We thank Katherine Clark for technical assistance. A.D.R.G. is funded in part by 5K01MH097957-03

混合C57BL / 6バックグラウンド上の成体（3-4ヶ月齢）雄マウスは、このプロトコルで使用しました。動物は、12時間の明/暗サイクルで維持し、食物および水に自由にアクセスさせました。このプロトコルで実行されるすべての手順は、ドレクセル大学施設内動物管理使用委員会によって承認されたプロトコルに従って行いました。 1.手術領域の準備<ol><li>吸収パッドで全体の外科ベンチをカバーし、定位に隣接する手術器具を配置し、その後、70％エタノールで手術台を消毒。 </li><li>マニピュレータアームなし定位装置を設定します。定位の加熱パッドを配置し、37℃に設定してください。動物と加熱パッドとの間のペーパータオルの小片または外科パッドを配置することによって、動物の過熱を防ぎます。 </li><li>オートクレーブはさみを使用して、REAまで0.9％滅菌生理食塩水を含む滅菌ペトリ皿にオートクレーブゲルフォームの小片をカット使用するためにDY。 注意：オートクレーブ処理機器および無菌手術用消耗品を使用して滅菌作業環境を維持します。必要に応じて、10〜15秒間ビーズ滅菌器に浸漬することにより、動物の間で処置中または手術器具を再滅菌します。消毒するために、必要に応じて、70％エタノールで手を擦ることによって作業中は清潔な手袋を維持します。 </li></ol>外科2.プレッピングマウス<ol><li>ホームケージからマウスを削除し、（g）を量ります。 </li><li>場所イソフルラン誘導チャンバ内にマウスや麻酔の外科的平面、約3〜5分を誘導するために2〜5 L /分およびイソフルラン気化器に酸素を設定します。緩徐呼吸や固定化のために監視します。マウスが完全につま先ピンチ反射を使用して鎮静されていることを確認してください。 </li><li>マウスが完全に鎮静されると、イソフルランにチューブが取り付けられているノーズコーンに鼻を確保、定位フレームに配置します。外耳道に耳棒を挿入し、締め、頭が安定して確保します。 </li><li>耳にし、目の間から耳の後ろに耳から頭を剃ります。 </li><li> 、イソプロピルアルコール及びベタジンヨウ素溶液のワイプを交互に3回ずつ肌を殺菌。 </li><li>外科手術中に乾燥からそれらを防ぐために、両眼に人工涙液を適用します。 </li></ol> 3.手術手順<ol><li>つま先や尾をつまんで麻酔深度を監視します。応答がないとき、マウスは、適切な外科的な平面であり、呼吸がゆっくりとさえあります。 </li><li>ちょうどほぼ11番手術用メスの刃を使用して、単一の、しっかりした動きで耳の間に、目の後ろから矢状皮膚切開を行います。脇の皮膚を移動し、止血剤で右側をクリップ。 </li><li> 11番メスと綿の鈍い側を使用して、上層膜の明確な頭蓋骨は、アプリケーターをひっくり返しました。必要に応じて、0.9％の食塩水に浸した綿先端のアプリケーターで頭蓋骨を拭きます。完全に乾燥することができます。 </li><li>米国小さ ​​な定規をる、1ミリメートルの冠状縫合の尾、および恒久的なマーカーと矢状縫合（ 図1）に対して横1ミリメートル、で開頭の左端に開頭術の前縁をマーク。そして、矢状および冠状縫合、それぞれ（ 図1）から4ミリメートルで開頭術の権利と尾側の境界をマークします。 </li><li> 0.5ミリメートルドリルビットを使用して、恒久的なマーカーアウトライン次ゆっくり穿孔することによって開頭を作るために開始します。完全に頭蓋骨を突破しないように注意してください。を押して、優しく第5鉗子で頭頂骨の孤立片に、弱さの領域は、圧力に道を譲るだろう。薄くなった骨が周囲全体に十分に弱い場合、骨片を除去するための準備ができています。 注：調査員が困難一体に骨を除去するが発生した場合、これは、骨が十分に掘削時に間引かれなかったことを示唆しています。 facilita以降の動物で、さらに頭蓋骨をドリル考えてみましょう骨片を容易に除去するTE。 </li><li> 23 G針を装着した10mlシリンジを用いて、単離された骨と掘削面積を浸して0.9％生理食塩水を少量を適用します。 </li><li>定位機器にマニピュレータアームを取り付けます。吻方面した刃の鋭い側とプローブホルダに新しい11番手術用メスの刃を取り付けます。 