我々は（PJS）は寛大（JPVに）陶器財団からの贈り物、（PJSへ）HealthGrant T32-CA079448の国立研究所、およびボール州立大学のスタートアップ資金を含め、当社の資金源に感謝したいと思います。資金提供者は、研究デザイン、データ収集と分析、公開することを決定、または原稿の準備で何の役割を持っていません。

<ol>
	<li>Qin, Y., Hurley, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structures,+folding+patterns,+and+functions+of+intramolecular+DNA+G-quadruplexes+found+in+eukaryotic+promoter+regions.">Structures, folding patterns, and functions of intramolecular DNA G-quadruplexes found in eukaryotic promoter regions.</a> Biochimie. 90 (8), 1149-1171 (2008).</li><li>Stegle, O., Payet, L., Mergny, J. L., MacKay, D. J., Leon, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+and+understanding+the+stability+of+G-quadruplexes.">Predicting and understanding the stability of G-quadruplexes.</a> Bioinformatics. 25 (12), i374-i382 (2009).</li><li>Todd, A. K., Johnston, M., Neidle, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+prevalent+putative+quadruplex+sequence+motifs+in+human+DNA.">Highly prevalent putative quadruplex sequence motifs in human DNA.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 33 (9), 2901-2907 (2005).</li><li>Huppert, J. L., Balasubramanian, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+quadruplexes+in+the+human+genome.">Prevalence of quadruplexes in the human genome.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 33 (9), 2908-2916 (2005).</li><li>Bedrat, A., Lacroix, L., Mergny, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Re-evaluation+of+G-quadruplex+propensity+with+G4Hunter.">Re-evaluation of G-quadruplex propensity with G4Hunter.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 44 (4), 1746-1759 (2016).</li><li>Mendoza, O., Bourdoncle, A., Boule, J. B., Brosh, R. M., Mergny, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=G-quadruplexes+and+helicases.">G-quadruplexes and helicases.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 44 (5), 1989-2006 (2016).</li><li>Huppert, J. L., Balasubramanian, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=G-quadruplexes+in+promoters+throughout+the+human+genome.">G-quadruplexes in promoters throughout the human genome.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 35 (2), 406-413 (2007).</li><li>Eddy, J., Maizels, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+function+correlates+with+potential+for+G4+DNA+formation+in+the+human+genome.">Gene function correlates with potential for G4 DNA formation in the human genome.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (14), 3887-3896 (2006).</li><li>Eddy, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=G4+motifs+correlate+with+promoter-proximal+transcriptional+pausing+in+human+genes.">G4 motifs correlate with promoter-proximal transcriptional pausing in human genes.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 39 (12), 4975-4983 (2011).</li><li>Vaughn, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+DEXH+protein+product+of+the+DHX36+gene+is+the+major+source+of+tetramolecular+quadruplex+G4-DNA+resolving+activity+in+HeLa+cell+lysates.">The DEXH protein product of the DHX36 gene is the major source of tetramolecular quadruplex G4-DNA resolving activity in HeLa cell lysates.</a> J Biol Chem. 280 (46), 38117-38120 (2005).</li><li>Booy, E. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+RNA+helicase+RHAU+(DHX36)+unwinds+a+G4-quadruplex+in+human+telomerase+RNA+and+promotes+the+formation+of+the+P1+helix+template+boundary.">The RNA helicase RHAU (DHX36) unwinds a G4-quadruplex in human telomerase RNA and promotes the formation of the P1 helix template boundary.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 40 (9), 4110-4124 (2012).</li><li>Creacy, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=G4+resolvase+1+binds+both+DNA+and+RNA+tetramolecular+quadruplex+with+high+affinity+and+is+the+major+source+of+tetramolecular+quadruplex+G4-DNA+and+G4-RNA+resolving+activity+in+HeLa+cell+lysates.">G4 resolvase 1 binds both DNA and RNA tetramolecular quadruplex with high affinity and is the major source of tetramolecular quadruplex G4-DNA and G4-RNA resolving activity in HeLa cell lysates.</a> J Biol Chem. 283 (50), 34626-34634 (2008).</li><li>Giri, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=G4+resolvase+1+tightly+binds+and+unwinds+unimolecular+G4-DNA.">G4 resolvase 1 tightly binds and unwinds unimolecular G4-DNA.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 39 (16), 7161-7178 (2011).</li><li>Lattmann, S., Stadler, M. B., Vaughn, J. P., Akman, S. A., Nagamine, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+DEAH-box+RNA+helicase+RHAU+binds+an+intramolecular+RNA+G-quadruplex+in+TERC+and+associates+with+telomerase+holoenzyme.">The DEAH-box RNA helicase RHAU binds an intramolecular RNA G-quadruplex in TERC and associates with telomerase holoenzyme.