The authors would like to thank Prof. Hartwig Wolburg for performing the electron microscopy.

1. 거꾸로 모델 시스템에서 시드 HIBCPP 세포에 대한 세포 배양 필터 삽입을 준비 <ol><li> 5 μg의 / ㎖ 인슐린 보충 전 따뜻한 DMEM / F12 (HAM), 100 U / ㎖ 페니실린, 100 μg의 / ㎖ 스트렙토 마이신 및 10 % 소 태아 혈청 (FCS). </li><li> 거꾸로 12 웰 플레이트 (도 1E)로 3 ㎛의 공극 크기 0.33 cm² 성장 영역 세포 배양 필터 삽입 배치 무균 핀셋을 사용한다. </li><li> 세포 배양 필터 인서트의 하부 구획실 (약 3 mL) 및 필터 인서트의 상부에 100 ㎕의 배지를 채운다. 플레이트뿐만 아니라 매체와 낮은 구획 홍수. 필터 인서트의 하부 구획 (도 1E)를 충전 상태로 유지하는 방식으로 과도한 매체 기음. 참고 :이 단계에 대한 혈청 학적 피펫을 사용하는 것이 좋습니다. </li><li> , 뚜껑을 12 웰 플레이트를 커버하고 인큐베이터에 준비된 세포 배양 필터 삽입을 전송 37 ° C,세포에 첨가 할 때까지 5 % CO 2. </li></ol> 2. 재배 및 HIBCPP 세포의과 Passaging <ol><li> 5 μg의 / ㎖, 100 U / ㎖ 페니실린, 100 μg의 / ㎖ 스트렙토 마이신 및 10 % FCS로 보충 된 DMEM / F12 (HAM)을 준비한다. </li><li> 37 ° C의 물을 욕조에 미리 따뜻한 매체와 PBS. 플라스크에서 대기음 매체. 플라스크 및 소용돌이에 10 ml의 PBS를 추가합니다. 일단이 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 플라스크 및 소용돌이에 3 ㎖ 0.25 % 트립신 EDTA를 추가합니다. , 인큐베이터에 37 ° C, 5 % CO 2를 놓습니다. </li><li> 약 20 분 후 인큐베이터에서 플라스크를 제거합니다. 세포가 플라스크의 바닥에서 분리되어 있는지 확인하고 현미경으로 조사 때 둥근 모양을 표시합니다. 주 : 세포가 서로 완전히 분리되지 않고 자주 덩어리에서 발견된다. 통로 (38)까지 세포를 사용하는 것이 좋습니다. </li><li> 17 ml의 매체를 추가 트립신 중지하십시오. 아래로 pipetting에 의해 세포를 재현 탁하고, 현탁액을 전송50 ML 튜브로. 실온에서 10 분 동안 50 XG 원심 분리기. </li><li> 매체의 적절한 부피의 세포를 재현 탁하고 혈구를 이용하여 세포 수를 계산. 주 : 현탁 HIBCPP 세포의 농도가 1 × 106 세포 / ml이어야한다. HIBCPP 세포의 유지 대에는 T75 플라스크에 10 ml의 배지에 1-6 × 106 세포의 양을 전송하기 위해 제안된다. 모든 둘째 날 매체 변경합니다. </li></ol> HIBCPP 세포 3. 시드 반전 세포 배양 필터 삽입 <ol><li> (필터의 바닥면 예) 각 반전 필터 인서트의 위에 세포 현탁액 (예. 8 × 10 4 세포) (그림 1E)의 80 μl를 추가합니다. 참고 : 세포가 균일하게 파종하기 전에 튜브를 반전 현탁액에 분산되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 인큐베이터에 12 웰 플레이트 및 전송의 뚜껑, 37 ° C, 5 % C와 시드 - 세포 배양 필터 삽입을 커버O 2. </li><li> 첫날, 24 웰 플레이트의 우물에 1 ml의 매체를 입력합니다. 12 웰 플레이트에서 집게를 사용하여 세포 배양 필터 삽입을 들어 올리고, 내부 매체를 폐기 필터 삽입을 켜고 준비 24 웰 플레이트 (그림 1E)에 표준 방향으로 배치합니다. </li><li> 모든 둘째 날 새로운 배지로 세포를 놓습니다. 신선한 매체와 24 우물을 준비하고 여기에 필터 삽입을 전송합니다. 0.5 ml의 신선한 매체와 삽입을 입력합니다. 4 절에 설명 된대로 매일 봉사자를 확인합니다. </li><li> 세포 배양 인서트에 HIBCPP 시드 셀들 티이 값을 초과 할 경우 70 Ω X cm² (약 사일 파종 후) 다음, 1 % FCS, 5 μg의 / ㎖ 인슐린을 포함하는 배지에서 세포 배양을 계속한다. 물론 각 1 ml의 배지로 24 웰 플레이트를 준비합니다. 상단 구획에 제조 된 우물과 교환 매체로 필터 삽입을 전송합니다. 참고 : 컨 플루 후이 혈청 철수의 형성을 유도높은 막전위. </li><li> 필터 실에서 대기음 매체는 잘 준비에 전송하고 500 ㎕의 매체를 입력합니다. 일단이 단계를 반복합니다. , 인큐베이터에 하룻밤 37 ° C, 5 % CO 2 세포를 넣습니다. </li></ol> Transepithelial 전기 저항 4. 측정 (봉사자) <ol><li> 80 % 에탄올에 15 분 동안 상피 조직 voltohmmeter의 전극의 끝 부분을 담가. 후드 voltohmmeter를 전송하고 잠시 전극 건조를 할 수 있습니다. 평형 또 다른 15 분 동안 세포에 사용되는 각각의 배지에 전극을 배치합니다. </li><li> 필터 삽입 실에 짧은 아암을 배치가 하부 구획의 바닥 매번 접촉되도록 상기 전극의 긴 아암을 배치하여 측정을 수행한다. 참고 : 세포 배양 필터 삽입의 저항 값을 배지에서 세포없이이 빈 값을 사용해야합니다 ((측정 값 (Ω) - 빈 값 (Ω)) × 필터표면 (즉, 0.33 cm²)). </li><li> 15 분 동안 80 % 에탄올로 전극 제자리를 측정 한 후. 건조 튜브에 저장합니다. </li></ol> Paracellular 투수 5. 결​​정 <ol><li> 5 μg의 / ㎖ 인슐린을 1 % FCS로 보충 된 200 ㎖의 배지에서 1g FITC-이눌린을 녹인다. 세포의 감염 전에 상부 필터 구획에 용액 50 μg의 / ㎖을 적용합니다. </li><li> 감염 후 많은 이눌린은 셀 층을 통해 필터 실에서 전달 방법을 결정하기 위해 낮은 우물에서 매체 샘플을 수집합니다. </li><li> FITC-이눌린 표준 용액을 조제하고 1 수행 2 희석액, 10 배 (100 %, 50 %, 25 %, 12.5 %, 6.25 %, 3.13 %, 1.56 %, 0.78 %, 0.39 %, 0.2 % 및 0 %) . 마이크로 플레이트 리더의 모든 시료의 측정에 의해 형광을 결정합니다. </li></ol> 세포 배양 필터 삽입에 HIBCPP 세포의 감염에 대한 박테리아의 6. 준비 <ol><li> 실험에 어느 날 이전에, 스크랩 t그는 냉동 N. 뇌수막염은 Vitox 초콜릿 한천에 글리세롤 주식과 행진을 해제 균주. 5 % CO 2, 37 ° C에서 인큐베이터에서 하룻밤 성장. </li><li> 하룻밤 문화에서 20-30 식민지를 추출하고 0.042 %의 NaHCO3, 0.01 M의 MgCl 2, 1 % Polyvitex 보충 8 ml의 Proteose 펩톤 매체를 포함하는 튜브에 전송합니다. </li><li> 220 rpm으로 37 ℃에서 1.25 시간 동안 세균을 흔들어. 실온에서 10 분 동안 2,684g에서 원심 분리하여 균체 펠릿. 뜨는을 취소하고 8 ML의 무 혈청 배지와 세균 펠렛을 재현 탁. 소용돌이는 더욱 서스펜션을 보장합니다. </li><li> 배양 밀도를 결정하기 위해, 600 nm 인 광학 밀도 (OD)로 1:10 희석도를 측정한다. OD 0.1 600 세균 현탁액을 조정합니다. 참고 :이 서스펜션이 약이 포함되어 있습니다. 1 × 10 8 CFU / ㎖. </li><li> 박테리아 세포 농도를 확인하기 위해, 최대 서스펜션 단계적 (1:10) 희석초콜릿 한천 플레이트 상에 10-5의 희석과 접시. 주의 : 유사한 연속 희석 세균 성장​​ 곡선을 계산하기 위해 수행 될 필요가있다. </li></ol> 이중 면역 형광에 의한 세균 침략의 세포 배양 필터 삽입 및 결정에 HIBCPP 세포의 7 감염 <ol><li> 1 % FCS, 5 μg의 / ㎖ 인슐린을 포함하는 배지에서 세포 배양을 계속 한 후, 상피 조직 voltohmmeter를 사용하여 매일 세포를 측정한다. 세포가 약 500 Ω X cm²의 봉사자에 도달 한 경우, 감염을 수행한다. </li><li> 시간의 지정된 기간 동안 5 % CO 2, 37 ℃에서 10 점 감염 인큐베이터에 감염된 세포 (MOI)의 다수의 세균 현탁액을 제조로 세포를 감염. 주 : MOI가 합류 (1.21 × 106 세포 / ㎠)에서 계정에 세포 배양 필터 인서트 당 세포의 수를 고려하여 계산 될 수있다. </li><li> 감염되고 중지1 % 소 혈청 알부민 (BSA)을 함유하는 500 μL의 혈청 배지로 3 회 (SFM)을 세정 이온 하부 구획 필터 구획에 1 ml에 적용 하였다. </li><li> 500 μL의 SFM 필터 실에 1 % BSA 버퍼를 포함하고 비특이적 결합 부위에 대한 항체의 부착을 방지하기 위해 실온에서 20 분 동안 상기 하부 구획의 1 ml의 차단. </li><li> 100 ㎕를 일차 항체 항 N.으로 품어 필터 구획하고 실온에서 20 분 동안 상기 하부 구획의 500 μL : meningtidis α-OMP (200 1). 주 : 필요한 경우, 항체 농도가 적정 될 필요가있다. </li><li> 필터 실로부터 매체를 흡입하여 세포를 세척, 1 % BSA를 함유하는 제조도 1 ML의 SFM에 필터 인서트를 전송하고, 1 % BSA를 함유하는 500 μL의 SFM과 비운 필터 실을 채운다. 