注：吻側および尾側の組織が刃の鋭く尖っていないエッジを経験しているが、それぞれ、貫通損傷によって誘発される機械的な損傷は、病変の程度全体に匹敵します。私たちは、頭側と尾部の間、GFAP発現または増殖のアップレギュレーションを含む反応性神経膠症の主な機能にはかなりの違いを観察していません。 </li><li>邪魔にならないようにマニピュレータアームを保ち、慎重5/45角度のついたピンセットを用いて、単離された骨を持ち上げます。 FUL 1に残さ骨の一部をやってのけるレバレッジを使用して、孤立した骨やリフトの側面に鉗子の先端部を挿入Lの動き。 注：脳を刺すか、頭蓋骨の下に硬膜を乱さないように注意してください。 </li><li>浸した吸収性ゲルフォームの小片を取り、乾燥からそれを防止し、存在する可能性のある血液を吸収するために覆われていない脳に置きます。 </li><li>ゲルフォームが適所に配置されると、所定の位置にマニピュレータアームを揺動し、ゲルフォーム上に開頭の中央にブレードを調整します。ゲルフォームを取り外し、先端が硬膜を穿刺せずに硬膜に接触​​するまで、ブレードを下げます。定位の垂直アームのバーニアスケールを使用してマーク背/腹座標。 </li><li>マニピュレータアームを使用して、ゆっくりと脳にブレード正確に3ミリメートルを下げます。これは、マニピュレータアームにバーニヤ目盛りを使用することによって達成されます。ブレードは5〜10秒のための場所に滞在することができます。ブレードはopposiに移動する前に、開頭の吻側および尾側の境界に到達することを可能にする3回尾側するブレード取付吻側に定位アームを移動TE終了。 注：硬膜は、ブレードを挿入する前に除去されていません。厚さ7〜80μmであるラットの硬膜とは対照的に、マウスの硬膜がかなり薄くなっている（わずか数細胞層の厚さ）、挿入時のメスの刃にかなりの抵抗を生成しません。各動物が一貫性の損傷を受けることを確実にするために、各マウスのための新しい手術用メスの刃を使用してください。 </li><li>ゆっくりと脳からブレードを取り外し、定位アームを持ち上げます。ブレードを除去した後、すぐに余分な血液や体液を吸収するために、脳の表面にゲルフォームの別の部分を配置します。 </li><li>一方、定位アームを取り外し、11番手術用メスの刃を処分。出血が停止した後、ゲルフォームを削除します。 </li><li>このようなethilonまたはプロレンとして、非吸収性縫合糸で皮膚を縫合することによって傷を閉じます。縫合糸は、手術後9-10日に削除する必要があります。 </li><li>そのホームケージにマウスを返し、マウスがheatinにゆっくりと回復することができます苦痛の兆候がないかのGパッドとモニター。イソフルラン誘発性の麻酔からの回復は、典型的には、イソフルランから除去した後、2〜5分以内に発生します。それは胸骨recumbancyを取り戻したまで無人動物を放置しないでください。 </li><li>水和を確実にするために乳酸リンゲル液の皮下0.5〜1 mlで管理します。 </li></ol> 4.手術後のケア<ol><li>密接植民地に戻る前に麻酔から回復するまで、手術後の動物を監視します。 <ol><li> 、術後の痛みや不快感を軽減直ちに手順に従って、腹腔内注射により0.05〜0.1ミリグラム/ kgのブプレノルフィンを投与すること。 </li><li>このような制限された運動、グルーミングの欠如、または体重減少などの苦痛の重症徴候について術後2〜3日間動物を観察します。苦痛のこれらの兆候のいずれかを実証する動物を安楽死させると研究から取り外します。 </li></ol></li><li>損傷組織の病理組織学的検査を検討するために、スタンにより動物を安楽死させます準の心臓内灌流。 <ol><li>簡単に述べると、ケタミン/キシラジンの過剰摂取で動物を麻酔し、心臓内の0.9％NaCl 15〜20ミリリットルで灌流、または肝臓、実験の終了時に4％パラホルムアルデヒドの60ミリリットル、続いて血液のクリアされるまで。 </li></ol></li><li> 30％ショ糖溶液に移す前に、4％パラホルムアルデヒド中で2〜4時間、脳とポストフィックスを分析。セクション40〜60ミクロンで、クライオスタットの脳、および標準的な組織学的または免疫組織化学的手順による処理、またはガルシア8,9に記載されているように。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