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 39 (21), 9390-9404 (2011).</li><li>Sexton, A. N., Collins, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+5'+guanosine+tracts+of+human+telomerase+RNA+are+recognized+by+the+G-quadruplex+binding+domain+of+the+RNA+helicase+DHX36+and+function+to+increase+RNA+accumulation.">The 5' guanosine tracts of human telomerase RNA are recognized by the G-quadruplex binding domain of the RNA helicase DHX36 and function to increase RNA accumulation.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 31 (4), 736-743 (2011).</li><li>Smaldino, P. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutational+Dissection+of+Telomeric+DNA+Binding+Requirements+of+G4+Resolvase+1+Shows+that+G4-Structure+and+Certain+3'-Tail+Sequences+Are+Sufficient+for+Tight+and+Complete+Binding.">Mutational Dissection of Telomeric DNA Binding Requirements of G4 Resolvase 1 Shows that G4-Structure and Certain 3'-Tail Sequences Are Sufficient for Tight and Complete Binding.</a> PLoS One. 10 (7), e0132668 (2015).</li><li>Booy, E. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+RNA+helicase+RHAU+(DHX36)+suppresses+expression+of+the+transcription+factor+PITX1.">The RNA helicase RHAU (DHX36) suppresses expression of the transcription factor PITX1.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 42 (5), 3346-3361 (2014).</li><li>Huang, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Yin+Yang+1+contains+G-quadruplex+structures+in+its+promoter+and+5'-UTR+and+its+expression+is+modulated+by+G4+resolvase+1.">Yin Yang 1 contains G-quadruplex structures in its promoter and 5'-UTR and its expression is modulated by G4 resolvase 1.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 40 (3), 1033-1049 (2012).</li><li>Tran, H., Schilling, M., Wirbelauer, C., Hess, D., Nagamine, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facilitation+of+mRNA+deadenylation+and+decay+by+the+exosome-bound,+DExH+protein+RHAU.">Facilitation of mRNA deadenylation and decay by the exosome-bound, DExH protein RHAU.</a> Mol Cell. 13 (1), 101-111 (2004).</li><li>Yoo, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DHX36+enhances+RIG-I+signaling+by+facilitating+PKR-mediated+antiviral+stress+granule+formation.">DHX36 enhances RIG-I signaling by facilitating PKR-mediated antiviral stress granule formation.</a> PLoS Pathog. 10 (3), e1004012 (2014).</li><li>Lai, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+DEAH-box+helicase+RHAU+is+an+essential+gene+and+critical+for+mouse+hematopoiesis.">The DEAH-box helicase RHAU is an essential gene and critical for mouse hematopoiesis.</a> Blood. 119 (18), 4291-4300 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DDX1,+DDX21,+and+DHX36+helicases+form+a+complex+with+the+adaptor+molecule+TRIF+to+sense+dsRNA+in+dendritic+cells.">DDX1, DDX21, and DHX36 helicases form a complex with the adaptor molecule TRIF to sense dsRNA in dendritic cells.</a> Immunity. 34 (6), 866-878 (2011).</li><li>Kim, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aspartate-glutamate-alanine-histidine+box+motif+(DEAH)/RNA+helicase+A+helicases+sense+microbial+DNA+in+human+plasmacytoid+dendritic+cells.">Aspartate-glutamate-alanine-histidine box motif (DEAH)/RNA helicase A helicases sense microbial DNA in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (34), 15181-15186 (2010).</li><li>Booy, E. P., McRae, E. K., McKenna, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+characterization+of+G4+quadruplex+telomerase+RNA+unwinding+by+the+RNA+helicase+RHAU.">Biochemical characterization of G4 quadruplex telomerase RNA unwinding by the RNA helicase RHAU.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1259, 125-135 (2015).</li><li>Lattmann, S., Giri, B., Vaughn, J. P., Akman, S. A., Nagamine, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+the+amino+terminal+RHAU-specific+motif+in+the+recognition+and+resolution+of+guanine+quadruplex-RNA+by+the+DEAH-box+RNA+helicase+RHAU.">Role of the amino terminal RHAU-specific motif in the recognition and resolution of guanine quadruplex-RNA by the DEAH-box RNA helicase RHAU.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 38 (18), 6219-6233 (2010).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

このプロトコルは、DHX36遺伝子産物、G4-Resolvase1（またラウとDHX36呼ばG4R1）（ 図1）を単離するための非常に効率的な発現、精製、および定量化スキームを表します。 G4-DNA複合化ビーズ上のHisタグの親和性コバルト親和性ビーズ上での精製と酵素精製：このプロトコルは、2つの精製工程を利用しています。後者のステップは、それがrG4R1はG4構造に持っているタイトな親和性、高特...

