전립선 세포주 친절 암 센터, UC 데이비스 박사 링 - 유 왕 박사 싱 - 지엔 쿵에 의해 제공됩니다. 이 프로젝트는 NIH의 galvanotaxis 부여 4R33AI080604에 의해 지원됩니다.

1. 배양 전립선 세포 <ol><li> 문화 PRNS-1-1 5 % CO 2, 37 ℃에서 10 % FBS와 항생제 - 안티 곰팡이로 보충 된 RPMI 1640 배지에서 100mm 배양 접시에 PNT2 및 전립선 세포. 세포 galvanotaxis 실험에 80 % 포화 상태에 도달 할 때까지 매일 배양 배지를 새로. </li></ol> 2. 조립 Galvanotaxis 챔버 <ol><li> 하단 챔버 조립 <ol><li> 2- 프로판올와 플라스틱 galvanotaxis 챔버를 닦습니다. 주사기와 챔버의 하부 측에 원형의 개구 주변 해양 급 실리콘 실러를 적용하고 큰 커브 글라스 (도 1)에 부착. 커버 글라스를 아래로 밀어 면봉으로 초과 접착제를 닦아면 주걱의 뒷면을 사용합니다. 원형 개구부는 중간 전류는 두 매질 내부 저장소 사이에 위치 된 세포 흐르게. </li><li> 6mm × 2를 만들기 위해 작은 커버 글라스를 잘라다이아몬드 포인트 마커 5mm 스페이서. </li><li> 챔버를 뒤집습니다. 주사기 및 / 또는 하단 유리에 2 원형 구멍 사이의 세포 부착을위한 10mm X 25mm 채널 표면을 만들 수있는 금속 주걱 실리콘 접착제의 2 줄무늬를 적용합니다. 이 원형 구멍 사이에 유리 스페이서 2 개를 붙인다. 스페이서를 아래로 밀어 면봉 및 / 또는 이쑤시개와 초과 접착제를 닦아면 어플리케이터의 뒷면을 사용합니다. </li><li> 실리콘 접착제가 경화 될 때까지 24 시간 동안 챔버를 건조. 접착제에서 아세트산 잔기를 제거 증류수에 밤새 챔버를 담근다. 즉시 사용 가능한 챔버를 건조, 또는 깨끗한 용기에 나중에 사용하기 위해 챔버를 저장합니다. <img alt="그림 1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51973/51973fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> 그림 1 : 하단 galvanotaxis 챔버의 조립. A)가 큰 커브 글라스) T 세정 챔버. B의 하단에 부착된다유리 스페이서의 조각이 원형 구멍 사이에 접착되어 하시다 세포 부착을위한 10mm X 25mm 채널을 만들 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> galvanotaxis 챔버에 세포를 심는 <ol><li> 실험에 필요한 galvanotaxis 챔버의 필요 수를 준비합니다. 각 세포주 또는 치료는 하나의 galvanotaxis 챔버가 필요합니다. 2- 프로판올과 galvanotaxis 챔버를 닦습니다. 멸균 PBS의 3 배에 실을 세척하고 챔버에서 2 원형 구멍 사이의 액체 흐름을 확인합니다. </li><li> 무균 세포 배양 접시에있는 챔버를 동봉하고 15 분 동안 37 ℃에서 평형 수 있습니다. 5 분 동안 37 ° C에서 5 ml의 0.25 % 트립신 EDTA를 사용하여 배양 접시에서 전립선 세포를 분리. PBS에 5 ㎖의 10 % FBS와 트립신 EDTA를 중화. </li><li> 15 ㎖의 튜브에 세포를 옮기고 200 XG, 37 ° C에서 5 분 동안 원심 분리하여 세포. 상등액을 대기음 배지 1 ㎖에 세포를 다시 일시. </li><li> 20 μ를 타고셀 L의 용액은 카운팅 챔버에로드하고 세포 수를 산출한다. 문화 매체와 8 × 104 세포 / ㎖로 세포 농도를 조정합니다. </li><li> 37 ° C 배양기에서 galvanotaxis 챔버를 가져 가라. 각 챔버에 세포 현탁액 350 μl를 시드. </li><li> 킴 와이프 또는 습윤 5 % CO 2, 37 ℃에서 습도 인큐베이터 챔버에서 배양 접시에서 밤새 챔버에서 세포를 배양한다. </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="그림 2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51973/51973fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> 그림 2. 챔버에 세포를 시드 하부 측실을 건조 세정 A) 전립선 세포를 트립신 카운트 챔버로 이송하고, 밤새 인큐베이션 B) 상단 커버 글라스는 촬영 전에 챔버를 밀봉하도록 부착된다... <ol start="3"><li>상단 챔버 ssembling <ol><li> 촬영하기 전에 상단 챔버를 조립합니다. 현미경은 한 번에 하나의 챔버 galvanotaxis 촬상 수용 할 수있다. 각 galvanotaxis 챔버, 37 ° C에서 배양 배지 10 ㎖ 워밍업. 37 ° C 온난화 판에 인큐베이터에서 galvanotaxis 챔버를 전송합니다. </li><li> 부착되지 않은 세포를 제거하기 위해 문화 매체와 세포를 씻어. 챔버 내에서 매체의 400 μl를 남겨주세요. 모두 유리 스페이서의 상단에 높은 진공 그리스를 적용 할 주사기를 사용합니다. </li><li> 챔버를 밀봉하는 작은 커버 글라스를 추가합니다. 부드럽게면 주걱의 뒷면에 커버 글라스를 누르십시오. 