それは、頭蓋骨や、基礎となる硬膜を掘削中に損傷していないことが重要です。頭蓋骨がパンクされていないことを確認するために掘削しながら、軽い圧力を使用してください。硬膜が骨にリフトオフされていないことを確認するために頭蓋骨片を持ち上げながら加えて、注意が必要です。 前脳刺し損傷はこちらCNSへの浸透傷害モデルを説明しました。このようなFPIやCC...

A major challenge for developing successful therapies to treat the injured CNS is an incomplete understanding of the complex multicellular events that are triggered by the trauma. Reactive astrocytes are gaining increasing recognition as a promising target for novel therapies1. Though historically regarded as hostile to neural repair, reactive astrocytes are now recognized as critical components of a complex, multicellular neuroprotective response that includes attenuation of inflammatory processes and limiting secondary damage and neurodegeneration2-6. Although the neuropathological characteristics of reactive gliosis have long been well defined, the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating reactive gliosis, and the diverse array of downstream consequences remain poorly understood. Understanding the mechanisms that drive reactive gliosis, as well as the subsequent cellular and molecular events, is an important step towards developing strategies aimed at promoting the neuroprotective properties of reactive gliosis, while attenuating the detrimental effects. 
Here we demonstrate a method to induce severe reactive astrogliosis in the forebrain of adult mice using a stab injury. In contrast to other traumatic brain injury (TBI) models, such as controlled cortical impact (CCI) or fluid percussion injury (FPI), which require specialized equipment to produce an injury, the forebrain stab requires only a stereotaxic device to stabilize the head and a No. 11 scalpel blade. Thus the forebrain stab lesion model is more broadly accessible to a wide range of laboratories that do not have access to the specialized devices necessary for creating an FPI or CCI injury. The method described here enables investigators to reliably and reproducibly trigger a robust gliosis response to investigate subsequent cellular and molecular events. Once recovered from surgery, animals that have received a forebrain stab injury can survive for prolonged periods without the need for specialized care and can be returned to the colony for acute, intermediate, or chronic studies. Though less clinically translatable than FPI or CCI models of TBI, a forebrain lesion produced by a stab injury serves as a simple yet useful experimental model to investigate basic biological mechanisms underlying reactive gliosis and other neuropathological events following trauma to the CNS.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Stereotax</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>726049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High speed micro drill</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>724950</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>stainless steel scalpel blade, #11</td><td>MedVet</td><td>JOR581S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5/45 angled forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-35</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gelfoam sponge 12 cm x 7 mm</td><td>Fisher</td><td>NC9841478</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rb anti-GFAP</td><td>DAKO</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Z033429-2</td><td>Dilution - 1:20,000 (bright-field); 1:1,000 (fluorescence)</td></tr><tr><td>Shp anti-BrdU</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab1893</td><td>Dilution - 1:20,000 (bright-field); 1:500 (fluorescence)</td></tr><tr><td>Biotinylated goat anti-rabbit</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>BA-1000&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Dilution - 1:400 (bright-field)</td></tr><tr><td>Biotinylated rabbit anti-sheep</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>BA-6000</td><td>Dilution - 1:400 (bright-field)</td></tr><tr><td>Alexafluor 488 goat anti-rabbit</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A-11008</td><td>Dilution - 1:400 (bright-field)</td></tr><tr><td>Alexafluor 568 donkey anti-sheep</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A-21099</td><td>Dilution - 1:1,000 (fluorescence)</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI Nucleic Acid Stain</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>D3571</td><td>Dilution - 1:1,000 (fluorescence)</td></tr><tr><td>Cresyl Violet Acetate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C5042-10G</td><td>Dilution - 1% (bright-field)</td></tr></tbody></table>