두 번이 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 필터 안돼요을 500 ㎕의 4 % 포름 알데히드로 세포를 고정rtment 실온에서 10 분 동안 하부 구획 한 용액. </li><li> 필터 실에서 매체를 흡입하여 세포를 씻으, 한 ML PBS와 준비를 잘하여 필터 삽입을 전송하고 500 ㎕의 PBS로 비워 필터 구획을 입력합니다. 일단이 단계를 반복합니다. 참고 : 샘플 4 ° C에서 PBS에 밤새 저장할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 컷 고정 된 세포 배양은 삽입의 필터링 250 ㎕의 PBS가 1 % BSA를 함유 씻는다. 세포 외 박테리아를 얼룩 : 라벨 250 μl의 형광 (여기 파장 594 nm의) 차 항체 닭 반 토끼 (500 일)와 실온에서 15 분 동안 세포를 품어. 주 : 필요한 경우, 항체 농도가 적정 될 필요가있다. </li><li> PBS 250 ㎕를 실온에서 1 시간 동안 1 % BSA 및 0.5 % 트리톤 X-100가 함유 된 세포 Permeabilize 하시려면. 250 ㎕의 PBS가 1 % BSA를 함유하는 세포를 세 번 씻는다. </li><li> 250 μL 차 항체 항 N.으로 품어 뇌수막염 </EM&gt; α-OMP (1 : 200) 30 분 동안은 역외 및 세포 내 세균을 염색합니다. 250 ㎕의 PBS가 1 % BSA를 함유하는 세포를 세 번 씻는다. </li><li> 형광 표지 (여기 파장 660 ㎚) Phalloidin의 (1 : 250) 및 4&#39;- 나프티 diamidino -2- 페닐 인돌 염산염 (DAPI () : 형광 표지 (여기 파장 488 ㎚) 이차 항체 (500 (1)) 250 μL를 적용 1 : 50,000) 실온에서 1 시간 동안 역외 및 세포 내 박테리아, 액틴 세포 골격과 핵을 염색합니다. 주 : 필요한 경우, 항체 농도가 적정 될 필요가있다. </li><li> 250 ㎕의 PBS가 1 % BSA를 함유하는 세포를 세 번 씻는다. 현미경을 통해 검사까지 4 ° C에서 매체 및 저장을 장착의 셀을 포함. </li><li> 미리 정의 된 필드 당 침입 박테리아의 수를 결정합니다. 필터 멤브레인 당 20 필드를 계산하여이 작업을 수행합니다. 침입 세균의 비율을 계산한다. 참고 : 지역 코픽으로 20 현미경 분야의 평균 세균 수를 곱하면ient. 결과는 0.33 cm² 세포 배양 필터 인서트 본 총 박테리아의 양을 나타낸다. 감염 기간 동안 배지에서 자란 균의 양이이 값을 나눈다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Abott, N. J., Patabendige, A. A. K., Dolman, D. E. M., Yusof, S. R., Begley, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+and+function+of+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier.</a> Neurobiol Dis. 37, 13-25 (2009).</li><li>Wolburg, H., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choroid+plexus:+biology+and+pathology.">Choroid plexus: biology and pathology.</a> Acta Neuropathol. 119, 75-88 (2010).</li><li>Engelhardt, B., Sorokin, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+blood-brain+and+the+blood-cerebrospinal+fluid+barriers:+function+and+dysfunction.">The blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers: function and dysfunction.</a> Semin Imunopathol. 31, 497-511 (2009).</li><li>Ishiwata, I., Ishiwata, C., Ishiwata, E., Sato, Y., Kiguchi, K., Tachibana, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+and+characterization+of+a+human+malignant+choroid+plexus+papilloma+cell+line+(HIBCPP).">Establishment and characterization of a human malignant choroid plexus papilloma cell line (HIBCPP).</a> Hum Cell. 18, 67-72 (2005).</li><li>Schwerk, C., Papandreou, T., Schuhmann, D., Nickol, L., Borkowski, J., Steinmann, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polar+invasion+and+translocation+of+Neisseria+meningitidis+and+Streptococcus+suis+in+anovel+human+model+of+the+blood-cerebrospinal+fluid+barrier.">Polar invasion and translocation of Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus suis in anovel human model of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.</a> PloS One. 7, e30069 (2012).</li><li>Bernd, A., Ott, M., Ishikawa, H., Schroten, H., Schwerk, C., Fricker, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+efflux+transport+proteins+of+the+human+choroid+plecus+papilloma+cell+line+HIBCPP,+a+functional+in+vitro+model+of+the+blood-cerebrospinal+fluid+barrier.">Characterization of efflux transport proteins of the human choroid plecus papilloma cell line HIBCPP, a functional in vitro model of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.</a> Pharm Res. , (2014).</li><li>Gr&#252;ndler, T., Quednau, N., Stump, C., Orian-Rousseau, V., Ishikawa, H., Wolburg, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+surface+proteins+InlA+and+InlB+are+interdependently+required+for+polar+basolateral+invasion+by+Listeria+monocytogenes+in+a+human+model+of+the+blood-cerebrospinal+fluid+barrier.">The surface proteins InlA and InlB are interdependently required for polar basolateral invasion by Listeria monocytogenes in a human model of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.</a> Microbes Infect. 15, 291-301 (2013).</li><li>Schwerk, C., Tenenbaum, T., Kwang, S. K., Schroten, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+choroid+plexus+-+a+multi-role+player+during+infectious+diseases+of+the+CNS.">The choroid plexus - a multi-role player during infectious diseases of the CNS.</a> Front Cell Neurosci. 9, 80 (2015).</li><li>Pron, B., Taha, M. K., Rambaud, C., Fournet, J. C., Pattey, N., Monnet, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+of+Neisseria+meningtidis+with+the+components+of+the+blood-brain+barrier+correlates+with+increased+expression+of+PilC.">Interaction of Neisseria meningtidis with the components of the blood-brain barrier correlates with increased expression of PilC.