면봉과 초과 매체를 닦아냅니다. </li><li> 유리 표면을 건조하고, 커버 글라스와 챔버 사이의 간격을 밀봉 높은 진공 그리스를 적용합니다. 그리스를 확산 금속 주걱을 사용합니다. 내부 저수지에 배지 4 ML을 추가하고 저수지 사이의 액체 흐름을 확인합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 한천 만들기다리 <ol><li> 2 인치 길이의 PVC 튜브의 한 쌍을 잘라 (16분의 503 (내경) x 5/16 (외경) x 1/16 월), 플립과 100 비이커에 삽입합니다. </li><li> 200mg의 박토 - 한천을 측정하고 2 % 한천 겔을 10 ml의 배지와 함께 50 ml의 플라스크에 추가한다. 30 초 동안 전자 레인지. 전송 피펫과 플라스틱 튜브에 한천 겔을로드합니다. 고형화 한천을 10 분 동안 실온에서 한천 교량 남기기. </li><li> galvanotaxis 챔버의 외부 저수지에 2 ml의 배지를 추가합니다. 전류를 전도하기 위해 내부 및 외부 매체 저수지에 한천 다리를 삽입합니다. </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="그림 3" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51973/51973fig3highres.jpg" width="350" /> 그림 3 :. 챔버에 세포를 얇은 껍질이 그림은 galvanotaxis 챔버의 최종 조립을 보여합니다. 챔버는 완전히 고 진공 그리스로 밀봉된다. 중간 t을 추가오 저수지를 작성하고 두 한천 교량 챔버에 삽입됩니다. 이어서 galvanotaxis 챔버는 현미경 스테이지에 전달되고, 전극은 전기장을 적용하도록 부착된다. 조립 galvanotaxis 챔버의 측면도는 전류가 한천 교량과 커버 유리 사이의 공간을 통해 흐르고 셀 위에 함을 입증하기에 도시된다. 3. 시간 경과 영상 <ol><li> 이전 영상에 공기 순환 2 시간에서 5 % CO 2와 37 ° C에 환경 챔버에 전환합니다. </li><li> 현미경에 전환하고 이미지 획득 소프트웨어를 시작합니다. 현미경 스테이지를 보정하고, 10 배 목표를 선택합니다. </li><li> 현미경 무대에 galvanotaxis 챔버를 전송 테이프로 실을 확보하고 세포에 초점을 맞 춥니 다. 오른쪽에 음극과 외부 저수지에 galvanotaxis 전극을 삽입합니다. 와이어와 테이프로 전극을 고정합니다. </li><li> 전력 보에 스위치X는 챔버에 전계를 적용한다. 25mm 긴 챔버 (100 MV / mm) 2.5 볼트에 도달 할 수 챔버에서 전압계와 출력 전압을 측정합니다. 출력 전류를 조절하여 실험 기간 동안 전계 강도를 유지한다. </li><li> 열 시간 경과 영화를 생성하는 소프트웨어의 필름과 챔버에서 10 점을 선택합니다. 2 시간 동안 10 분 간격으로 인수 조건을 설정합니다. </li><li> 촬영을 시작하고, 필요에 따라 출력 전류를 조정한다. </li><li> 실험의 마지막 단계에서 챔버를 제거하고 95 % 알코올로 세포를 고정한다. 청소 면도날 열린 챔버 휴식하고 다시 사용하기. </li></ol> Galvanotaxis 4. 정량화 <ol><li> 시간 경과 영화와 다시의 방향 이미지의 상단에 음극을 돌립니다. 셀 추적 소프트웨어에 영화를 내 보냅니다. </li><li> 수동으로 각 동영상 (도 4 A, B)에서 각각의 시간 지점에서 10-20 세포 (x, y)의 위치를 추적.남북 방향에 대하여 이주 거리 및 각도는, 전기장의 방향은 동일한, 셀 추적 소프트웨어 (도 4c)에서 산출한다. 주 : 평균 이동 속도가 총 이동 거리와 총 촬영 시간으로 변환됩니다. 방향성은 코사인 값 각도에서 변환된다. 세포가 임의의 방향성으로 마이그레이션하는 경우, 순 코사인의 평균은 제로에 가까운 것입니다. 세포가 음극쪽으로 이동하는 경우 직접, 코사인 값은 1이 될 것이다. 세포를 직접 애노드 측으로 이동하는 경우, 코사인 값은 -1이 될 것이다. </li></ol><img alt="그림 4" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51973/51973fig4highres.jpg" width="400" /> 도 4 : 셀 추적 방향성을 측정하기 위해 세포 추적 이미지 라인) 오버레이.. 셀 (X, Y) 위치는 manua 아르에서야 시간 경과 영화에서 추적. . 세포는 임의로 이동하면 평균 코사인 제로에 가까운 B) 그러나, 세포가 음극 또는 양극을 향해 이동하는 경우, 평균 코사인 값 + (음극) 또는 부근 -. (양극) 1.0 C ) 방향성은 마이그레이션 각도 (θ)에서 변환 된 코사인 값에 의해 제공됩니다. 코사인 (θ)은 거리 B (전계의 방향에 투영 거리)까지의 거리 (이동 거리)의 비율과 같다. <ol start="3"><li> 측정 값을 저장합니다. 조합 된 결과를 계산하는 데이터베이스 어플리케이션에 데이터를 가져. </li><li> 막대 그래프 (그림 5) 음모 스프레드 시트에 평균 이동 속도와 평균 코사인 값의 결합 된 데이터를 보냅니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
