Name: triggering reactive gliosis in vivo by a forebrain stab injury
Uploaded: 2015-06-29T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 46 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Triggering Reactive Gliosis In Vivo by a Forebrain Stab Injury at JoVE.com

We thank Katherine Clark for technical assistance. A.D.R.G. is funded in part by 5K01MH097957-03

혼합 C57BL / 6 배경에 성인 (3-4 개월) 수컷 마우스는이 프로토콜에 사용되었다. 동물은 12 시간의 빛 / 어둠주기에 보관하고, 음식과 물에 자유롭게 접근 할 수있게 하였다. 이 프로토콜에서 수행되는 모든 절차는 드렉 셀 대학 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인 된 프로토콜에 따라 수행되었다. 1. 외과 영역 준비 <ol><li> 70 % 에탄올로 수술 테이블을 소독 한 후 흡수 패드 전체 수술 벤치를 커버하고 정위에 인접 수술 도구를 준비. </li><li> 조작 암없이 정위 장치를 설정합니다. 정위에 가열 패드를 배열하고 37 ℃로 설정합니다. 동물과 가열 패드 사이에 종이 타월이나 수술 패드의 작은 조각을 배치하여 동물의 과열을 피하십시오. </li><li> 멸균 가위를 사용하여, REA까지 0.9 % 멸균 식염수를 함유하는 무균 페트리 접시에 멸균 gelfoam을 작은 조각을 잘라사용 DY. 참고 : 멸균 장비 및 무균 수술 소모품을 사용하여 멸균 작업 환경을 유지한다. 필요에 따라 10 ~ 15 초 동안 비드 살균기에 침지하여 동물 사이 절차를 수행하는 동안 또는에서 수술 도구를 다시 소독. 소독, 필요에 따라, 70 % 에탄올로 손을 문질러서 절차를 통해 깨끗한 장갑을 유지한다. </li></ol> 수술 2. 준비하고 마우스 <ol><li> (G) 홈 케이지에서 마우스를 제거하고 무게. </li><li> 이소 플루 란 유도 챔버 및 2 내지 5 L / 분으로 설정 이소 플루 란 기화기 산소로 놓고 마우스, 수술 적 단계의 마취에 약 3-5 분을 유도. 둔화 호흡과 고정을위한 모니터링합니다. 마우스가 완전히 발가락 핀치 반사를 이용하여 진정되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 마우스가 완전히 진정 될 때, 정위 프레임에 배치 이소 플루 란에 튜브로 연결되어 코 콘에 코를 고정합니다. 머리를 보장하는 것은 안정, 귀 운하에 귀 막대를 삽입하고 조입니다. </li><li> 귀에 귀에서 머리를 면도하고, 눈 사이에서 귀 뒤쪽에. </li><li> 이소 프로필 알콜과 betadine 요오드 용액, 3 회씩 교대 와이프로 피부를 소독. </li><li> 수술하는 동안 건조되는 것을 방지하기 위해 두 눈에 인공 눈물을 적용합니다. </li></ol> 3. 수술 <ol><li> 발가락이나 꼬리를 곤란하게하여 마취의 깊이를 모니터링합니다. 응답이없고, 호흡 속도가 느린 경우에도 마우스 적합한 수술면이다. </li><li> 다만 거의 11 호 메스 블레이드를 사용하여 하나, 회사의 움직임에 귀 사이에 눈 뒤에서 시상 피부 절개를합니다. 옆으로 피부를 이동하고 지혈과 오른쪽 클립. </li><li> 11 호 메스와면의 무딘면을 사용하여 상부 막 클리어 두개골 어플리케이터를 쳐 냈습니다. 면 팁 어플리케이터는 0.9 % 식염수에 담근으로 선택적으로, 두개골을 닦습니다. 완전히 건조하도록 허용합니다. </li><li> 우리작은 통치자를 보내고, 영구 마커, 시상 봉합 (그림 1) 측 방향 1mm의 관상 봉합에 꼬리 및 1mm의 개두술의 왼쪽 가장자리에서 개두술의 전방 경계를 표시합니다. 그리고 시상 및 관상 봉합, 각각 (그림 1)에서 4mm에서 개두술의 오른쪽 꼬리 경계를 표시합니다. </li><li> 0.5 mm의 드릴 비트를 사용하여, 영구 마커 개요 다음 천천히 뚫어서 개두술을 시작한다. 완전히 두개골을 돌파하지 말아주십시오. 눌러 부드럽게 제 5 호 집게로 정수리 뼈의 고립 된 조각에, 부족한 부분은 압력에 방법을 제공합니다. 얇게 뼈 경계에 걸쳐 충분히 약한 경우, 뼈 조각 제거를위한 준비가되어 있습니다. 참고 : 연구자의 경험에 어려움이 한 조각의 뼈를 제거하는 경우,이 뼈가 충분히 시추 중에 희석되지 않았 음을 시사한다. facilita 이후 동물에 더 두개골을 드릴 고려뼈 조각의 테 쉽게 제거. </li><li> 23 G 바늘 장착 10 ㎖ 주사기를 사용하여, 고립 된 뼈와 천공 영역을 적시고 0.9 % 식염수의 소량을 적용한다. </li><li> 정위 장비 조작 암을 연결합니다. rostrally 직면 블레이드의 날카로운면이 프로브 홀더에 새 11 호 메스 블레이드를 연결합니다. 