G4構造は、DNAやRNAのグアニンリッチ領域内に形成安定性の高い核酸の二次構造です。 G4構造は、フーグスティーン結合相互作用を介して安定化され、大幅G4構造1、2の顕著な熱安定性に貢献する一価の陽イオン（ すなわち 、K +およびNa +）と中央の空洞内に配位結合しています。初期のバイオインフォマティクス研究は、ヒトゲノムは&gt; 375,000 &quot;潜在的なG4形成モチーフ「3、4含まれていることを示唆しました。さらに最近の研究で推定値は、別の研究は、ヒトゲノム6の716310の異なる潜在的なG4形成配列を予測しながら、G4モチーフの数は、2-5 5倍高いことを示唆しています。 G4形成配列は、進化的に保存し、ランダムに分散されていませんゲノム。 G4のモチーフは、遺伝子コード領域に濃縮され、そしてすべての遺伝子プロモーターの40％の上方には、G4モチーフ7を含んでいます 。興味深いことに、遺伝子G4モチーフの富化の程度は、遺伝子の機能を示唆することが実証されています。例えば、開発に関与するプロトオンコジーンおよび遺伝子は、腫瘍抑制遺伝子8,9よりG4構造の有意に高い濃縮度を有しています。 高い熱安定性により、ゲノム全体でほぼユビキタスプレゼンス、および大幅に主要な細胞プロセスに影響を与える可能性、細胞がこれらの構造を管理するために酵素を進化させたことを見つけるために驚くべきことではありません。 、我々はヒト（HeLa細胞）細胞10内tetramolecular G4-DNA解消活性の大部分のソースとして特徴づけ; 1つのこのような酵素はG4 Resolvase1（また、ラウとDHX36呼ばG4R1）です。それ以来、それが示されているTHAトンG4R1はしっかりと結合し、触媒G4結合タンパク質11、12、13のための最も厳しい報告KDSとtetramolecularと単分子G4-DNAとG4-RNAを巻き戻します。さらに、G4R1のG4分解活性は、テロメア/テロメラーゼ生物学11、14、15、16、転写及びスプライシング17、18、19、20、現像21、造血を含む生化学的および細胞プロセスの広い範囲に関与しています21、及び免疫調節22、23。 G4シーケンスが優勢と特異的にゲノムと多様な細胞のp全域にG4R1は最近表現し、効率的に高活性rG4R1を精製する能力は、このタンパク質の生化学的メカニズムや行動を解明するために最も重要なのだろう、と関与することが示唆されていることをrocesses。 ここでは、効率的に活性酵素を単離するためにrG4R1のATP依存性、G4分解活性を利用して新規発現および精製スキーム（ 図1）を示しています。このスキームは、酵素反応の生成物は、もはやG4R1の場合のように、結合のための基質であるため、他のATP依存性核酸酵素を精製するために適合させることができます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>TriEx4-DHX36 plasmid</td><td>Addgene</td><td>68368</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rosetta2(DE3)plysS competent cells</td><td>Novagen</td><td>71403-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>S.O.C medium</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>15544034&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Difco Terrific Broth</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>243820</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G5516</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloramphenicol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C1919</td><td>35 &amp;micro;g/mL in bacterial plates/large cultures</td></tr><tr><td>Carbenicillin (plant cell culture tested)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C3416</td><td>50 &amp;micro;g/mL in bacterial plates/large cultures</td></tr><tr><td>Isopropyl &amp;beta;-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>I6758</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lysozyme (from chicken egg white)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L6876</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8</td><td>Universal Scientific Supply Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1963-B</td><td>or from standard source</td></tr><tr><td>1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7</td><td>Universal Scientific Supply Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1966</td><td>or from standard source</td></tr><tr><td>1.5 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.8</td><td></td><td></td><td>For casting resolving gel (for protein quantitation gel); From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>1 M Tris-HCl, pH 6.8</td><td></td><td></td><td>For casting stacking gel (for protein quantitation gel); From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>1 M Tris-Acetate, pH 7.8</td><td>Universal Scientific Supply Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1981</td><td>or from standard source</td></tr><tr><td>70% Ethanol</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium chloride (1&amp;nbsp;M solution)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>AM9530G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S7653</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium acetate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S8750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>20x SSC</td><td>Universal Scientific Supply Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1665</td><td>or from standard source</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;beta;-mercaptoethanol (2-BME)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>63689</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protease inhibitor cocktail</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P8849</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leupeptin hemisulfate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L8511</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Streptavidin paramagnetic beads</td><td>Promega</td><td>Z5482</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.5 M EDTA, pH 8&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Universal Scientific Supply Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>0718</td><td>or from standard source</td></tr><tr><td>0.2 M EDTA, pH 6</td><td>Universal Scientific Supply Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td>From standard source; initially adjust pH with NaOH, then adjust pH back down with HCl.