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R., Inokuchi, J., Tsunoda, T., Lau, A., Ornstein, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culture+requirements+of+prostatic+epithelial+cell+lines+for+acinar+morphogenesis+and+lumen+formation+in+vitro:+role+of+extracellular+calcium.">Culture requirements of prostatic epithelial cell lines for acinar morphogenesis and lumen formation in vitro: role of extracellular calcium.</a> Prostate. 67 (15), 1601-1613 (2007).</li><li>Lang, S. H., Sharrard, R. M., Stark, M., Villette, J. M., Maitland, N. 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(68), (2012).</li><li>Meng, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electric+field-controlled+directed+migration+of+neural+progenitor+cells+in+2D+and+3D+environments.">Electric field-controlled directed migration of neural progenitor cells in 2D and 3D environments.</a> J Vis Exp. (60), (2012).</li><li>Pullar, C. E., Isseroff, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclic+AMP+mediates+keratinocyte+directional+migration+in+an+electric+field.">Cyclic AMP mediates keratinocyte directional migration in an electric field.</a> J Cell Sci. 118 (9), 2023-2034 (2005).</li><li>Sheridan, D. M., Isseroff, R. R., Nuccitelli, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imposition+of+a+physiologic+DC+electric+field+alters+the+migratory+response+of+human+keratinocytes+on+extracellular+matrix+molecules.">Imposition of a physiologic DC electric field alters the migratory response of human keratinocytes on extracellular matrix molecules.</a> J Invest Dermatol. 106 (4), 642-646 (1996).</li><li>Feng, J. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guided+migration+of+neural+stem+cells+derived+from+human+embryonic+stem+cells+by+an+electric+field.">Guided migration of neural stem cells derived from human embryonic stem cells by an electric field.</a> Stem Cells. 30 (2), 349-355 (2012).</li><li>Mukerjee, E. V., Isseroff, R. R., Nuccitelli, R., Collins, S. D., Smith, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microneedle+array+for+measuring+wound+generated+electric+fields.">Microneedle array for measuring wound generated electric fields.</a> Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 1, 4326-4328 (2006).</li><li>Nuccitelli, R., Nuccitelli, P., Li, C., Narsing, S., Pariser, D. M., Lui, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+electric+field+near+human+skin+wounds+declines+with+age+and+provides+a+noninvasive+indicator+of+wound+healing.">The electric field near human skin wounds declines with age and provides a noninvasive indicator of wound healing.</a> Wound Rep. and Reg. 19, 645-655 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