주 : 주동이와 꼬리 조직은 블레이드의 날카로운 무딘 에지를 경험하지만, 각각 관통 부상에 의한 기계적 손상이 병변의 범위에 걸쳐 비교이다. 우리는 주동이의와 꼬리 부분 사이 GFAP 발현 또는 확산의 상향 조절을 포함한 반응성 신경교 증의 주요 기능에 뚜렷한 차이가 관찰되지 않습니다. </li><li> 길에서 조작 암을 유지, 신중하게 45분의 5 직각 집게를 사용하여 고립 된 뼈를 들어 올립니다. FUL 하나에 남아 뼈의 조각을 해내 레버리지를 사용하여 고립 된 뼈와 리프트의 측면에 포셉의 끝을 삽입L 운동. 참고 : 뇌를 찔러 또는 두개골 아래에 경질을 방해하지 않도록주의하십시오. </li><li> 흠뻑 흡수 젤 거품의 작은 조각을 가지고 마르지 않도록하고있을 수있는 혈액을 흡수하기 위해 노출 된 뇌에 배치합니다. </li><li> 젤 거품이 장소에 있으면 제자리로 조작하는 사람의 팔을 스윙 젤 폼을 통해 개두술의 중심에 블레이드를 조정합니다. 젤 거품을 제거하고 끝이 경질을 천공없이 경질에 닿을 때까지 블레이드를 내립니다. 마크 지느러미 / 정위의 수직 팔에 버니어 스케일을 사용하여 복부 좌표. </li><li> 조작 암을 사용하면, 천천히 블레이드를 뇌에 정확하게 3mm를 내립니다. 이것은 조작자 암에 버니어 스케일 표시를 사용함으로써 달성된다. 잎이 5 ~ 10 초 동안 제자리에 머물 수 있도록합니다. opposi로 이동하기 전에 개두술의 주동이와 꼬리의 경계에 도달하는 날을 허용 세 번이 꼬리 지느러미에 블레이드 첨부 주동이와 정위 팔을 이동테 끝. 참고 : 경질 블레이드를 삽입하기 전에 제거되지 않습니다. 인 쥐 경질, ~와 대조적으로, 두께 80 μm의 7은 마우스 경질 상당히 얇은 (몇 세포층 두께) 및 삽입 중에 메스 블레이드에 상당한 저항이 발생하지 않는다. 각 동물 일관된 부상을받을 수 있도록하기 위해 각 마우스의 새 메스 블레이드를 사용합니다. </li><li> 천천히 뇌에서 블레이드를 제거, 정위 팔을 올립니다. 블레이드의 제거 후, ​​즉시 초과 혈액이나 액체를 흡수하는 뇌 표면에 gelfoam을의 또 다른 조각을 배치합니다. </li><li> 한편, 정위 팔을 제거하고 11 호 메스 블레이드 폐기하십시오. 출혈이 중지되면, gelfoam을 제거합니다. </li><li> 이러한 에틸 론 또는 prolene의 비 흡수성 봉합사와 피부를 봉합에 의해 상처를 닫습니다. 봉합사는 수술 후 9~10일 제거해야합니다. </li><li> 홈 케이지에 마우스를 반환하고, 마우스 난방 시스템에 천천히 복구 할 수 있습니다고통의 흔적에 대한 G 패드와 모니터. 이소 플루오 란 마취 유도 회복은 일반적으로 이소 플루오 란에서 꺼낸 후 2-5 분 이내에 발생한다. 이 흉골 recumbancy을 회복 할 때까지 무인 동물을 방치하지 마십시오. </li><li> 수화을 보장하기 위해 락 테이트 링거액 피하의 0.5 ml의 관리를 선택합니다. </li></ol> 4. 포스트 수술 케어 <ol><li> 밀접하게 식민지로 돌아 가기 전에 마취에서 회복 될 때까지 수술 후 동물을 모니터링 할 수 있습니다. <ol><li> , 수술 후 통증과 불편 함을 줄일 즉시 절차에 따라 IP 주입에 의해 0.05-0.1 ㎎ / ㎏ 부 프레 노르 핀을 관리합니다. </li><li> 거동이 운동, 정리의 부족, 또는 체중 감소와 같은 고통의 심각한 징후 수술 후 2-3 일 동안은 동물을 관찰한다. 고통의 이러한 징후를 보여주는 동물을 안락사 및 연구에서 제거합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 스탠에 의해 동물을 안락사, 손상 조직의 조직 병리학을 검사하려면dard intracardial 관류. <ol><li> 간단히, 케타민 / 자일 라진의 과다 복용과 동물을 마취 한 후 intracardially 15 ~ 20 ml의 0.9 %의 NaCl로 관류, 또는 간은 실험의 결론에 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드의 60 ml의 다음에, 피 제거 될 때까지. </li></ol></li><li> 30 % 자당 용액에 전송하기 전에 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드에 2-4 시간 동안 두뇌 및 사후 수정을 해부하다. 가르시아 8,9에 설명, 또는 표준 조직 학적 또는 면역 조직 화학적 방법에 의해 섹션 40 ~ 60 μm의에서 저온 유지 장치에 두뇌 및 프로세스. </li></ol>