triggering reactive gliosis in vivo by a forebrain stab injury

Following injury to the CNS, astrocytes undergo a broad range of biochemical, morphological, and molecular changes collectively referred to as reactive astrogliosis. Reactive astrocytes exert both inflammatory and protective effects that inhibit and promote, respectively, neural repair. The mechanisms underlying the diverse functional properties of reactive astrogliosis are not well understood. Achieving a greater understanding of these mechanisms is critical to developing therapeutic strategies to treat the injured CNS. Here we demonstrate a method to trigger reactive astrogliosis in the adult mouse forebrain using a forebrain stab lesion. This lesion model is simple, reliable, and requires only a stereotaxic device and a scalpel blade to produce the injury. The use of stab lesions as an injury model in the forebrain is well established and amenable to studies addressing a broad range of neuropathological outcomes, such as neuronal degeneration, neuroinflammation, and disruptions in the blood brain barrier (BBB). Thus, the forebrain stab injury model serves as a powerful tool that can be applied for a broad range of studies on the CNS response to trauma.

この処置を受けた動物は、専門的な術後のケアを必要としないので、短期または長期の時間の生存期間は容易に損傷後の急性または慢性の病状を調査する必要性に応じて、試験に組み込まれています。このようなソーマのGFAPおよび肥大のアップレギュレーションのような反応性神経膠症の主要な特徴は、早ければ、損傷後2〜3日のように観察することができます。反応性星状細胞のための増?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Triggering Reactive Gliosis In Vivo by a Forebrain Stab Injury at JoVE.com

Triggering Reactive Gliosis In Vivo by a Forebrain Stab Injury

This article describes a detailed protocol to produce a forebrain stab injury in adult mice. The stab injury induces severe reactive gliosis and glial scar formation which can be subsequently examined by standard immunohistochemistry methods.

反応性神経膠症のトリガ<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;前脳刺し損傷によって

Following injury to the CNS, astrocytes undergo a broad range of biochemical, morphological, and molecular changes collectively referred to as reactive ...

triggering-reactive-gliosis-in-vivo-by-a-forebrain-stab-injury

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Triggering Reactive Gliosis In Vivo by a Forebrain Stab Injury

10.4K ビュー.  Drexel University. This article describes a detailed protocol to produce a forebrain stab injury in adult mice. The stab injury induces severe reactive gliosis and glial scar formation which can be subsequently examined by standard immunohistochemistry methods. 

ビデオ: Triggering Reactive Gliosis In Vivo by a Forebrain Stab Injury

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. Understanding repair and regeneration in animals is a key question in biology. The damaged human CNS does not regenerate, and understanding how to promote the regeneration is one of main goals of medical neuroscience. The powerful genetic toolkit of Drosophila can be used to tackle the problem of CNS regeneration.
A lesion to the CNS ventral nerve cord (VNC, equivalent to the vertebrate spinal cord) is applied manually with a tungsten needle. The VNC can subsequently be filmed in time-lapse using laser scanning confocal microscopy for up to 24 hr to follow the development of the lesion over time. Alternatively, it can be cultured, then fixed and stained using immunofluorescence to visualize neuron and glial cells with confocal microscopy. Using appropriate markers, changes in cell morphology and cell state as a result of injury can be visualized. With ImageJ and purposely developed plug-ins, quantitative and statistical analyses can be carried out to measure changes in wound size over time and the effects of injury in cell proliferation and cell death. These methods allow the analysis of large sample sizes. They can be combined with the powerful genetics of Drosophila to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying CNS regeneration and repair.

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An injury paradigm using the Drosophila larval ventral nerve cord to investigate central nervous system regeneration and repair is described. Stabbing followed by laser scanning confocal microscopy in time-lapse and fixed specimens, combined with quantitative analysis with purposefully developed software and genetics, are used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of CNS regeneration and repair.

中枢神経系の修復を調査するために傷害パラダイム<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. ...

神経科学

Acute Brain Trauma in Mice Followed By Longitudinal Two-photon Imaging

Although acute brain trauma often results from head damage in different accidents and affects a substantial fraction of the population, there is no effective treatment for it yet. Limitations of currently used animal models impede understanding of the pathology mechanism. Multiphoton microscopy allows studying cells and tissues within intact animal brains longitudinally under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we describe two models of acute brain injury studied by means of two-photon imaging of brain cell behavior under posttraumatic conditions. A selected brain region is injured with a sharp needle to produce a trauma of a controlled width and depth in the brain parenchyma. Our method uses stereotaxic prick with a syringe needle, which can be combined with simultaneous drug application. We propose that this method can be used as an advanced tool to study cellular mechanisms of pathophysiological consequences of acute trauma in mammalian brain in vivo. In this video, we combine acute brain injury with two preparations: cranial window and skull thinning. We also discuss advantages and limitations of both preparations for multisession imaging of brain regeneration after trauma.