셀의 galvanotaxis 응답의 분석은 많은 셀룰러 이동성 또는 성장을위한 중요한 기능 표시기 (27), (28)를 처리했다. 여기서 우리는 두 전립선 세포주 영화를 유리 표면에 특별 주문품 실을 사용한다. 이들 세포주 galvanotaxis 상이한 정도를 보여, 우리는 세포 내 위치 파악 또는 galvanotaxis - 매개 단백질의 활성화는 galvanotaxis 응답의 관측 차이의 결과로, 불멸 세포주를 생성하는 과정을 방해 할 수 있...

내인성 전기장 피부 1, 32, 33, 2와 같은 다양한 뇌 조직에서 검출된다. 생리 전계 신경 공정 5, 6의 생장을 유도하고 상피 각막 상처 봉합 1,7 촉진 지향, 배 발달 3,4- 포함한 특정 생물학적 기능을 제공. 시험관 내 배양 된 세포에 직류 전계인가 모방 생리 전기장을하고 방향 세포의 이동, 또는 galvanotaxis를 유도한다. Galvanotaxis는 neuroblasts 2, 신경 전구 세포 (14), 섬유 아세포 8, 물고기 각질 9, 인간 상피와 각막 각질 10-12 연구 13 림프구되었습니다. (-) 극인가 필드에 노출되는 경우, 세포 연구의 대부분은 방향성 cathodal 향해 이동한다. 그러나, 고도 등 여러 전이성 암세포인간의 유방암 세포와 인간 전립선 암 세포주 PC-3M이 anodal (+) 극 (15, 16)로 이동한다. 여러 메커니즘 galvanotaxis을 중재 또는 활성화를 포함하는 전기장을 감지하는 세포의 능력을 설명하기 위해 제안 EGF 12 수용체, 상피 나트륨 채널 (17)는 PI3K 및 PTEN (18), 및 칼슘의 방출이기구는 아직 완전히 이해되지. 15 (19) 이온 및 그것은 여러 신호 전달 경로가 galvanotaxis에 참여하는 것이 가능하다. 여기 보여 2 차원 galvanotaxis 방법은 점착성, 운동성 세포의 방향 이동을 특성화하기 위해, 하나 (18), (20).이 기법에서 수정 된 융합 세포의 시트를 개개의 세포 이동을 10, 12, 17 또는 이동을 모니터링하는 데 유용 펭과 제피 (21), 그리고 니시무라 등. 주문 제작, 명확한 PVC 챔버 10, 이동식 coversl와IPS와 같은 면역 형광 이미징 차 분석을위한 galvanotaxis, 후 쉽게 셀 검색을 허용. galvanotaxis 챔버의 유리 표면은 고배율과 형광 표지 된 세포와 촬영을 허용하는 광학 호환이다. 그것은 또한 표면 코팅 또는 전하 변경과 같은, 유리의 표면 개질과 실험 설계를 허용한다. 제 1 커버 글라스로 이루어지는 스페이서 위에 셀 전류 흐름을 최소화하기 위해 챔버에 사용된다; 따라서, 전류 흐름의 제곱에 비례 주울 가열, 실험 기간 동안 세포를 과열 않을 것이다. 한천 연결 교량 셀 전극의 직접 접촉을 방지하고 galvanotaxis 동안 매체의 pH 나 이온 농도의 변화를 방지한다. 두 개의 비 - 인간 종 양성 전립선 세포주는이 연구에서 galvanotaxis 그들의 응답을 조사 하였다. PRNS-1-1 22 PNT2 (23)는 모두 SV4 있습니다성장 인자 의존적 세포주는 전립선 특이 항원 (PSA)의 낮은 또는 전혀 식 5, 8, 18, 19 아세포 상피 마커를 발현하는, 0 - 불멸화. 두 세포주 정상 상피 세포의 다각형 형태를 유지하지만, 염색체 이상은 핵형 (22, 24)에서 관찰되었다. PRNS-1-1과 PNT2 대부분의 실험에서 유사한 행동을 공유하지만, 그들이 선포 구조의 형성과의 차이를 표시 할 galvanotaxis. 3-D 행렬에, 마트 리겔은 PRNS-1-1 세포는 정상적인 전립선 조직 (25)을 닮은 루멘 선포의 중공 구조를 형성한다. 그러나 PNT2 세포 내강 상피 (26) 또는 편광없이 고체 스페 로이드를 형성한다. PRNS-1-1 세포는 또한 현재 연구 PNT2보다 높은 galvanotactic 응답을 보여준다. 선포의 구조의 형성 및 galvanotaxis 간의 상관 관계는 PRNS-1-1 galvanotactic 신호 (PR)를 조직에서 역할을 할 수 있음을 시사ostate 선 조직 내생 전기장에 대응 움직임, 그리고이 두 세포주를 구별하기 위해 추가 특성을 제공한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="774">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cells</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pRNS-1-1 prostate cells</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Lee et. al., (1994)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PNT2 prostate cells</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">95012613-1VL</td>
			<td>Berthon et al., (1995)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Medium and solutions</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RPMI 1640 medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11875-093</td>
			<td>warm up to 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine Serum - Premium</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S11150</td>
			<td>10% in PBS, warm up to 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Antibiotic-Antimycotic (100x)</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15240</td>
			<td>add 5mL to 500mL medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">2-propanol</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">VWR</td>
			<td>BDH1133-5GL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>137mM NaCl, 2.7mM KCl, 4.3mM Na2HPO4 and 1.5mM KH2PO4 in 1000mL of H2O, pH to 7.4 and autoclaved, warm up to 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.25% Trypsin-EDTA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200-056</td>
			<td>warm up to 37&#176;C before use, treat cells for 3-5 min at 37&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Galvanotaxis device</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Galvanotaxis chambers</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Precision Plastics Inc, CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>custom-designed (1/4&#34; X 2&#34; X 3.5&#34;), non-toxic, clear PVC chambers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Galvanotaxis electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">UCD electric shop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>platinum coiled electrodes with flexable cords</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Galvanotaxis power box</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Substrate Engineering, CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>custom-designed DC power output with voltmeter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Microscope Cover Glass, Large, 45X50mm-No. 1.5</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-544-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Microscope Cover Glass, small, 25X25mm, No. 1</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">ThermoScientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3307</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diamond point marker</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">ThermoScientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Marine grade silicon sealer, clear</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">051135-08019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">High vacuum grease</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2021846-0807</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">6mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">05-561-64</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nichiryo Syringe, 1.5mL</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Nichiryo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SG-M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Cotton applicators</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Purtian Medical Products</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">806-WC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Qtips</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">729389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nalgene 180 PVC tubing&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8000-9030</td>
			<td>503/16 ID x 5/16 OD x 1/16 Wall</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto-Agar</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Difco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0140-01</td>
			<td>make 2% agar solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Razor Blade</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Personna</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">74-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Equipments and Software</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Benchtop Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5810R</td>
			<td>operated with an A-4-62 rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cellometer Auto T4</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Nexcelom</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Auto T4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cellometer counting chambers</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Nexcelom</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CHT4-SD100-002</td>
			<td>load 20uL cell solutions to count</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Culture Temp Warming plate</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Bel-Art Scienceware</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">370150000</td>
			<td>to keep the galvanotaxis chambers at 37&#176;C&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Eclipse TE-2000 microscope with motorized stage and environmental chamber</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plan Fluor 10X/0.30 objective len</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Retiga EX CCD camera&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Qimaging</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Cooled CCD camara, mono-color, 12-bit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Compressed air with 5% CO2&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Airgas</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>special order</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Volocity 6.3</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Image acquiring software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Improvision OpenLab 5.5.2</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Cell tracking software and customized to measure migration angles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FileMaker Pro Advanced, 8.0</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">FileMaker</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microsoft Excel 2008 for Mac</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