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Debris+clearance+by+microglia:+an+essential+link+between+degeneration+and+regeneration.">Debris clearance by microglia: an essential link between degeneration and regeneration.</a> Brain. 132 (2), 288-295 (2008).</li><li>Nimmerjahn, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resting+Microglial+Cells+Are+Highly+Dynamic+Surveillants+of+Brain+Parenchyma+in+Vivo.">Resting Microglial Cells Are Highly Dynamic Surveillants of Brain Parenchyma in Vivo.</a> Science. 308 (5726), 1314-1318 (2005).</li><li>Horn, K. P., Busch, S. A., Hawthorne, A. L., van Rooijen, N., Silver, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Another+Barrier+to+Regeneration+in+the+CNS:+Activated+Macrophages+Induce+Extensive+Retraction+of+Dystrophic+Axons+through+Direct+Physical+Interactions.">Another Barrier to Regeneration in the CNS: Activated Macrophages Induce Extensive Retraction of Dystrophic Axons through Direct Physical Interactions.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 28 (38), 9330-9341 (2008).</li><li>Ip, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+Cells+Contribute+to+Myelin+Degeneration+and+Axonopathic+Changes+in+Mice+Overexpressing+Proteolipid+Protein+in+Oligodendrocytes.">Immune Cells Contribute to Myelin Degeneration and Axonopathic Changes in Mice Overexpressing Proteolipid Protein in Oligodendrocytes.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (31), 8206-8216 (2006).</li><li>Perry, V. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+systemic+inflammation+to+chronic+neurodegeneration.">Contribution of systemic inflammation to chronic neurodegeneration.</a> Acta neuropathologica. 120 (3), 277-286 (2010).</li><li>McKeon, R. J., Jurynec, M. J., Buck, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chondroitin+sulfate+proteoglycans+neurocan+and+phosphacan+are+expressed+by+reactive+astrocytes+in+the+chronic+CNS+glial+scar.">The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans neurocan and phosphacan are expressed by reactive astrocytes in the chronic CNS glial scar.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (24), 10778-10788 (1999).</li><li>Silver, J., Miller, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+beyond+the+glial+scar.">Regeneration beyond the glial scar.</a> Nature reviews. Neuroscience. 5 (2), 146-156 (2004).</li><li>Zamanian, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic+analysis+of+reactive+astrogliosis.">Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis.</a> J Neurosci. 32 (18), 6391-6410 (2012).</li><li>Buffo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origin+and+progeny+of+reactive+gliosis:+A+source+of+multipotent+cells+in+the+injured+brain.">Origin and progeny of reactive gliosis: A source of multipotent cells in the injured brain.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (9), 3581-3586 (2008).</li><li>Sirko, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactive+glia+in+the+injured+brain+acquire+stem+cell+properties+in+response+to+sonic+hedgehog.+[corrected].">Reactive glia in the injured brain acquire stem cell properties in response to sonic hedgehog. [corrected].</a> Cell stem cell. 12 (4), 426-439 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