Acute brain trauma is a severe injury that has no adequate treatment to date. Multiphoton microscopy allows studying longitudinally the process of acute brain trauma development and probing therapeutical strategies in rodents. Two models of acute brain trauma studied with in vivo two-photon imaging of brain are demonstrated in this protocol.

縦二光子イメージングに続いてマウスの急性脳外傷

Although acute brain trauma often results from head damage in different accidents and affects a substantial fraction of the population, there is no ...

医学

Stab Wound Injury of the Zebrafish Adult Telencephalon: A Method to Investigate Vertebrate Brain Neurogenesis and Regeneration

Adult zebrafish have an amazing capacity to regenerate their central nervous system after injury. To investigate the cellular response and the molecular mechanisms involved in zebrafish adult central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and repair, we developed a zebrafish model of adult telencephalic injury.
In this approach, we manually generate an injury by pushing an insulin syringe needle into the zebrafish adult telencephalon. At different post injury days, fish are sacrificed, their brains are dissected out and stained by immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization (ISH) with appropriate markers to observe cell proliferation, gliogenesis, and neurogenesis. The contralateral unlesioned hemisphere serves as an internal control. This method combined for example with RNA deep sequencing can help to screen for new genes with a role in zebrafish adult telencephalon neurogenesis, regeneration, and repair.

To shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of zebrafish adult neurogenesis and regeneration, we developed a protocol for invasive surgery causing mechanical injuries in the zebrafish adult telencephalon and subsequent monitoring of changes in the stabbed hemisphere by immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization.

ゼブラフィッシュ成体終脳の刺し傷傷害：脊椎動物の脳神経発生·再生を調査する方法

Adult zebrafish have an amazing capacity to regenerate their central nervous system after injury. To investigate the cellular response and the molecular ...

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease pathogenesis and their utility for preclinical drug development. In order to design a better model system for these applications, phenotypically wild-type cortical astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSC) from conditional, genetically engineered mice (GEM) that harbor various combinations of floxed oncogenic alleles were harvested and grown in culture. Genetic recombination was induced in vitro using adenoviral Cre-mediated recombination, resulting in expression of mutated oncogenes and deletion of tumor suppressor genes. The phenotypic consequences of these mutations were defined by measuring proliferation, transformation, and drug response in vitro. Orthotopic allograft models, whereby transformed cells are stereotactically injected into the brains of immune-competent, syngeneic littermates, were developed to define the role of oncogenic mutations and cell type on tumorigenesis in vivo. Unlike most established human glioblastoma cell line xenografts, injection of transformed GEM-derived cortical astrocytes into the brains of immune-competent littermates produced astrocytomas, including the most aggressive subtype, glioblastoma, that recapitulated the histopathological hallmarks of human astrocytomas, including diffuse invasion of normal brain parenchyma. Bioluminescence imaging of orthotopic allografts from transformed astrocytes engineered to express luciferase was utilized to monitor in vivo tumor growth over time. Thus, astrocytoma models using astrocytes and NSC harvested from GEM with conditional oncogenic alleles provide an integrated system to study the genetics and cell biology of astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo and may be useful in preclinical drug development for these devastating diseases.

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Phenotypically wild-type astrocytes and neural stem cells harvested from mice engineered with floxed, conditional oncogenic alleles and transformed via viral Cre-mediated recombination can be used to model astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo by orthotopic injection of transformed cells into brains of syngeneic, immune-competent littermates.

モデル星細胞腫発症機序<em&gt;体外</em&gt;と<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;皮質アストロサイトまたは条件付き、遺伝子改変マウスから神経幹細胞を使用した

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease ...