utilizing custom-designed galvanotaxis chambers to study directional migration of prostate cells

생리 전기장은 배아 발달, 신경 가지 상피 상처 치유에 세포의 이동을 지시하는 등 특정 생물학적 기능을 제공합니다. 시험 관내에서 배양 된 세포에 직류 전계를인가하여 세포의 이동 방향, 또는 galvanotaxis을 유도한다. 여기 보여 2 차원 galvanotaxis 방법은 주문 제작 된 폴리 (비닐 클로라이드) (PVC) 챔버, 유리 표면에, 백금 전극과 셀 묘화되는 동력 스테이지를 이용하여 수정된다. PVC 챔버 및 백금 전극은 낮은 세포 독성을 전시하고 저렴하고 다시 사용 가능한입니다. 유리 표면과 전동 현미경 스테이지는 이미지의 품질을 개선하고 세포에 유리 표면과 치료 가능한 수정을 허용한다. 우리는 두 가지 비 - 종양 형성, SV40-전립선 무한 증식 세포주, PRNS-1-1의 PNT2 galvanotaxis을 촬영. 이들 두 세포주는 유사한 이동 속도를 보여 모두를 향해 이동음극,하지만 그들은 galvanotaxis의 방향성의 다른 정도를 보여 않습니다. 이 프로토콜을 통해 얻어진 결과 PRNS-1-1 PNT2 세포주들은 지향성 응답 이동성을 관리 다른 고유 특성을 가질 수 있음을 시사한다.

전립선 세포 (PRNS-1-1과 PNT2)의 두 라인은이 방법으로 조사 하였다. 두 줄의 셀은 2 시간 (도 5a)에 걸쳐 1.0 +/- 0.3 미크론 / 분의 속도로 이동 유사한. 그러나, 전계 지향성 PRNS-1-1 선 0.7 +/- 0.3 및 PNT2 라인 (도 5B) 0.2 +/- 0.8이다. 결과들은 상이한 위치 단서 지향성 응답이 발생할 다른 세포 시그널링 메커니즘을 가지고 있음을 시사 (100 세포 추적 하였다 p &lt;0.01)이 두 세포주 galvano...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing Custom-designed Galvanotaxis Chambers to Study Directional Migration of Prostate Cells at JoVE.com

Utilizing Custom-designed Galvanotaxis Chambers to Study Directional Migration of Prostate Cells

We present a method to apply a physiological electric field to migrating, immortalized prostate cells in a custom-made galvanotaxis chamber. Using this method, we demonstrate that 2 lines of non-tumorigenic prostate cells demonstrate different degrees of migration directionality in the field.

전립선 세포의 방향 마이그레이션 연구에 맞춤 설계 Galvanotaxis 챔버를 활용

The physiological electric field serves specific biological functions, such as directing cell migration in embryo development, neuronal outgrowth and ...

utilizing-custom-designed-galvanotaxis-chambers-to-study-directional

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.1K 조회수.  University of California, Davis. We present a method to apply a physiological electric field to migrating, immortalized prostate cells in a custom-made galvanotaxis chamber. Using this method, we demonstrate that 2 lines of non-tumorigenic prostate cells demonstrate different degrees of migration directionality in the field.