</a> J Infect Dis. 176, 1285-1292 (1997).</li><li>Guarner, J., Greer, P. W., Whitney, A., Shieh, W. J., Fischer, M., White, E. H., Carlone, G. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenesis+and+diagnosis+of+human+meningococcal+disease+using+immunohistochemical+and+PCR+assays+assays.">Pathogenesis and diagnosis of human meningococcal disease using immunohistochemical and PCR assays assays.</a> Am J Clin Pathol. 122, 754-764 (2004).</li><li>Pizarro-Cerda, J., Kuhbacher, A., Cossart, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entry+of+Listeria+monocytogenes+in+mammalian+epithelial+cells:+an+updated+view.">Entry of Listeria monocytogenes in mammalian epithelial cells: an updated view.</a> Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2, (2012).</li><li>Beutler, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbe+sensing,+positive+feedback+loops+and+the+pathogenesis+of+inflammatory+diseases.">Microbe sensing, positive feedback loops and the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.</a> Immunol. Rev. 227, 248-263 (2009).</li><li>Wilson, E. H., Weninger, W., Hunter, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trafficking+of+immune+cells+in+the+central+nervous+system.">Trafficking of immune cells in the central nervous system.</a> J Clin Invest. 120, 1368-1379 (2010).</li><li>Meeker, R. B., Williams, K., Killebrew, D. A., Hudson, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+trafficking+through+the+choroid+plexus.">Cell trafficking through the choroid plexus.</a> Cell Adh Migr. 6, 390-396 (2012).</li><li>Borkowski, J., Li, L., Steinmann, U., Quednau, N., Stump-Guthier, C., Weiss, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neisseria+meningitidis+elicits+a+pro-inflammatory+response+involving+I+kappa+B+zeta+in+a+human+blood-cerebrospinal+fluid+barrier+model.">Neisseria meningitidis elicits a pro-inflammatory response involving I kappa B zeta in a human blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier model.</a> J Neuroinflammation. 11, 163 (2014).</li><li>Steinmann, U., Borkowski, J., Wolburg, H., Schroppel, B., Findeisen, P., Weiss, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transmigration+of+polymorphnuclear+neutrophils+and+monocytes+through+the+human+blood-cerebrospinal+fluid+barrier+after+bacterial+infection+in+vitro.">Transmigration of polymorphnuclear neutrophils and monocytes through the human blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier after bacterial infection in vitro.</a> J Neuroinflammation. 10, 30 (2013).</li><li>McGuiness, B. T., Clarke, I. N., Lambden, P. R., Barlow, A. K., Poolman, J. T., Heckels, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Point+mutation+in+meningococcal+por+A+gene+associated+with+increased+endemic+disease.">Point mutation in meningococcal por A gene associated with increased endemic disease.</a> Lancet. 337, 514-517 (1991).</li><li>Ram, S., Cox, A. D., Wright, J. C., Vogel, U., Getzlaff, S., Boden, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neisserial+lipopolysaccharide+is+a+target+for+complement+component+C4b.+inner+core+phosphoethanolamine+residues+define+C4b+linkage+specificity.">Neisserial lipopolysaccharide is a target for complement component C4b. inner core phosphoethanolamine residues define C4b linkage specificity.</a> J Biol Chem. 278, 50853-50862 (2003).</li><li>Claus, H., Maiden, M. C., Maag, R., Frosch, M., Vogel, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Many+carried+meningococci+lack+the+genes+required+for+capsule+synthesis+and+transport.">Many carried meningococci lack the genes required for capsule synthesis and transport.</a> Microbiology. 148, 1813-1819 (2002).</li><li>Claus, H., Maiden, M. C., Wilson, D. J., Mccarthy, N. D., Jolley, K. A., Urwin, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+analysis+of+meningococci+carried+by+children+and+young+adults.">Genetic analysis of meningococci carried by children and young adults.</a> J Infect Dis. 191, 1263-1271 (2005).</li><li>Tenenbaum, T., Papandreou, T., Gellrich, D., Friedrichs, U., Seibt, A., Adam, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polar+bacterial+invasion+and+translocation+of+Streptococcus+suis+across+the+blood-cerebrospinal+fluid+barrier+in+vitro.">Polar bacterial invasion and translocation of Streptococcus suis across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in vitro.</a> Cell Microbiol. 11, 323-336 (2009).