Stab Wound Injury Model of the Adult Optic Tectum Using Zebrafish and Medaka for the Comparative Analysis of Regenerative Capacity

While zebrafish have a superior capacity to regenerate their central nervous system (CNS), medaka has a lower CNS regenerative capacity. A brain injury model was developed in the adult optic tectum of zebrafish and medaka and comparative histological and molecular analyses were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating the high regenerative capacity of this tissue across these fish species. Here a stab wound injury model is presented for the adult optic tectum using a needle and histological analyses for proliferation and differentiation of the neural stem cells (NSCs). A needle was manually inserted into the central region of the optic tectum, and then the fish were intracardially perfused, and their brains were dissected. These tissues were then cryosectioned and evaluated using immunostaining against the appropriate NSC proliferation and differentiation markers. This tectum injury model provides robust and reproducible results in both zebrafish and medaka, allowing for comparing NSC responses after injury. This method is available for small teleosts, including zebrafish, medaka, and African killifish, and enables us to compare their regenerative capacity and investigate unique molecular mechanisms.

A mechanical brain injury model in the adult zebrafish is described to investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating their high regenerative capacity. The method explains to create a stab wound injury in the optic tectum of multiple species of small fish to evaluate the regenerative responses using fluorescent immunostaining.

ゼブラフィッシュとメダカを用いた成体視神経筋の刺創損傷モデルによる再生能力の比較解析

While zebrafish have a superior capacity to regenerate their central nervous system (CNS), medaka has a lower CNS regenerative capacity. A brain injury ...

発生生物学

A Drosophila In Vivo Injury Model for Studying Neuroregeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System

The regrowth capacity of damaged neurons governs neuroregeneration and functional recovery after nervous system trauma. Over the past few decades, various intrinsic and extrinsic inhibitory factors involved in the restriction of axon regeneration have been identified. However, simply removing these inhibitory cues is insufficient for successful regeneration, indicating the existence of additional regulatory machinery. Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, shares evolutionarily conserved genes and signaling pathways with vertebrates, including humans. Combining the powerful genetic toolbox of flies with two-photon laser axotomy/dendriotomy, we describe here the Drosophila sensory neuron &#8211; dendritic arborization (da) neuron injury model as a platform for systematically screening for novel regeneration regulators. Briefly, this paradigm includes a) the preparation of larvae, b) lesion induction to dendrite(s) or axon(s) using a two-photon laser, c) live confocal imaging post-injury and d) data analysis. Our model enables highly reproducible injury of single labeled neurons, axons, and dendrites of well-defined neuronal subtypes, in both the peripheral and central nervous system.

A Drosophila In Vivo Injury Model for Studying Neuroregeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System

Here, we present a protocol using the Drosophila sensory neuron - dendritic arborization (da) neuron injury model, which combines in vivo live imaging, two-photon laser axotomy/dendriotomy, and the powerful fly genetic toolbox, as a platform for screening potential promoters and inhibitors of neuroregeneration.

再生に関する末梢および中枢神経系を研究するため生体内でショウジョウバエ損傷モデル

The regrowth capacity of damaged neurons governs neuroregeneration and functional recovery after nervous system trauma. Over the past few decades, various ...

Stimulating and Analyzing Adult Neurogenesis in the Drosophila Central Brain

The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis in response to disease or injury are not well understood. However, understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing neural regenerative therapies. Drosophila melanogaster is a leading model for studies of neural development but historically has not been exploited to investigate adult brain regeneration. This is primarily because the adult brain exhibits very low mitotic activity. Nonetheless, penetrating traumatic brain injury (PTBI) to the adult Drosophila central brain triggers the generation of new neurons and new glia. The powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila combined with the simple but rigorous injury protocol described here now make adult Drosophila brain a robust model for neural regeneration research. Provided here are detailed instructions for (1) penetrating injuries to the adult central brain and (2) dissection, immunohistochemistry, and imaging post-injury. These protocols yield highly reproducible results and will facilitate additional studies to dissect mechanisms underlying neural regeneration.

Stimulating and Analyzing Adult Neurogenesis in the Drosophila Central Brain

This article provides detailed protocols for inflicting Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury (PTBI) to adult Drosophila and examining the resulting neurogenesis.

ショウジョウバエ中枢脳における成人神経新生の刺激と分析

The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis in response to disease or injury are not well understood. However, understanding these ...