비디오: Utilizing Custom-designed Galvanotaxis Chambers to Study Directional Migration of Prostate Cells

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of the visual system provide more empirical evidence for functional applications. Investigation into the sensory system provides information about the sensory capacity, learning and memory ability, and establishes known baseline behaviour in which to gauge deviations (Burghardt, 1977). However, unlike mammalian or avian systems, testing for learning and memory in a reptile species is difficult. Furthermore, using an operant paradigm as a psychophysical measure of sensory ability is likewise as difficult. Historically, reptilian species have responded poorly to conditioning trials because of issues related to motivation, physiology, metabolism, and basic biological characteristics. Here, I demonstrate an operant paradigm used a novel model lizard species, the Jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus) and describe how to test peripheral sensitivity to salient speed and motion characteristics. This method uses an innovative approach to assessing learning and sensory capacity in lizards. I employ the use of random-dot kinematograms (RDKs) to measure sensitivity to speed, and manipulate the level of signal strength by changing the proportion of dots moving in a coherent direction. RDKs do not represent a biologically meaningful stimulus, engages the visual system, and is a classic psychophysical tool used to measure sensitivity in humans and other animals. Here, RDKs are displayed to lizards using three video playback systems. Lizards are to select the direction (left or right) in which they perceive dots to be moving. Selection of the appropriate direction is reinforced by biologically important prey stimuli, simulated by computer-animated invertebrates.

Testing visual sensitivity in lizards using an operant conditioning paradigm that employs video playback of random-dot kinematograms and computer-generated invertebrates.

도마뱀의 운동의 속도와 방향에 시각 민감도 테스트

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of ...

연구

생물학

Computer-Generated Animal Model Stimuli

Communication between animals is diverse and complex. Animals may communicate using auditory, seismic, chemosensory, electrical, or visual signals. In particular, understanding the constraints on visual signal design for communication has been of great interest. Traditional methods for investigating animal interactions have used basic observational techniques, staged encounters, or physical manipulation of morphology. Less intrusive methods have tried to simulate conspecifics using crude playback tools, such as mirrors, still images, or models. As technology has become more advanced, video playback has emerged as another tool in which to examine visual communication (Rosenthal, 2000). However, to move one step further, the application of computer-animation now allows researchers to specifically isolate critical components necessary to elicit social responses from conspecifics, and manipulate these features to control interactions. Here, I provide detail on how to create an animation using the Jacky dragon as a model, but this process may be adaptable for other species. In building the animation, I elected to use Lightwave  3D to alter object morphology, add texture, install bones, and provide comparable weight shading that prevents exaggerated movement. The animation is then matched to select motor patterns to replicate critical movement features. Finally, the sequence must rendered into an individual clip for presentation. Although there are other adaptable techniques, this particular method had been demonstrated to be effective in eliciting both conspicuous and social responses in staged interactions.

Computer-generated stimuli using the Jacky dragon as a model.

컴퓨터가 만든 동물 모델 자극

Communication between animals is diverse and complex. Animals may communicate using auditory, seismic, chemosensory, electrical, or visual signals. In ...

Quantitative Analysis of Random Migration of Cells Using Time-lapse Video Microscopy

Cell migration is a dynamic process, which is important for embryonic development, tissue repair, immune system function, and tumor invasion 1, 2. During directional migration, cells move rapidly in response to an extracellular chemotactic signal, or in response to intrinsic cues 3 provided by the basic motility machinery. Random migration occurs when a cell possesses low intrinsic directionality, allowing the cells to explore their local environment.
Cell migration is a complex process, in the initial response cell undergoes polarization and extends protrusions in the direction of migration 2. Traditional methods to measure migration such as the Boyden chamber migration assay is an easy method to measure chemotaxis in vitro, which allows measuring migration as an end point result. However, this approach neither allows measurement of individual migration parameters, nor does it allow to visualization of morphological changes that cell undergoes during migration.
Here, we present a method that allows us to monitor migrating cells in real time using video - time lapse microscopy. Since cell migration and invasion are hallmarks of cancer, this method will be applicable in studying cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. Random migration of platelets has been considered as one of the parameters of platelet function 4, hence this method could also be helpful in studying platelet functions. This assay has the advantage of being rapid, reliable, reproducible, and does not require optimization of cell numbers. In order to maintain physiologically suitable conditions for cells, the microscope is equipped with CO2 supply and temperature thermostat. Cell movement is monitored by taking pictures using a camera fitted to the microscope at regular intervals. Cell migration can be calculated by measuring average speed and average displacement, which is calculated by Slidebook software.