그것은 두개골 또는 기본 두라는 시추하는 동안 손상되​​지 것이 중요합니다. 구멍이되지 두개골을 보장하기 위해 시추하는 동안 가벼운 압력을 사용합니다. 경질을 보장​​하기 위해 두개골 조각을 해제하는 것은 뼈와 함께 들어 올려되지 않은 상태뿐만 아니라,주의를 기울여야합니다. 전뇌의 자상 부상 모델 여기 중추 신경계에 침투 부상을 설명했다. 이러한 FPI 또는 ...

A major challenge for developing successful therapies to treat the injured CNS is an incomplete understanding of the complex multicellular events that are triggered by the trauma. Reactive astrocytes are gaining increasing recognition as a promising target for novel therapies1. Though historically regarded as hostile to neural repair, reactive astrocytes are now recognized as critical components of a complex, multicellular neuroprotective response that includes attenuation of inflammatory processes and limiting secondary damage and neurodegeneration2-6. Although the neuropathological characteristics of reactive gliosis have long been well defined, the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating reactive gliosis, and the diverse array of downstream consequences remain poorly understood. Understanding the mechanisms that drive reactive gliosis, as well as the subsequent cellular and molecular events, is an important step towards developing strategies aimed at promoting the neuroprotective properties of reactive gliosis, while attenuating the detrimental effects. 
Here we demonstrate a method to induce severe reactive astrogliosis in the forebrain of adult mice using a stab injury. In contrast to other traumatic brain injury (TBI) models, such as controlled cortical impact (CCI) or fluid percussion injury (FPI), which require specialized equipment to produce an injury, the forebrain stab requires only a stereotaxic device to stabilize the head and a No. 11 scalpel blade. Thus the forebrain stab lesion model is more broadly accessible to a wide range of laboratories that do not have access to the specialized devices necessary for creating an FPI or CCI injury. The method described here enables investigators to reliably and reproducibly trigger a robust gliosis response to investigate subsequent cellular and molecular events. Once recovered from surgery, animals that have received a forebrain stab injury can survive for prolonged periods without the need for specialized care and can be returned to the colony for acute, intermediate, or chronic studies. Though less clinically translatable than FPI or CCI models of TBI, a forebrain lesion produced by a stab injury serves as a simple yet useful experimental model to investigate basic biological mechanisms underlying reactive gliosis and other neuropathological events following trauma to the CNS.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Stereotax</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>726049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High speed micro drill</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>724950</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>stainless steel scalpel blade, #11</td><td>MedVet</td><td>JOR581S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5/45 angled forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-35</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gelfoam sponge 12 cm x 7 mm</td><td>Fisher</td><td>NC9841478</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rb anti-GFAP</td><td>DAKO</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Z033429-2</td><td>Dilution - 1:20,000 (bright-field); 1:1,000 (fluorescence)</td></tr><tr><td>Shp anti-BrdU</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab1893</td><td>Dilution - 1:20,000 (bright-field); 1:500 (fluorescence)</td></tr><tr><td>Biotinylated goat anti-rabbit</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>BA-1000&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Dilution - 1:400 (bright-field)</td></tr><tr><td>Biotinylated rabbit anti-sheep</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>BA-6000</td><td>Dilution - 1:400 (bright-field)</td></tr><tr><td>Alexafluor 488 goat anti-rabbit</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A-11008</td><td>Dilution - 1:400 (bright-field)</td></tr><tr><td>Alexafluor 568 donkey anti-sheep</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A-21099</td><td>Dilution - 1:1,000 (fluorescence)</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI Nucleic Acid Stain</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>D3571</td><td>Dilution - 1:1,000 (fluorescence)</td></tr><tr><td>Cresyl Violet Acetate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C5042-10G</td><td>Dilution - 1% (bright-field)</td></tr></tbody></table>