Electromagnetic Controlled Closed-Head Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Highly reproducible animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with well-defined pathologies, are needed for testing therapeutic interventions and understanding the mechanisms of how a TBI alters brain function. The availability of multiple animal models of TBI is necessary to model the different aspects and severities of TBI seen in people. This manuscript describes the use of a midline closed head injury (CHI) to develop a mouse model of mild TBI. The model is considered mild because it does not produce structural brain lesions based on neuroimaging or gross neuronal loss. However, a single impact creates enough pathology that cognitive impairment is measurable at least 1 month after injury. A step-by-step protocol to induce a CHI in mice using a stereotaxically guided electromagnetic impactor is defined in the paper. The benefits of the mild midline CHI model include the reproducibility of the injury-induced changes with low mortality. The model has been temporally characterized up to 1 year after the injury for neuroimaging, neurochemical, neuropathological, and behavioral changes. The model is complementary to open skull models of controlled cortical impact using the same impactor device. Thus, labs can model both mild diffuse TBI and focal moderate-to-severe TBI with the same impactor.

The protocol describes mild traumatic brain injury in a mouse model. In particular, a step-by-step protocol to induce a mild midline closed head injury and the characterization of the animal model is fully explained.

マウスにおける軽度外傷性脳損傷の電磁制御クローズドヘッドモデル

Highly reproducible animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with well-defined pathologies, are needed for testing therapeutic interventions and ...

Intravital Imaging of Fluorescent Protein Expression in Mice with a Closed-Skull Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Window Using a Two-Photon Microscope

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to longitudinally visualize the expression and localization of a protein of interest within specific cell types of an animal's brain, upon exposure to exogenous stimuli. Here, the administration of a closed-skull traumatic brain injury (TBI) and simultaneous implantation of a cranial window for subsequent longitudinal intravital imaging in mice is shown. Mice are intracranially injected with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under a neuronal specific promoter. After 2 to 4 weeks, the mice are subjected to a repetitive TBI using a weight drop device over the AAV injection location. Within the same surgical session, the mice are implanted with a metal headpost and then a glass cranial window over the TBI impacting site. The expression and cellular localization of EGFP is examined using a two-photon microscope in the same brain region exposed to trauma over the course of months.

This study demonstrates delivery of a repetitive traumatic brain injury to mice and simultaneous implantation of a cranial window for subsequent intravital imaging of a neuron-expressed EGFP using two-photon microscopy.

2光子顕微鏡を用いた閉鎖頭蓋外傷性脳損傷マウスおよび頭蓋窓における蛍光タンパク質発現の生体内イメージング

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to longitudinally visualize the expression and localization of a protein of interest within specific cell ...

Stab-Wound Mouse Model for Studying Hemorrhage and Inflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from physical damage, often caused by accidents or sports-related incidents. The causes of TBI are diverse, including concussions, brain contusions, hematomas, and skull fractures. To replicate these different causes, various TBI mouse models have been developed using distinct protocols. Physical brain injury leads to both primary and secondary brain injuries, which exacerbate neuronal loss. Primary injury occurs immediately after the damage, often due to hemorrhage, and subsequently triggers secondary injuries, including inflammation around the lesion. Developing a TBI model suitable for assessing hemorrhage extension and inflammatory severity is therefore crucial. This protocol introduces a method for mimicking penetrating brain injury, referred to as the stab-wound TBI mouse model, to study mechanisms of hemorrhage, inflammation, and neuronal loss associated with TBI pathology. This model is created by puncturing the skull and brain with needles and is simple to execute without the need for specialized experimental equipment. Additionally, the minor injury inflicted on the mouse cerebral cortex using a needle does not affect the animal's behavior post-surgery. This feature allows researchers to study the localized effects of brain injury without concerns about broader behavioral consequences. Sample data from stab-wounded mouse cerebral cortices demonstrate the model's effectiveness in assessing blood leakage into the parenchyma, glial activation, and inflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, this protocol facilitates the evaluation of blood coagulants and anti-inflammatory compounds, aiding in the development of therapeutic agents for TBI.

Simplified traumatic brain injury (TBI) models have facilitated the development of therapeutic approaches. This protocol outlines the creation of a stab-wound mouse cortex using needles, enabling the analysis of hemorrhage and inflammation. The stab-wound TBI mouse model offers the advantage of being performed without requiring specialized equipment.

外傷性脳損傷における出血と炎症を研究するための刺し傷マウスモデル

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from physical damage, often caused by accidents or sports-related incidents. The causes of TBI are diverse, including ...

反応性神経膠症のトリガ

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中枢神経系の修復を調査するために傷害パラダイム