</li><li>Laflamme, N., Echchannaoui, H., Landmann, R., Rivest, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cooperation+between+toll-like+receptor+2+and+4+in+the+brain+of+mice+challenged+with+cell+wall+components+derived+from+gram-negative+and+gram-positive+bacteria.">Cooperation between toll-like receptor 2 and 4 in the brain of mice challenged with cell wall components derived from gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.</a> Eur J Immunol. 33, 1127-1138 (2003).</li><li>Laflamme, S., Rivest, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toll-like+receptor+4:+the+missing+link+of+the+cerebral+innate+immune+response+triggered+by+circulating+gram-negative+bacterial+cell+wall+components.">Toll-like receptor 4: the missing link of the cerebral innate immune response triggered by circulating gram-negative bacterial cell wall components.</a> FASEB J. 15, 155-163 (2001).</li><li>Zughaier, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neisseria+meningitidis+capsular+polysaccharides+indice+inflammatory+responses+via+TLR2+and+TLR4-MD-2.">Neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharides indice inflammatory responses via TLR2 and TLR4-MD-2.</a> J Leukoc Biol. 89, 469-480 (2011).</li><li>Yamamoto, M., Yamazaki, S., Uematsu, S., Sato, S., Hemmi, M., Hoshino, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+Toll/IL-1-receptor+-mediated+gene+expression+by+the+inducible+nuclear+protein+IkappaBzeta.">Regulation of Toll/IL-1-receptor -mediated gene expression by the inducible nuclear protein IkappaBzeta.</a> Nature. 430, 218-222 (2004).</li><li>Lorenz, J., Zahlten, J., Pollok, I., Lippmann, J., Scharf, S., N'Guessan, P. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Legionella+pheumophila-induced+IkappaBzeta-dependent+expression+of+interleukin-6+in+lung+epithelium.">Legionella pheumophila-induced IkappaBzeta-dependent expression of interleukin-6 in lung epithelium.</a> Eur Respir J. 37, 648-657 (2011).</li><li>Jaerve, A., Muller, H. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemokines+in+CNS+injury+and+repair.">Chemokines in CNS injury and repair.</a> Cell Tissue Res. 349, 229-248 (2012).</li><li>Schneider, H., Weber, C. E., Schoeller, J., Steinmann, U., Borkowski, J., Ishikawa, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemotaxis+of+T-cells+after+infection+of+human+choroid+plexus+papilloma+cells+with+Echovirus+30+in+an+in+vitro+model+of+the+blood-cerebrospinal+fluid+barrier.">Chemotaxis of T-cells after infection of human choroid plexus papilloma cells with Echovirus 30 in an in vitro model of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.</a> Virus Res. 170, 66-74 (2012).</li><li>Chodobski, A., Szmydynger-Chodobska, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choroid+plexus:+Target+for+polypeptides+and+site+of+their+synthesis.">Choroid plexus: Target for polypeptides and site of their synthesis.</a> Microsc. Res. Tech. 52, 65-82 (2001).</li><li>Dickson, P. W., Schreiber, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+levels+of+messenger+RNA+for+transthyretin+(prealbumin)+in+human+choroid+plexus.">High levels of messenger RNA for transthyretin (prealbumin) in human choroid plexus.</a> Neurosci. Lett. 66, 311-315 (1986).</li><li>Stylianopoulou, F., Herbert, J., Soares, M. B., Efstratiadis, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+the+insulin-like+growth+factor+II+gene+in+the+choroid+plexus+and+the+leptomeninges+of+the+adult+rat+central+nervous+system.">Expression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene in the choroid plexus and the leptomeninges of the adult rat central nervous system.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 85, 141-145 (1988).</li><li>Lim, L., Zhou, H., Costa, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+winged+helix+transcription+factor+HFH-4+is+expressed+during+choroid+plexus+epithelial+development+in+the+mouse+embryo.">The winged helix transcription factor HFH-4 is expressed during choroid plexus epithelial development in the mouse embryo.</a> Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 94, 3094-3099 (1997).</li><li>Vandenhaute, E., Stump-Guthier, C., Lasierra Losada, M., Tenenbaum, T., Rudolph, H., Ishikawa, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+choroid+plexus+may+be+an+underestimated+site+of+tumor+invasion+to+the+brain:+an+in+vitro+study+using+neuroblastoma+cell+lines.">The choroid plexus may be an underestimated site of tumor invasion to the brain: an in vitro study using neuroblastoma cell lines.</a> Cancer Cell Int. , 15-102 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