This method allows monitoring of cells in real time and quantitative measurements of different cell migration parameters such as speed, displacement, and velocity. Unlike the traditional methods, this real time approach is not based on endpoint quantitative migration measurements; instead it allows monitoring and calculating different parameters continuously.

시간 경과 비디오 현미경을 이용한 세포의 무작위 마이 그 레이션의 정량 분석

Cell migration is a dynamic process, which is important for embryonic development, tissue repair, immune system function, and tumor invasion 1, 2. During ...

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

Live cell imaging is an important technique applied to a number of Drosophila tissues used as models to investigate topics such as axis specification, cell differentiation and organogenesis 1. Correct preparation of the experimental samples is a crucial, often neglected, step. The goal of preparation is to ensure physiological relevance and to establish optimal imaging conditions. To maintain tissue viability, it is critical to avoid dehydration, hypoxia, overheating or medium deterioration 2. 
 The Drosophila egg chamber is a well established system for examining questions relating, but not limited, to body patterning, mRNA localization and cytoskeletal organization 3,4. For early- and mid-stage egg chambers, mounting in halocarbon oil is good for survival in that it allows free diffusion of oxygen, prevents dehydration and hypoxia and has superb optical properties for microscopy. Imaging of fluorescent proteins is possible through the introduction of transgenes into the egg chamber or physical injection of labeled RNA, protein or antibodies 5-7. For example, addition of MS2 constructs to the genome of animals enables real time observation of mRNAs in the oocyte 8. These constructs allow for in vivo labeling of mRNA through utilization of the MS2 bacteriophage RNA stem loop interaction with its coat protein 9. 
 Here, we present a protocol for the extraction of ovaries as well as isolating individual ovarioles and egg chambers from the female Drosophila. For a detailed description of Drosophila oogenesis see Allan C. Spradling (1993, reprinted 2009) 10.

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

The Drosophila egg chamber is an excellent model for studying the mechanisms of mRNA localization. In order to capture the dynamic events that underpin the processes of localization, rapid high resolution imaging of live tissue is required. Here, we present a protocol for dissection and imaging of live samples with minimal disruption.

개별 준비 Drosophila</em라이브 이미징을위한> 계란 회의소

Live cell imaging is an important technique applied to a number of Drosophila tissues used as models to investigate topics such as axis specification, ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

간엽 전환을 유도하고 상피의 분석

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Using Caco-2 Cells to Study Lipid Transport by the Intestine

Studies of dietary fat absorption are generally conducted by using an animal model equipped with a lymph cannula. Although this animal model is widely accepted as the in vivo model of dietary fat absorption, the surgical techniques involved are challenging and expensive. Genetic manipulation of the animal model is also costly and time consuming. The alternative in vitro model is arguably more affordable, timesaving, and less challenging. Importantly, the in vitro model allows investigators to examine the enterocytes as an isolated system, reducing the complexity inherent in the whole organism model. This paper describes how human colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2) can serve as an in vitro model to study the enterocyte transport of lipids, and lipid-soluble drugs and vitamins. It explains the proper maintenance of Caco-2 cells and the preparation of their lipid mixture; and it further discusses the valuable option of using the permeable membrane system. Since differentiated Caco-2 cells are polarized, the main advantage of using the permeable membrane system is that it separates the apical from the basolateral compartment. Consequently, the lipid mixture can be added to the apical compartment while the lipoproteins can be collected from the basolateral compartment. In addition, the effectiveness of the lentivirus expression system in upregulating gene expression in Caco-2 cells is discussed. Lastly, this paper describes how to confirm the successful isolation of intestinal lipoproteins by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Caco-2 cells can serve as an in vitro model to study the enterocyte transport of lipids, and lipid-soluble drugs/vitamins. The permeable membrane system separates the apical from the basolateral compartment, while the lentivirus expression system offers an effective gene overexpression method. The isolation of lipoproteins is confirmed by TEM.

소장에 의해 지질 전송을 연구하기 위해 카코 2 셀을 사용하여

Studies of dietary fat absorption are generally conducted by using an animal model equipped with a lymph cannula. Although this animal model is widely ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

Zebrafish의에서 콩팥 세포 독소 미세 주입은 급성 신장 손상을 모델링하기

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

Utilizing pHluorin-tagged Receptors to Monitor Subcellular Localization and Trafficking

