Drosophila의 애벌레의 NMJ에서 시냅틱 후보를 녹음 Electrophysiological 방법

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. ...

생물학

Dissecting and Recording from The C. Elegans Neuromuscular Junction

Neurotransmission is the process by which neurons transfer information via chemical signals to their post-synaptic targets, on a rapid time scale. This complex process requires the coordinated activity of many pre- and post-synaptic proteins to ensure appropriate synaptic connectivity, conduction of electrical signals, targeting and priming of secretory vesicles, calcium sensing, vesicle fusion, localization and function of postsynaptic receptors and finally, recycling mechanisms. As neuroscientists it is our goal to elucidate which proteins function in each of these steps and understand their mechanisms of action. Electrophysiological recordings from synapses provide a quantifiable read out of the underlying electrical events that occur during synaptic transmission. By combining this technique with the powerful array of molecular and genetic tools available to manipulate synaptic proteins in C. elegans, we can analyze the resulting functional changes in synaptic transmission. 
The C. elegans NMJs formed between motor neurons and body wall muscles control locomotion, therefore, mutants with uncoordinated locomotory phenotypes (known as unc s) often perturb synaptic transmission at these synapses 1. Since unc mutants are maintained on a rich supply of a bacterial food source, they remain viable as long as they retain some pharyngeal pumping ability to ingest food. This, together with the fact that C. elegans exist as hermaphrodites, allows them to pass on mutant progeny without the need for elaborate mating behaviors. These attributes, coupled with our recent ability to record from the worms NMJs 2,3,7 make this an excellent model organism in which to address precisely how unc mutants impact neurotransmission. 
The dissection method involves immobilizing adult worms using a cyanoacrylic glue in order to make an incision in the worm cuticle exposing the NMJs. Since C. elegans adults are only 1 mm in length the dissection is performed with the use of a dissecting microscope and requires excellent hand-eye coordination. NMJ recordings are made by whole-cell voltage clamping individual body wall muscle cells and neurotransmitter release can be evoked using a variety of stimulation protocols including electrical stimulation, light-activated channel-rhodopsin-mediated depolarization 4 and hyperosmotic saline, all of which will be briefly described.

Application of electrophysiology to accessible synapses provides a quantifiable measure of synaptic activity, useful in analyzing synaptic mutants. This article describes a dissection method used to expose the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and briefly discusses some of the uses to which this preparation can be applied.

해부 및 C. 엘레간스 신경근육학 융티온에서 레코딩

Neurotransmission is the process by which neurons transfer information via chemical signals to their post-synaptic targets, on a rapid time scale.   This ...

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite isolated from each other, with largely independent histories and scientific communities. However, the interface between these usually disparate fields is the developmental programs underlying acquisition of functional electrical signaling properties and differentiation of functional chemical synapses during the final phases of neural circuit formation. This interface is a critically important area for investigation. In Drosophila, these phases of functional development occur during a period of &lt;8 hours (at 25&deg;C) during the last third of embryogenesis. This late developmental period was long considered intractable to investigation owing to the deposition of a tough, impermeable epidermal cuticle. A breakthrough advance was the application of water-polymerizing surgical glue that can be locally applied to the cuticle to enable controlled dissection of late-stage embryos. With a dorsal longitudinal incision, the embryo can be laid flat, exposing the ventral nerve cord and body wall musculature to experimental investigation. Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques can then be employed to record from individually-identifiable neurons and somatic muscles. These recording configurations have been used to track the appearance and maturation of ionic currents and action potential propagation in both neurons and muscles. Genetic mutants affecting these electrical properties have been characterized to reveal the molecular composition of ion channels and associated signaling complexes, and to begin exploration of the molecular mechanisms of functional differentiation. A particular focus has been the assembly of synaptic connections, both in the central nervous system and periphery. The glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is most accessible to a combination of optical imaging and electrophysiological recording. A glass suction electrode is used to stimulate the peripheral nerve, with excitatory junction current (EJC) recordings made in the voltage-clamped muscle. This recording configuration has been used to chart the functional differentiation of the synapse, and track the appearance and maturation of presynaptic glutamate release properties. In addition, postsynaptic properties can be assayed independently via iontophoretic or pressure application of glutamate directly to the muscle surface, to measure the appearance and maturation of the glutamate receptor fields. Thus, both pre- and postsynaptic elements can be monitored separately or in combination during embryonic synaptogenesis. This system has been heavily used to isolate and characterize genetic mutants that impair embryonic synapse formation, and thus reveal the molecular mechanisms governing the specification and differentiation of synapse connections and functional synaptic signaling properties.

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Electrophysiological recordings from Drosophila embryos allow analyses of developing muscle and neuron electrical properties, as well as characterization of functional synaptogenesis at the glutamatergic neuromuscular junction and central cholinergic and GABAergic synapses.

에 Electrophysiological 녹음 Drosophila 엠브료

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite ...