제어 포인트의 상피 세포는 혈액 2,3-에서 CSF를 분리 BCSFB을 형성한다. 우리는 최근 BCSFB의 기능적 인간 모델로 HIBCPP 세포주를 확립. 세포는 높은 막 전위의 개발 고분자에 대해 낮은 투과성뿐만 아니라 TJS 5 연속 스트랜드의 존재를 포함하여 시험 관내 BCSFB 중요한 장벽 기능을 표시. TJ 단백질은 세포의 기저 / 혀끝 극성에 기여한다. 극성 표면 수용체에 관한 지역화 높은 중요...

혈액 - 뇌척수액 장벽 (BCSFB)은 혈액과 뇌 (1) 사이의 세 가지 장벽 사이트 중 하나입니다. 그것의 형태 학적 상관 관계가 맥락막 신경총 (CP) 2,3의 상피 세포이며, 강력하게 혈관과 뇌의 뇌실에 위치하고있는 내피 - 상피 컨볼. 제어 포인트는 뇌척수액 (CSF)를 생산뿐만 아니라 혈액에서 후자를 분리하는 역할을한다. 장벽 기능을 달성하기 위해, CP 상피 세포는 낮은 pinocytotic 활성을 나타내는 특정 전송기를 표현하고 조밀 기밀 접합 (TJS) 2,3-의 연속적인 네트워크에 의해 접속되어있다. 일본인 여성 4 악성 맥락막 신경총 유두종 유래의 인간 맥락막 신경총 유두종 (HIBCPP) 세포의 BCSFB의 시험 관내 모델의 기능을 구성하는 데 사용 하였다. HIBCPP 세포는 TJ의 형성 등의 기능 BCSFB의 특성 몇 가지를 보여스트랜드 transepithelial 전기 저항 (티이)로 판정 할 수있는 높은 transepithelial 막전위의 개발 및 거대 분자를위한 작은 투과성. 또한, HIBCPP 세포는 이온 성 미세 환경을 조절하는 역할을하고, 기저 / 혀끝 극성 5,6,7를 표시 할 수 있습니다 특성 수송을 표현한다. BCSFB는 중추 신경계 (CNS)에 8 병원균 (박테리아, 바이러스, 진균)에 대한 엔트리 사이트로서 기능하는 것으로 나타났다. 나이 세리아 뇌수막염 (N. 뇌수막염), 그람 음성 박테리아를 포함하여 병원균의 침입은 뇌막염과 같은 심각한 질병을 일으킬 수 있습니다. 는 CP의 보호 상피 장벽을 극복 증거가 수막 구균 성 질환은 혈관과 CP 상피 세포 9, 10에서 수막 구균의 증가 금액을 나타내는 환자에서 조직 병리학 적 관찰에 의해 지원됩니다. 숙주 세포 바로 항목을 얻으려면cteria들은 중​​재 또는 숙주 세포에있는 특정 표면 수용체에 의해 트리거되는 endocytotic 메커니즘을 하이재킹. 이들 수용체와 병원체의 상호 작용이 종 수 있기 때문에 특정 (11) 동물 모델은 제한된 범위로 참고 될 수있다. HIBCPP 세포주 침입 프로세스뿐만 아니라 인간의 모델 시스템에서 기본이되는 분자 기전을 연구 할 수있는 기회를 제공한다. 세포 배양 삽입을 사용하는 두 가지 세포 측면에서 숙주 세포로 병원균의 상호 작용을 분석하기 위해 우리가 할 수 있습니다. 많은 박테리아를 포함 N. 뇌수막염은 감염 분석하는 동안 중력의 영향을 강하게 될 수 있습니다. 분석법 중 HIBCPP 세포와 병원체의 최적의 상호 작용의 경우, 초기 박테리아는 세포 배양 필터 삽입 시스템의 상부 구획에 첨가 하였다. 각각 체외 시스템의 두 가지 변화가 있었다 ESTA 꼭대기 또는 기저 세포 측에서 감염을 사용하려면blished : 표준 시스템에서 HIBCPP 세포 미생물이 CSF 측에 위치하며 셀 (도 1a, C)의 꼭대기면 접촉에 들어갈 때의 상황을 모방 필터 인서트의 상부 구획으로 시딩 하였다. 반면, 반전 된 세포 배양 필터 인서트 시스템에서 HIBCPP 세포를 사용하여 세균이 혈류를 입력 한 상황을 반영한다. 미생물은 기저 측 (그림 1B, D)에서 혈액과 만남 CP 상피 세포에 전파. 주목할이 모델 시스템에서 세균이 기저 세포 측면에서 특히 5,7- 극성 방식 HIBCPP 세포에 침입하는 것이 밝혀졌다. 이어서 CP의 감염의 병원체가 침입 패턴 - 인식 수용체를 통해 결찰 선천 면역 (PRRS)에 의해 인식 될 수있다. PRRS의 잘 설명 된 회원은 수신자 같은 수용체 (TLR) 가족에 속한다. TLR들 수 빈라고 병원체 관련 분자 패턴 (PAMPs가) 있습니다 감염성 미생물의 특성 구조에 라. 수용체의 결찰 차례로 BCSFB 13,14 걸쳐 윤회 면역 세포를 자극 사이토 카인 및 케모카인 (12)의 발현을 유발 숙주 세포의 활성화 시그널링 캐스케이드로 이끈다. HIBCPP 세포가 여러 가지의 mRNA 수준에서 TLR들과 N.와 그 감염을 표현하는 것으로 밝혀졌다 뇌수막염은 CXCL1-3, IL6, IL8 및 TNFα (15, 16)를 포함한 여러 사이토 카인과 케모카인의 분비를 초래한다. 여기에서는 BCSFB 모방 반전 세포 배양 삽입 시스템에서 배양하고, 인간 세포주 HIBCPP 감염을 설명한다. 이 모델 시스템은 생체 관련 기저 세포 측면뿐만 아니라, 이후 세포 반응과 병원균의 상호 작용을 연구 할 수있다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td><td>Gibco</td><td>25200-056</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4&amp;acute;,6 diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>D1306</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12-well plates</td><td>Starlab</td><td>CC7682-7512</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24-well plates</td><td>Starlab</td><td>CC7682-7524</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti Neisseria meningitidis &amp;alpha;-OMP</td><td></td><td></td><td>This antibody was a gift from Drs. H. Claus and U. Vogel (University of W&amp;uuml;rzburg, Germany)</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 (chicken anti rabbit)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A21441</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 594 (chicken anti rabbit)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A21442</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 660 Phalloidin</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A22285</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumine (BSA)</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>12659</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chocolate agar plates</td><td>Biomerieux</td><td>43109</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cytochalasin D</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C8273</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM/F12 + L-Glut + 15 mM HEPES</td><td>Gibco</td><td>31330-095</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM/F12 + L-Glut + 15 mM HEPES w/o Phenolred</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11039-047</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl sulfoxide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D2650</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal calf serum (FCS)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10270106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FITC-Inulin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F3272</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insulin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>19278</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>2393</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>55761</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS + Mg + Ca</td><td>Gibco</td><td>14040-174</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>1670049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyvitex</td><td>Biomerieux</td><td>55651</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Proteose peptone</td><td>BD</td><td>211684</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Serum-free medium</td><td>Gibco</td><td>10902-096</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thincert cell culture inserts for 24-well plates, pore size 3 &amp;micro;m</td><td>Greiner</td><td>662630</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue culture flask 75 cm&amp;sup2; red cap sterile</td><td>Greiner</td><td>658175</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T8787</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Volt-Ohm Meter Millicell-ERS2 with MERSSTX01 electrode</td><td>Millipore</td><td>MERSSTX00</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a choroid plexus epithelial cell-based model of the human blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier to study bacterial infection from the basolateral side