triggering reactive gliosis in vivo by a forebrain stab injury

Following injury to the CNS, astrocytes undergo a broad range of biochemical, morphological, and molecular changes collectively referred to as reactive astrogliosis. Reactive astrocytes exert both inflammatory and protective effects that inhibit and promote, respectively, neural repair. The mechanisms underlying the diverse functional properties of reactive astrogliosis are not well understood. Achieving a greater understanding of these mechanisms is critical to developing therapeutic strategies to treat the injured CNS. Here we demonstrate a method to trigger reactive astrogliosis in the adult mouse forebrain using a forebrain stab lesion. This lesion model is simple, reliable, and requires only a stereotaxic device and a scalpel blade to produce the injury. The use of stab lesions as an injury model in the forebrain is well established and amenable to studies addressing a broad range of neuropathological outcomes, such as neuronal degeneration, neuroinflammation, and disruptions in the blood brain barrier (BBB). Thus, the forebrain stab injury model serves as a powerful tool that can be applied for a broad range of studies on the CNS response to trauma.

이 절차를 겪는 동물이 필요하지 않기 때문에, 수술후 치료 전문 단기 또는 장기 생존 시간주기 쉽게 손상 후 급성 또는 만성 병리학 조사 할 필요성에 따라, 연구에 포함된다. 이러한 GFAP와 소마의 비대의 상향 조절 반응성 신경교 증의 주요 기능은, 일찍 부상 다음 2~3일으로 관찰 할 수있다. 반응성 성상 세포에 대한 증식의 최고 단계는 부상 10 다음 일 ~ 5시입니다. 아래의 대표적인 결과 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Triggering Reactive Gliosis In Vivo by a Forebrain Stab Injury at JoVE.com

Triggering Reactive Gliosis In Vivo by a Forebrain Stab Injury

This article describes a detailed protocol to produce a forebrain stab injury in adult mice. The stab injury induces severe reactive gliosis and glial scar formation which can be subsequently examined by standard immunohistochemistry methods.

반응성 신경교 증 트리거링<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 전뇌 찔러 상해로

Following injury to the CNS, astrocytes undergo a broad range of biochemical, morphological, and molecular changes collectively referred to as reactive ...

triggering-reactive-gliosis-in-vivo-by-a-forebrain-stab-injury

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

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JoVE Journal

Medicine

Triggering Reactive Gliosis In Vivo by a Forebrain Stab Injury

10.5K 조회수.  Drexel University. This article describes a detailed protocol to produce a forebrain stab injury in adult mice. The stab injury induces severe reactive gliosis and glial scar formation which can be subsequently examined by standard immunohistochemistry methods. 

비디오: Triggering Reactive Gliosis In Vivo by a Forebrain Stab Injury

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. Understanding repair and regeneration in animals is a key question in biology. The damaged human CNS does not regenerate, and understanding how to promote the regeneration is one of main goals of medical neuroscience. The powerful genetic toolkit of Drosophila can be used to tackle the problem of CNS regeneration.
A lesion to the CNS ventral nerve cord (VNC, equivalent to the vertebrate spinal cord) is applied manually with a tungsten needle. The VNC can subsequently be filmed in time-lapse using laser scanning confocal microscopy for up to 24 hr to follow the development of the lesion over time. Alternatively, it can be cultured, then fixed and stained using immunofluorescence to visualize neuron and glial cells with confocal microscopy. Using appropriate markers, changes in cell morphology and cell state as a result of injury can be visualized. With ImageJ and purposely developed plug-ins, quantitative and statistical analyses can be carried out to measure changes in wound size over time and the effects of injury in cell proliferation and cell death. These methods allow the analysis of large sample sizes. They can be combined with the powerful genetics of Drosophila to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying CNS regeneration and repair.

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An injury paradigm using the Drosophila larval ventral nerve cord to investigate central nervous system regeneration and repair is described. Stabbing followed by laser scanning confocal microscopy in time-lapse and fixed specimens, combined with quantitative analysis with purposefully developed software and genetics, are used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of CNS regeneration and repair.

에 중추 신경 시스템 복구를 조사하기 위해 상해 패러다임<em&gt; Drosophila</em

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. ...

연구

신경과학

Acute Brain Trauma in Mice Followed By Longitudinal Two-photon Imaging

Although acute brain trauma often results from head damage in different accidents and affects a substantial fraction of the population, there is no effective treatment for it yet. Limitations of currently used animal models impede understanding of the pathology mechanism. Multiphoton microscopy allows studying cells and tissues within intact animal brains longitudinally under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we describe two models of acute brain injury studied by means of two-photon imaging of brain cell behavior under posttraumatic conditions. A selected brain region is injured with a sharp needle to produce a trauma of a controlled width and depth in the brain parenchyma. Our method uses stereotaxic prick with a syringe needle, which can be combined with simultaneous drug application. We propose that this method can be used as an advanced tool to study cellular mechanisms of pathophysiological consequences of acute trauma in mammalian brain in vivo. In this video, we combine acute brain injury with two preparations: cranial window and skull thinning. We also discuss advantages and limitations of both preparations for multisession imaging of brain regeneration after trauma.