Understanding membrane protein trafficking, assembly, and expression requires an approach that differentiates between those residing in intracellular organelles and those localized on the plasma membrane. Traditional fluorescence-based measurements lack the capability to distinguish membrane proteins residing in different organelles. Cutting edge methodologies transcend traditional methods by coupling pH-sensitive fluorophores with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). TIRF illumination excites the sample up to approximately 150 nm from the glass-sample interface, thus decreasing background, increasing the signal to noise ratio, and enhancing resolution. The excitation volume in TIRFM encompasses the plasma membrane and nearby organelles such as the peripheral ER. Superecliptic pHluorin (SEP) is a pH sensitive version of GFP. Genetically encoding SEP into the extracellular domain of a membrane protein of interest positions the fluorophore on the luminal side of the ER and in the extracellular region of the cell. SEP is fluorescent when the pH is greater than 6, but remains in an off state at lower pH values. Therefore, receptors tagged with SEP fluoresce when residing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or upon insertion in the plasma membrane (PM) but not when confined to a trafficking vesicle or other organelles such as the Golgi. The extracellular pH can be adjusted to dictate the fluorescence of receptors on the plasma membrane. The difference in fluorescence between TIRF images at neutral and acidic extracellular pH for the same cell corresponds to a relative number of receptors on the plasma membrane. This allows a simultaneous measurement of intracellular and plasma membrane resident receptors. Single vesicle insertion events can also be measured when the extracellular pH is neutral, corresponding to a low pH trafficking vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane and transitioning into a fluorescent state. This versatile technique can be exploited to study localization, expression, and trafficking of membrane proteins.

Labeling the extracellular domain of a membrane protein with a pH sensitive fluorophore, superecliptic pHluorin (SEP), allows subcellular localization, expression, and trafficking to be determined. Imaging SEP-labeled proteins with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) enables the quantification of protein levels in the peripheral ER and plasma membrane.

pHluorin 태그가 수용체를 활용하여하는 세포 현지화 및 인신 매매를 모니터링하기

Understanding membrane protein trafficking, assembly, and expression requires an approach that differentiates between those residing in intracellular ...

Imaging Intermediate Filaments and Microtubules with 2-dimensional Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy

The cytoskeleton, composed of actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IF), plays a key role in the control of cell shape, polarity, and motility. The organization of the actin and microtubule networks has been extensively studied but that of IFs is not yet fully characterized. IFs have an average diameter of 10 nm and form a network extending throughout the cell cytoplasm. They are physically associated with actin and microtubules through molecular motors and cytoskeletal linkers. This tight association is at the heart of the regulatory mechanisms that ensure the coordinated regulation of the three cytoskeletal networks required for most cell functions. It is therefore crucial to visualize IFs alone and also together with each of the other cytoskeletal networks. However, IF networks are extremely dense in most cell types, especially in glial cells, which makes its resolution very difficult to achieve with standard fluorescence microscopy (lateral resolution of ~250 nm). Direct STochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (dSTORM) is a technique allowing a gain in lateral resolution of one order of magnitude. Here, we show that lateral dSTORM resolution is sufficient to resolve the dense organization of the IF networks and, in particular, of IF bundles surrounding microtubules. Such tight association is likely to participate in the coordinated regulation of these two networks and may, explain how vimentin IFs template and stabilize microtubule organization as well as could influence microtubule dependent vesicular trafficking. More generally, we show how the observation of two cytoskeletal components with dual-color dSTORM technique brings new insight into their mutual interaction.

The overall goal of this methodology is to give the optimal experimental conditions from sample preparation to image acquisition and reconstruction in order to perform 2D dual color dSTORM images of microtubules and intermediate filaments in fixed cells

중간 필 라 멘 트와 2 차원 직접 확률적 광학 재건 현미경으로 Microtubules 이미징

The cytoskeleton, composed of actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IF), plays a key role in the control of cell shape, ...

A Proximal Culture Method to Study Paracrine Signaling Between Cells

Intercellular interactions play an important role in many biological processes, including tumor progression, immune responses, angiogenesis, and development. Paracrine or juxtacrine signaling mediates such interactions. The use of a conditioned medium and coculture studies are the most common methods to discriminate between these two types of interactions. However, the effect of localized high concentrations of secreted factors in the microenvironment during the paracrine interactions is not accurately recapitulated by conditioned medium and, thus, may lead to imprecise conclusions. To overcome this problem, we have devised a proximal culture method to study paracrine signaling. The two cell types are grown on either surface of a 10 &#181;m-thick polycarbonate membrane with 0.4 &#181;m pores. The pores allow the exchange of secreted factors and, at the same time, inhibit juxtacrine signaling. The cells can be collected and lysed at the endpoint to determine the effects of the paracrine signaling. In addition to allowing for localized concentration gradients of secreted factors, this method is amenable to experiments involving prolonged periods of culture, as well as the use of inhibitors. While we use this method to study the interactions between ovarian cancer cells and the mesothelial cells they encounter at the site of metastasis, it can be adapted to any two adherent cell types for researchers to study paracrine signaling in various fields, including tumor microenvironment, immunology, and development.

Paracrine and juxtacrine cellular interactions play an important role in many biological processes, including tumor progression, immune responses, angiogenesis, and development. Here, a proximal culture method is used to study paracrine signaling where the localized concentrations of the secreted factors are maintained while preventing direct cellular contact.

전립선 세포의 방향 마이그레이션 연구에 맞춤 설계 Galvanotaxis 챔버를 활용

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