The epithelial cells of the choroid plexus (CP), located in the ventricular system of the brain, form the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). The BCSFB functions in separating the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the blood and restricting the molecular exchange to a minimum extent. An in vitro model of the BCSFB is based on cells derived from a human choroid plexus papilloma (HIBCPP). HIBCPP cells display typical barrier functions including formation of tight junctions (TJs), development of a transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), as well as minor permeabilities for macromolecules. There are several pathogens that can enter the central nervous system (CNS) via the BCSFB and subsequently cause severe disease like meningitis. One of these pathogens is Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis), a human-specific bacterium. Employing the HIBCPP cells in an inverted cell culture filter insert system enables to study interactions of pathogens with cells of the BCSFB from the basolateral cell side, which is relevant in vivo. In this article, we describe seeding and culturing of HIBCPP cells on cell culture inserts. Further, infection of the cells with N. meningitidis along with analysis of invaded and adhered bacteria via double immunofluorescence is demonstrated. As the cells of the CP are also involved in other diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer`s disease and Multiple Sclerosis, as well as during the brain metastasis of tumor cells, the model system can also be applied in other fields of research. It provides the potential to decipher molecular mechanisms and to identify novel therapeutic targets.

여기에서 우리는 역 세포 배양 삽입 시스템에서 배양 및 HIBCPP 세포의 감염을 설명합니다. 이 모델은 우리가 (도 1)을 전파하고, 혈류를 통하여 상피 세포에 진입 박테리아의 생리 학적 상태를 재생 상기 기저 셀 측으로부터 침입 메커니즘 기본 분자 신호 경로를 연구 할 수있다. HIBCPP 셀 최소 레벨에 대한 분자 교?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side at JoVE.com

A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side

The epithelial cells of the choroid plexus (CP) form the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). An in vitro model of the BCSFB employs human choroid plexus papilloma (HIBCPP) cells. This article describes culturing and basolateral infection of HIBCPP cells using a cell culture filter insert system.

인간의 혈액 - 뇌척수액 장벽의 맥락총 상피 세포 기반 모델은 기저 측면에서 세균 감염을 연구하는

The epithelial cells of the choroid plexus (CP), located in the ventricular system of the brain, form the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). The ...

a-choroid-plexus-epithelial-cell-based-model-human-blood

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

14.1K 조회수.  Heidelberg University. The epithelial cells of the choroid plexus (CP) form the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). An in vitro model of the BCSFB employs human choroid plexus papilloma (HIBCPP) cells. This article describes culturing and basolateral infection of HIBCPP cells using a cell culture filter insert system.

비디오: A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side

Improved Method for the Preparation of a Human Cell-based, Contact Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) comprises impermeable but adaptable brain capillaries which tightly control the brain environment. Failure of the BBB has been implied in the etiology of many brain pathologies, creating a need for development of human in vitro BBB models to assist in clinically-relevant research. Among the numerous BBB models thus far described, a static (without flow), contact BBB model, where astrocytes and brain endothelial cells (BECs) are cocultured on the opposite sides of a porous membrane, emerged as a simplified yet authentic system to simulate the BBB with high throughput screening capacity. Nevertheless the generation of such model presents few technical challenges. Here, we describe a protocol for preparation of a contact human BBB model utilizing a novel combination of primary human BECs and immortalized human astrocytes. Specifically, we detail an innovative method for cell-seeding on inverted inserts as well as specify insert staining techniques and exemplify how we use our model for BBB-related research.

Establishment of human models of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can benefit research into brain conditions associated with BBB failure. We describe here an improved technique for preparation of a contact BBB model, which permits coculturing of human astrocytes and brain endothelial cells on the opposite sides of a porous membrane.

방법 혈액 - 뇌 장벽의 인간 세포 기반의 연락 모델의 준비를 위해 개선

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) comprises impermeable but adaptable brain capillaries which tightly control the brain environment. Failure of the BBB has ...

연구

생체공학

Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier

Lymphocyte extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS) is critical for immune surveillance. Disease-related alterations of lymphocyte extravasation might result in pathophysiological changes in the CNS. Thus, investigation of lymphocyte migration into the CNS is important to understand inflammatory CNS diseases and to develop new therapy approaches. Here we present an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier to study lymphocyte extravasation. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) are confluently grown on a porous polyethylene terephthalate transwell insert to mimic the endothelium of the blood-brain barrier. Barrier function is validated by zonula occludens immunohistochemistry, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements as well as analysis of evans blue permeation. This model allows investigation of the diapedesis of rare lymphocyte subsets such as CD56brightCD16dim/- NK cells. Furthermore, the effects of other cells, cytokines and chemokines, disease-related alterations, and distinct treatment regimens on the migratory capacity of lymphocytes can be studied. Finally, the impact of inflammatory stimuli as well as different treatment regimens on the endothelial barrier can be analyzed.

Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier

Here, we describe a human blood-brain barrier model enabling to investigate lymphocyte transmigration into the central nervous system in vitro.

를 사용하여 림프구 혈관 외로 유출 분석<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 인간의 혈액 - 뇌 장벽의 모델

Lymphocyte extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS) is critical for immune surveillance. Disease-related alterations of lymphocyte ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Isolation of Cerebral Capillaries from Fresh Human Brain Tissue

Understanding blood-brain barrier function under physiological and pathophysiological conditions is critical for the development of new therapeutic strategies that hold the promise to enhance brain drug delivery, improve brain protection, and treat brain disorders. However, studying the human blood-brain barrier function is challenging. Thus, there is a critical need for appropriate models. In this regard, brain capillaries isolated from human brain tissue represent a unique tool to study barrier function as close to the human in vivo situation as possible. Here, we describe an optimized protocol to isolate capillaries from human brain tissue at a high yield and with consistent quality and purity. Capillaries are isolated from fresh human brain tissue using mechanical homogenization, density-gradient centrifugation, and filtration. After the isolation, the human brain capillaries can be used for various applications including leakage assays, live cell imaging, and immune-based assays to study protein expression and function, enzyme activity, or intracellular signaling. Isolated human brain capillaries are a unique model to elucidate the regulation of the human blood-brain barrier function. This model can provide insights into central nervous system (CNS) pathogenesis, which will help the development of therapeutic strategies for treating CNS disorders.

Isolated brain capillaries from human brain tissue can be used as a preclinical model to study barrier function under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Here, we present an optimized protocol to isolate brain capillaries from fresh human brain tissue.

신선한 인간의 뇌 조직에서 뇌 모세 혈관의 절연

Understanding blood-brain barrier function under physiological and pathophysiological conditions is critical for the development of new therapeutic ...

신경과학

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models based on pBECs in mono-culture (MC), MC with astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), and non-contact co-culture (NCC) with astrocytes of porcine or rat origin. pBECs were isolated and cultured from fragments of capillaries from the brain cortices of domestic pigs 5-6 months old. These fragments were purified by careful removal of meninges, isolation and homogenization of grey matter, filtration, enzymatic digestion, and centrifugation. To further eliminate contaminating cells, the capillary fragments were cultured with puromycin-containing medium. When 60-95% confluent, pBECs growing from the capillary fragments were passaged to permeable membrane filter inserts and established in the models. To increase barrier tightness and BBB characteristic phenotype of pBECs, the cells were treated with the following differentiation factors: membrane permeant 8-CPT-cAMP (here abbreviated cAMP), hydrocortisone, and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, RO-20-1724 (RO). The procedure was carried out over a period of 9-11 days, and when establishing the NCC model, the astrocytes were cultured 2-8 weeks in advance. Adherence to the described procedures in the protocol has allowed the establishment of endothelial layers with highly restricted paracellular permeability, with the NCC model showing an average transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of 1249 &#177; 80 &#937; cm2, and paracellular permeability (Papp) for Lucifer Yellow of 0.90 10-6 &#177; 0.13 10-6 cm sec-1 (mean &#177; SEM, n=55). Further evaluation of this pBEC phenotype showed good expression of the tight junctional proteins claudin 5, ZO-1, occludin and adherens junction protein p120 catenin. The model presented can be used for a range of studies of the BBB in health and disease and, with the highly restrictive paracellular permeability, this model is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking.

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of the protocol is to present an optimized procedure for the establishment of an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model based on primary porcine brain endothelial cells (pBECs). The model shows high reproducibility, high tightness, and is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking in drug discovery.

생체 외에서 혈액-뇌 장벽 돼지 뇌 내 피 세포를 기반으로 하는 모델의 설립에 대 한 방법 개선

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) ...

의학

Analyzing the Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier by Microbial Traversal through Microvascular Endothelial Cells

The human blood-brain barrier (BBB) is characterized by a very low permeability for biomolecules in order to protect and regulate the metabolism of the brain. The BBB is mainly formed out of endothelial cells embedded in collagen IV and fibronectin-rich basement membranes. Several pathologies result from dysfunction of the BBB followed by microbial traversal, causing diseases such as meningitis. In order to test the effect of multiple parameters, including different drugs and anesthetics, on the permeability of the BBB we established a novel human cell culture model mimicking the BBB with human brain microvascular endothelial cells. The endothelial cells are grown on collagen IV and fibronectin-coated filter units until confluence and can then be treated with different compounds of interest. In order to demonstrate a microbial traversal, the upper chamber with the apical surface of the endothelial cells is inoculated with bacteria. After an incubation period, samples of the lower chamber are plated on agar plates and the obtained colonies are counted, whereby the number of colonies correlate with the permeability of the BBB. Endogenous cellular factors can be analyzed in this experimental set-up in order to elucidate basic cellular mechanisms of the endothelial cells contributing to the BBB. In addition, this platform allows performing a screen for compounds that might affect the permeability of the endothelial cells. Finally, bacterial traversal can be studied and linked to different pathologies, such as meningitis. It might be possible to extend the model and analyze the pathways of the bacteria through the BBB. In this article, we provide a detailed protocol of the described method to investigate the permeability of the BBB.

The human blood-brain barrier selectively prevents penetration of hydrophilic molecules and pathogens into the brain. Several pathologies, including meningitis and postoperative delirium, are associated with an increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Here, we describe an endothelial cell culture model to test the barrier permeability by microbial traversal.

미세 혈관 내피 세포를 통해 미생물 통과에 의해 혈액 - 뇌 장벽의 투과성 분석

The human blood-brain barrier (BBB) is characterized by a very low permeability for biomolecules in order to protect and regulate the metabolism of the ...