Acute brain trauma is a severe injury that has no adequate treatment to date. Multiphoton microscopy allows studying longitudinally the process of acute brain trauma development and probing therapeutical strategies in rodents. Two models of acute brain trauma studied with in vivo two-photon imaging of brain are demonstrated in this protocol.

세로 두 광자 이미징 다음 마우스의 급성 뇌 외상

Although acute brain trauma often results from head damage in different accidents and affects a substantial fraction of the population, there is no ...

의학

Stab Wound Injury of the Zebrafish Adult Telencephalon: A Method to Investigate Vertebrate Brain Neurogenesis and Regeneration

Adult zebrafish have an amazing capacity to regenerate their central nervous system after injury. To investigate the cellular response and the molecular mechanisms involved in zebrafish adult central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and repair, we developed a zebrafish model of adult telencephalic injury.
In this approach, we manually generate an injury by pushing an insulin syringe needle into the zebrafish adult telencephalon. At different post injury days, fish are sacrificed, their brains are dissected out and stained by immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization (ISH) with appropriate markers to observe cell proliferation, gliogenesis, and neurogenesis. The contralateral unlesioned hemisphere serves as an internal control. This method combined for example with RNA deep sequencing can help to screen for new genes with a role in zebrafish adult telencephalon neurogenesis, regeneration, and repair.

To shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of zebrafish adult neurogenesis and regeneration, we developed a protocol for invasive surgery causing mechanical injuries in the zebrafish adult telencephalon and subsequent monitoring of changes in the stabbed hemisphere by immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization.

Zebrafish의 성인 Telencephalon의 자상 부상 : 척추 동물의 뇌 신경 발생과 재생을 조사하는 방법

Adult zebrafish have an amazing capacity to regenerate their central nervous system after injury. To investigate the cellular response and the molecular ...

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease pathogenesis and their utility for preclinical drug development. In order to design a better model system for these applications, phenotypically wild-type cortical astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSC) from conditional, genetically engineered mice (GEM) that harbor various combinations of floxed oncogenic alleles were harvested and grown in culture. Genetic recombination was induced in vitro using adenoviral Cre-mediated recombination, resulting in expression of mutated oncogenes and deletion of tumor suppressor genes. The phenotypic consequences of these mutations were defined by measuring proliferation, transformation, and drug response in vitro. Orthotopic allograft models, whereby transformed cells are stereotactically injected into the brains of immune-competent, syngeneic littermates, were developed to define the role of oncogenic mutations and cell type on tumorigenesis in vivo. Unlike most established human glioblastoma cell line xenografts, injection of transformed GEM-derived cortical astrocytes into the brains of immune-competent littermates produced astrocytomas, including the most aggressive subtype, glioblastoma, that recapitulated the histopathological hallmarks of human astrocytomas, including diffuse invasion of normal brain parenchyma. Bioluminescence imaging of orthotopic allografts from transformed astrocytes engineered to express luciferase was utilized to monitor in vivo tumor growth over time. Thus, astrocytoma models using astrocytes and NSC harvested from GEM with conditional oncogenic alleles provide an integrated system to study the genetics and cell biology of astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo and may be useful in preclinical drug development for these devastating diseases.

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Phenotypically wild-type astrocytes and neural stem cells harvested from mice engineered with floxed, conditional oncogenic alleles and transformed via viral Cre-mediated recombination can be used to model astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo by orthotopic injection of transformed cells into brains of syngeneic, immune-competent littermates.

모델링 성상 세포종 병인<em&gt; 체외</em&gt;와<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 대뇌 피질의 성상이나 조건, 유전자 조작 쥐에서 신경 줄기 세포를 사용하여

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease ...