Implementing Dynamic Clamp with Synaptic and Artificial Conductances in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Ganglion cells are the output neurons of the retina and their activity reflects the integration of multiple synaptic inputs arising from specific neural circuits. Patch clamp techniques, in voltage clamp and current clamp configurations, are commonly used to study the physiological properties of neurons and to characterize their synaptic inputs. Although the application of these techniques is highly informative, they pose various limitations. For example, it is difficult to quantify how the precise interactions of excitatory and inhibitory inputs determine response output. To address this issue, we used a modified current clamp technique, dynamic clamp, also called conductance clamp 1, 2, 3 and examined the impact of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs on neuronal excitability. This technique requires the injection of current into the cell and is dependent on the real-time feedback of its membrane potential at that time. The injected current is calculated from predetermined excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductances, their reversal potentials and the cell's instantaneous membrane potential. Details on the experimental procedures, patch clamping cells to achieve a whole-cell configuration and employment of the dynamic clamp technique are illustrated in this video article. Here, we show the responses of mouse retinal ganglion cells to various conductance waveforms obtained from physiological experiments in control conditions or in the presence of drugs. Furthermore, we show the use of artificial excitatory and inhibitory conductances generated using alpha functions to investigate the responses of the cells.

This video article illustrates the set-up, the procedures to patch cell bodies and how to implement dynamic clamp recordings from ganglion cells in whole-mount mouse retinae. This technique allows the investigation of the precise contribution of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs, and their relative magnitude and timing to neuronal spiking.

마우스 망막 신경절 세포의 시냅스와 인공 컨덕턴스와 동적 클램프 구현

Ganglion cells are the output neurons of the  retina and their activity reflects the integration of multiple synaptic inputs  arising from specific neural ...

신경과학

An In Vitro Adult Mouse Muscle-nerve Preparation for Studying the Firing Properties of Muscle Afferents

Muscle sensory neurons innervating muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs encode length and force changes essential to proprioception. Additional afferent fibers monitor other characteristics of the muscle environment, including metabolite buildup, temperature, and nociceptive stimuli. Overall, abnormal activation of sensory neurons can lead to movement disorders or chronic pain syndromes. We describe the isolation of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle and nerve for in vitro study of stretch-evoked afferent responses in the adult mouse. Sensory activity is recorded from the nerve with a suction electrode and individual afferents can be analyzed using spike sorting software. In vitro preparations allow for well controlled studies on sensory afferents without the potential confounds of anesthesia or altered muscle perfusion. Here we describe a protocol to identify and test the response of muscle spindle afferents to stretch. Importantly, this preparation also supports the study of other subtypes of muscle afferents, response properties following drug application and the incorporation of powerful genetic approaches and disease models in mice.

An In Vitro Adult Mouse Muscle-nerve Preparation for Studying the Firing Properties of Muscle Afferents

Muscle sensory neurons are involved in proprioceptor signaling and also report on metabolic state and injury related events. We describe an adult mouse in vitro muscle-nerve preparation for studies on stretch-activated muscle afferents.

<em&gt; 체외</em근육의 구 심성의 소성 특성을 연구&gt; 성인 마우스 근육 - 신경 준비

Muscle sensory neurons innervating muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs encode length and force changes essential to proprioception. Additional ...

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurement of the Rat Ulnar Nerve with Axonal Excitability Testing

Electrophysiology enables the objective assessment of peripheral nerve function in vivo. Traditional nerve conduction measures such as amplitude and latency detect chronic axon loss and demyelination, respectively. Axonal excitability techniques &#34;by threshold tracking&#34; expand upon these measures by providing information regarding the activity of ion channels, pumps and exchangers that relate to acute function and may precede degenerative events. As such, the use of axonal excitability in animal models of neurological disorders may provide a useful in vivo measure to assess novel therapeutic interventions. Here we describe an experimental setup for multiple measures of motor axonal excitability techniques in the rat ulnar nerve.
The animals are anesthetized with isoflurane and carefully monitored to ensure constant and adequate depth of anesthesia. Body temperature, respiration rate, heart rate and saturation of oxygen in the blood are continuously monitored. Axonal excitability studies are performed using percutaneous stimulation of the ulnar nerve and recording from the hypothenar muscles of the forelimb paw. With correct electrode placement, a clear compound muscle action potential that increases in amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity is recorded. An automated program is then utilized to deliver a series of electrical pulses which generate 5 specific excitability measures in the following sequence: stimulus response behavior, strength duration time constant, threshold electrotonus, current-threshold relationship and the recovery cycle.
Data presented here indicate that these measures are repeatable and show similarity between left and right ulnar nerves when assessed on the same day. A limitation of these techniques in this setting is the effect of dose and time under anesthesia. Careful monitoring and recording of these variables should be undertaken for consideration at the time of analysis.