A Human Blood-Brain Interface Model to Study Barrier Crossings by Pathogens or Medicines and Their Interactions with the Brain

The early screening of nervous system medicines on a pertinent and reliable in cellulo BBB model for their penetration and their interaction with the barrier and the brain parenchyma is still an unmet need. To fill this gap, we designed a 2D in cellulo model, the BBB-Minibrain, by combining a polyester porous membrane culture insert human BBB model with a Minibrain formed by a tri-culture of human brain cells (neurons, astrocytes and microglial cells). The BBB-Minibrain allowed us to test the transport of a neuroprotective drug candidate (e.g., Neurovita), through the BBB, to determine the specific targeting of this molecule to neurons and to show that the neuroprotective property of the drug was preserved after the drug had crossed the BBB. We have also demonstrated that BBB-Minibrain constitutes an interesting model to detect the passage of virus particles across the endothelial cells barrier and to monitor the infection of the Minibrain by neuroinvasive virus particles. The BBB-Minibrain is a reliable system, easy to handle for researcher trained in cell culture technology and predictive of the brain cells phenotypes after treatment or insult. The interest of such in cellulo testing would be twofold: introducing derisking steps early in the drug development on the one hand and reducing the use of animal testing on the other hand.

Here we present a protocol describing the setting of an in cellulo BBB (Blood brain barrier)-Minibrain polyester porous membrane culture insert system in order to evaluate the transport of biomolecules or infectious agents across a human BBB and their physiological impact on the neighboring brain cells.

병원 체 또는 의약품 및 두뇌와 그들의 상호 작용에 의해 장벽 횡단 연구를 인간의 혈액-뇌 인터페이스 모델

The early screening of nervous system medicines on a pertinent and reliable in cellulo BBB model for their penetration and their interaction with the ...

Microdissection and Whole Mount Scanning Electron Microscopy Visualization of Mouse Choroid Plexus

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in neuroscience. As it is becoming increasingly clear that this tiny structure plays a crucial role in health and disease of the central nervous system (CNS), it is of utmost importance to properly dissect the CP out of the brain ventricles in a way that allows downstream processing, ranging from functional to structural analysis. Here, isolation of the lateral and fourth brain ventricle mouse CP without the need for specialized tools or equipment is described. This isolation technique preserves the viability, function, and structure of cells within the CP. On account of its high vascularization, the CP can be visualized floating inside the ventricular cavities of the brain using a binocular microscope. However, transcardial perfusion required for downstream analysis can complicate the identification of the CP tissue. Depending on the further processing steps (e.g., RNA and protein analysis), this can be solved by visualizing the CP via transcardial perfusion with bromophenol blue. After isolation, the CP can be processed using several techniques, including RNA, protein, or single cell analysis, to gain further understanding on the function of this special brain structure. Here, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on whole mount CP is used to get an overall view of the structure.

The choroid plexus (CP), an understudied tissue in neuroscience, plays a key role in health and disease of the central nervous system. This protocol describes a microdissection technique for isolating the CP and the use of scanning electron microscopy to obtain an overall view of its cellular structure.

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in ...

A Simple Approach to Perform TEER Measurements Using a Self-Made Volt-Amperemeter with Programmable Output Frequency

Transepithelial/endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) has been used since the 1980s to determine confluency and permeability of in vitro barrier model systems. In most cases, chopstick electrodes are used to determine the electric impedance between the upper and lower compartment of a cell culture filter insert system containing cellular monolayers. The filter membrane allows the cells to adhere, polarize, and interact by building tight junctions. This technique has been described with a variety of different cell lines (e.g., cells of the blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, or gastrointestinal and pulmonary tract). TEER measurement devices can be readily obtained from different laboratory equipment suppliers. However, there are more cost-effective and customizable solutions imaginable if an appropriate voltammeter is self-assembled. The overall aim of this publication is to set up a reliable device with programmable output frequency that can be used with commercially available chopstick electrodes for TEER measurement.

Here, we demonstrate how to set up an inexpensive volt-amperemeter with programmable output frequency that can be used with commercially available chopstick electrodes for transepithelial/endothelial electrical resistance measurements.

Transepithelial/endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) has been used since the 1980s to determine confluency and permeability of in vitro barrier model ...

생물학

A Triple Culture Cell System Modeling the Human Blood-Brain Barrier

The delivery of drugs to the brain remains a challenge due to the blood-brain barrier's (BBB) highly specific and restrictive properties, which controls and restrict access to the brain parenchyma. However, with the development of nanotechnologies, large panels of new nanomaterials were developed to improve drug delivery, highlighting the need for reliable in vitro microsystems to predict brain penetration in the frame of preclinical assays. Here is a straightforward method to set up a microphysiological system to model the BBB using solely human cells. In its configuration, the model consists of a triple culture including brain-like endothelial cells (BLECs), pericytes, and astrocytes, the three main BBB cellular actors necessary to induce and regulate the BBB properties in a more physiological manner without the requirement of tightening compounds. The model developed in a 12-well plate format, ready after 6 days of triple culture, is characterized in physical properties, gene, and protein expressions and used for polymeric nanogel transport measurement. The model can be used for an extensive range of experiments in healthy and pathological conditions and represents a valuable tool for preclinical assessments of molecule and particle transport, as well as inter-and intracellular trafficking.

This protocol describes a method to establish a human blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro model. The endothelial cells and pericytes are seeded on each side of an insert filter (blood compartment), and astrocytes are seeded in the bottom well (brain compartment). The model characterized was used for nanoparticles transport experiments.

인간 혈액-뇌 장벽을 모델링하는 삼중 배양 세포 시스템

The delivery of drugs to the brain remains a challenge due to the blood-brain barrier's (BBB) highly specific and restrictive properties, which controls ...

An In Vitro Model for Studying Pathogen Crossing of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Brain Cell Infection

Source: da Costa, A., et al. <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/59220">A Human Blood-Brain Interface Model to Study Barrier Crossings by Pathogens or Medicines and Their Interactions with the Brain.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2019).
This video demonstrates an in vitro model to study pathogens crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Microvascular endothelial cells, which express tight junctions, form an endothelial layer in the upper chamber, while neurons, astrocytes, and microglia represent the brain parenchyma in the lower chamber, separated by a porous membrane. Virus infection in the BBB model mimics the pathogen crossing from blood to the brain. Upon introducing a neurotropic virus, it crosses the BBB via transcytosis, infects neural cells, replicates, and releases viral progeny, demonstrating successful neuroinvasion.

Source: da Costa, A., et al. A Human Blood-Brain Interface Model to Study Barrier Crossings by Pathogens or Medicines and Their Interactions with the ...