Stab Wound Injury Model of the Adult Optic Tectum Using Zebrafish and Medaka for the Comparative Analysis of Regenerative Capacity

While zebrafish have a superior capacity to regenerate their central nervous system (CNS), medaka has a lower CNS regenerative capacity. A brain injury model was developed in the adult optic tectum of zebrafish and medaka and comparative histological and molecular analyses were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating the high regenerative capacity of this tissue across these fish species. Here a stab wound injury model is presented for the adult optic tectum using a needle and histological analyses for proliferation and differentiation of the neural stem cells (NSCs). A needle was manually inserted into the central region of the optic tectum, and then the fish were intracardially perfused, and their brains were dissected. These tissues were then cryosectioned and evaluated using immunostaining against the appropriate NSC proliferation and differentiation markers. This tectum injury model provides robust and reproducible results in both zebrafish and medaka, allowing for comparing NSC responses after injury. This method is available for small teleosts, including zebrafish, medaka, and African killifish, and enables us to compare their regenerative capacity and investigate unique molecular mechanisms.

A mechanical brain injury model in the adult zebrafish is described to investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating their high regenerative capacity. The method explains to create a stab wound injury in the optic tectum of multiple species of small fish to evaluate the regenerative responses using fluorescent immunostaining.

재생 능력의 비교 분석을 위해 Zebrafish와 Medaka를 사용한 성인 시신경의 찔린 상처 부상 모델

While zebrafish have a superior capacity to regenerate their central nervous system (CNS), medaka has a lower CNS regenerative capacity. A brain injury ...

발생학

A Drosophila In Vivo Injury Model for Studying Neuroregeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System

The regrowth capacity of damaged neurons governs neuroregeneration and functional recovery after nervous system trauma. Over the past few decades, various intrinsic and extrinsic inhibitory factors involved in the restriction of axon regeneration have been identified. However, simply removing these inhibitory cues is insufficient for successful regeneration, indicating the existence of additional regulatory machinery. Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, shares evolutionarily conserved genes and signaling pathways with vertebrates, including humans. Combining the powerful genetic toolbox of flies with two-photon laser axotomy/dendriotomy, we describe here the Drosophila sensory neuron &#8211; dendritic arborization (da) neuron injury model as a platform for systematically screening for novel regeneration regulators. Briefly, this paradigm includes a) the preparation of larvae, b) lesion induction to dendrite(s) or axon(s) using a two-photon laser, c) live confocal imaging post-injury and d) data analysis. Our model enables highly reproducible injury of single labeled neurons, axons, and dendrites of well-defined neuronal subtypes, in both the peripheral and central nervous system.

A Drosophila In Vivo Injury Model for Studying Neuroregeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System

Here, we present a protocol using the Drosophila sensory neuron - dendritic arborization (da) neuron injury model, which combines in vivo live imaging, two-photon laser axotomy/dendriotomy, and the powerful fly genetic toolbox, as a platform for screening potential promoters and inhibitors of neuroregeneration.

주변에 Neuroregeneration 중앙 신 경계를 연구 하 고 대 한 Vivo에서 초파리 부상 모델

The regrowth capacity of damaged neurons governs neuroregeneration and functional recovery after nervous system trauma. Over the past few decades, various ...

Stimulating and Analyzing Adult Neurogenesis in the Drosophila Central Brain

The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis in response to disease or injury are not well understood. However, understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing neural regenerative therapies. Drosophila melanogaster is a leading model for studies of neural development but historically has not been exploited to investigate adult brain regeneration. This is primarily because the adult brain exhibits very low mitotic activity. Nonetheless, penetrating traumatic brain injury (PTBI) to the adult Drosophila central brain triggers the generation of new neurons and new glia. The powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila combined with the simple but rigorous injury protocol described here now make adult Drosophila brain a robust model for neural regeneration research. Provided here are detailed instructions for (1) penetrating injuries to the adult central brain and (2) dissection, immunohistochemistry, and imaging post-injury. These protocols yield highly reproducible results and will facilitate additional studies to dissect mechanisms underlying neural regeneration.

Stimulating and Analyzing Adult Neurogenesis in the Drosophila Central Brain

This article provides detailed protocols for inflicting Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury (PTBI) to adult Drosophila and examining the resulting neurogenesis.

Drosophila 중앙 두뇌에 있는 성인 신경 발생을 자극하고 분석합니다

The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis in response to disease or injury are not well understood. However, understanding these ...