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurement of the Rat Ulnar Nerve with Axonal Excitability Testing

Axonal excitability techniques provide a powerful tool to examine pathophysiology and biophysical changes that precede irreversible degenerative events. This manuscript demonstrates the use of these techniques on the ulnar nerve of anesthetized rats.

Vivo에서 Axonal 흥분 테스트 쥐 척 골 신경의 electrophysiological 측정

Electrophysiology enables the objective assessment of peripheral nerve function in vivo. Traditional nerve conduction measures such as amplitude and ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic tectum, is a popular model to study how neural circuits self-assemble. The ability to carry out whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons and to record RGC-evoked responses, either in vivo or using a whole brain preparation, has generated a large body of high-resolution data about the mechanisms underlying normal, and abnormal, circuit formation and function. Here we describe how to perform the in vivo preparation, the original whole brain preparation, and a more recently developed horizontal brain slice preparation for obtaining whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons. Each preparation has unique experimental advantages. The in vivo preparation enables the recording of the direct response of tectal neurons to visual stimuli projected onto the eye. The whole brain preparation allows for the RGC axons to be activated in a highly controlled manner, and the horizontal brain slice preparation allows recording from across all layers of the tectum.

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

In this paper, we discuss three brain preparations used for whole cell patch clamp recording to study the retinotectal circuit of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Each preparation, with its own specific advantages, contributes to the experimental tractability of the Xenopus tadpole as a model to study neural circuit function.

준비 및 Xenopus laevis Tectal 신경의 전체 셀 패치 클램프 기록에 대 한 프로토콜

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...

Registration of Calcium Transients in Mouse Neuromuscular Junction with High Temporal Resolution using Confocal Microscopy

Estimation of the presynaptic calcium level is a key task in studying synaptic transmission since calcium entry into the presynaptic cell triggers a cascade of events leading to neurotransmitter release. Moreover, changes in presynaptic calcium levels mediate the activity of many intracellular proteins and play an important role in synaptic plasticity. Studying calcium signaling is also important for finding ways to treat neurodegenerative diseases. The neuromuscular junction is a suitable model for studying synaptic plasticity, as it has only one type of neurotransmitter. This article describes the method for loading a calcium-sensitive dye through the cut nerve bundle into the mice's motor nerve endings. This method allows the estimation of all parameters related to intracellular calcium changes, such as basal calcium level and calcium transient. Since the influx of calcium from the cell exterior into the nerve terminals and its binding/unbinding to the calcium-sensitive dye occur within the range of a few milliseconds, a speedy imaging system is required to record these events. Indeed, high-speed cameras are commonly used for the registration of fast calcium changes, but they have low image resolution parameters. The protocol presented here for recording calcium transient allows extremely good spatial-temporal resolution provided by confocal microscopy.

The protocol describes the method of loading a fluorescent calcium dye through the cut nerve into mouse motor nerve terminals. In addition, a unique method for recording fast calcium transients in the peripheral nerve endings using confocal microscopy is presented.

Estimation of the presynaptic calcium level is a key task in studying synaptic transmission since calcium entry into the presynaptic cell triggers a ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Electroporation and nerve injury in mouse levator auris longus muscle(마우스 거근 오리스 장근의 전기천공법과 신경 손상)

Combined In Vivo Electroporation and Short&#45;Term Reinnervation of the Cranial Levator Auris Longus Skeletal Muscle

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the peripheral synapse controlling the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers to allow the coordinated movement of many organisms. At the NMJ, a presynaptic motor axon terminal contacts a muscle postsynaptic domain and is covered by terminal Schwann cells. The integrity and function of the NMJ is compromised under several conditions, including aging, neuromuscular diseases, and traumatic injuries. To analyze the potential contribution of muscle-derived proteins to NMJ maintenance and regeneration, an in vivo gene transfer strategy has been combined with the denervation of the cranial levator auris longus (LAL) muscle after mechanical nerve injury. Previous findings showed that the forced expression of control fluorescent proteins does not alter NMJ organization or neurotransmission. This procedure aims to describe a detailed method of in vivo electroporation of the LAL muscle followed by transection or crushing of the specific branch of the facial nerve innervating cranial muscles, leading to NMJ denervation and reinnervation, respectively. The combination of these experimental strategies in the convenient LAL muscle constitutes an efficient method to study the potential contribution of muscle protein overexpression or silencing in the context of short-term NMJ reinnervation.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>저자 스포트라이트: 신경근 접합부에서 신경 손상 후 근육 단백질의 재생 역할

Here, we present a protocol that combines in vivo electroporation and denervation of the cranial levator auris longus (LAL) muscle. This procedure enables the study of the potential role of muscle-derived proteins in the regeneration of the neuromuscular synapse.

In Vivo Electroporation과 Cranial Levator Auris Longus Skeletal Muscle의 단기 신경 재생이 결합되었습니다.

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the peripheral synapse controlling the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers to allow the coordinated movement of many ...