Electromagnetic Controlled Closed-Head Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Highly reproducible animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with well-defined pathologies, are needed for testing therapeutic interventions and understanding the mechanisms of how a TBI alters brain function. The availability of multiple animal models of TBI is necessary to model the different aspects and severities of TBI seen in people. This manuscript describes the use of a midline closed head injury (CHI) to develop a mouse model of mild TBI. The model is considered mild because it does not produce structural brain lesions based on neuroimaging or gross neuronal loss. However, a single impact creates enough pathology that cognitive impairment is measurable at least 1 month after injury. A step-by-step protocol to induce a CHI in mice using a stereotaxically guided electromagnetic impactor is defined in the paper. The benefits of the mild midline CHI model include the reproducibility of the injury-induced changes with low mortality. The model has been temporally characterized up to 1 year after the injury for neuroimaging, neurochemical, neuropathological, and behavioral changes. The model is complementary to open skull models of controlled cortical impact using the same impactor device. Thus, labs can model both mild diffuse TBI and focal moderate-to-severe TBI with the same impactor.

The protocol describes mild traumatic brain injury in a mouse model. In particular, a step-by-step protocol to induce a mild midline closed head injury and the characterization of the animal model is fully explained.

생쥐의 경미한 외상성 뇌 손상에 대한 전자기 제어 폐쇄 머리 모델

Highly reproducible animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with well-defined pathologies, are needed for testing therapeutic interventions and ...

Intravital Imaging of Fluorescent Protein Expression in Mice with a Closed-Skull Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Window Using a Two-Photon Microscope

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to longitudinally visualize the expression and localization of a protein of interest within specific cell types of an animal's brain, upon exposure to exogenous stimuli. Here, the administration of a closed-skull traumatic brain injury (TBI) and simultaneous implantation of a cranial window for subsequent longitudinal intravital imaging in mice is shown. Mice are intracranially injected with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under a neuronal specific promoter. After 2 to 4 weeks, the mice are subjected to a repetitive TBI using a weight drop device over the AAV injection location. Within the same surgical session, the mice are implanted with a metal headpost and then a glass cranial window over the TBI impacting site. The expression and cellular localization of EGFP is examined using a two-photon microscope in the same brain region exposed to trauma over the course of months.

This study demonstrates delivery of a repetitive traumatic brain injury to mice and simultaneous implantation of a cranial window for subsequent intravital imaging of a neuron-expressed EGFP using two-photon microscopy.

Intravital Imaging of Fluorescent Protein Expression in Mice with a Closed-Skull Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Window Using a Two-Photon Microscope(2광자 현미경을 사용한 폐쇄 두개골 외상성 뇌 손상 및 두개골 창이 있는 마우스의 형광 단백질 발현의 생체 내 이미징)

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to longitudinally visualize the expression and localization of a protein of interest within specific cell ...

Stab-Wound Mouse Model for Studying Hemorrhage and Inflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from physical damage, often caused by accidents or sports-related incidents. The causes of TBI are diverse, including concussions, brain contusions, hematomas, and skull fractures. To replicate these different causes, various TBI mouse models have been developed using distinct protocols. Physical brain injury leads to both primary and secondary brain injuries, which exacerbate neuronal loss. Primary injury occurs immediately after the damage, often due to hemorrhage, and subsequently triggers secondary injuries, including inflammation around the lesion. Developing a TBI model suitable for assessing hemorrhage extension and inflammatory severity is therefore crucial. This protocol introduces a method for mimicking penetrating brain injury, referred to as the stab-wound TBI mouse model, to study mechanisms of hemorrhage, inflammation, and neuronal loss associated with TBI pathology. This model is created by puncturing the skull and brain with needles and is simple to execute without the need for specialized experimental equipment. Additionally, the minor injury inflicted on the mouse cerebral cortex using a needle does not affect the animal's behavior post-surgery. This feature allows researchers to study the localized effects of brain injury without concerns about broader behavioral consequences. Sample data from stab-wounded mouse cerebral cortices demonstrate the model's effectiveness in assessing blood leakage into the parenchyma, glial activation, and inflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, this protocol facilitates the evaluation of blood coagulants and anti-inflammatory compounds, aiding in the development of therapeutic agents for TBI.

Simplified traumatic brain injury (TBI) models have facilitated the development of therapeutic approaches. This protocol outlines the creation of a stab-wound mouse cortex using needles, enabling the analysis of hemorrhage and inflammation. The stab-wound TBI mouse model offers the advantage of being performed without requiring specialized equipment.

외상성 뇌 손상의 출혈 및 염증을 연구하기 위한 Stab-Wound Mouse 모델

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from physical damage, often caused by accidents or sports-related incidents. The causes of TBI are diverse, including ...

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