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>A-lactalbumin (Type 1 from bovine milk)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L5385</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cobalt metal affinity beads</td><td>Clonetech</td><td>635502</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Histidine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H8000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetic acid, glacial</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A38-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adenosine 5&#039;-Triphosphate (from bacterial source)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A7699</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>40% acrylamide/Bis solution (37.5:1)</td><td>Biorad</td><td>161-0148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>50046</td><td>to make protein gel running buffer (192 mM glycine, 25 mM Tris Base, 0.1% SDS)</td></tr><tr><td>10% Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)</td><td>Universal Scientific Supply Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1667</td><td>to make protein gel running buffer (192 mM glycine, 25 mM Tris Base, 0.1% SDS); or from standard source</td></tr><tr><td>10x TBE&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>11666703001</td><td>or from standard source</td></tr><tr><td>Tris base</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP152-1</td><td>to make protein gel running buffer (192 mM glycine, 25 mM Tris Base, 0.1% SDS); From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>TEMED</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>411019</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium persulfate (APS)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A3678</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Broad Range Protein MW markers</td><td>Promega</td><td>V8491</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biotinylated Z33 oligo (&quot;Z33-Bio&quot;)</td><td>Oligos Etc</td><td></td><td>5&amp;rsquo; AAA GTG ATG GTG GTG GGG GAA GGA TTC GGA CCT-biotin 3&amp;rsquo;</td></tr><tr><td>TAMRA-Z33 oligo (&quot;Z33-TAM&quot;)</td><td>Oligos Etc</td><td></td><td>5&amp;rsquo; TAMRA-AAA GTG ATG GTG GTG GGG GAA GGA TTC GGA CCT 3&amp;rsquo;</td></tr><tr><td>Fluor-coated TLC plate</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>AM10110</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ficoll</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>F2637</td><td>30% in H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td></tr><tr><td>Coomassie R-250</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>27816</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A412</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Multiband UV lamp</td><td></td><td></td><td>Capable of emitting UV light at 365 nm</td></tr><tr><td>Table-top centrifuge (with swinging bucket rotor)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Capable of being cooled to 4 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Microcentrifuge</td><td></td><td></td><td>Capable of being cooled to 4 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Digital Sonfier</td><td>Branson</td><td></td><td>Or equivalent capable of delivering sonication pulses (30% amplitude, 2 s ON/2 s OFF)</td></tr><tr><td>50 &amp;deg;C water bath</td><td></td><td></td><td>For formation of Z33 into quadruplex</td></tr><tr><td>37 &amp;deg;C incubator for bacteria</td><td></td><td></td><td>For bacterial transformations and initial overnight growth of large cultures of Rosetta2 &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; transformed with TriEx4-DHX36</td></tr><tr><td>37 &amp;deg;C/14&amp;nbsp;&amp;deg;C shaking incubator for bacteria</td><td></td><td></td><td>For growth and protein induction of large cultures of Rosetta2 &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; transformed with TriEx4-DHX36</td></tr><tr><td>Spectrophotometer</td><td></td><td></td><td>capable of reading OD600; capable of reading oligomer concentrations based on base sequence (such as Biorad SmartSpec 3000)</td></tr><tr><td>Thermometer</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>PCR strip tubes</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>15 and 50 mL centrifuge tubes (polypropylene)</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>Microcentrifuge tubes (2.0 mL)</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>500 mL centrifuge bottles (polypropylene)</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>3141-0500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Standard array of pipet tips and serological pipettes</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>Gel-loading tips</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>Automatic repeating pipette</td><td></td><td></td><td>For quick aliquoting of rG4R1; From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>Thermal cycler</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>Liquid Nitrogen</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>Dry ice</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>Laemlli sample buffer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Biorad</td><td>161-0737</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Apparatus for running large slab gels</td><td>Biorad</td><td></td><td>We have used the Protean II xi cell apparatus from Biorad</td></tr><tr><td>Magnet</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>12301D</td><td>We use a magnet from One Lambda (Now a Thermo Fisher Scientific brand); and Life is also a subsidiary of Thermo, and thus the magnet listed here should be a suitable replacement</td></tr><tr><td>Razor blades</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>Filter paper and funnel</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>Glass casserole dish</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>Orbital shaker</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>Kimwipes</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>Clear sheet protectors</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>Scanner and associated TWAIN software</td><td></td><td></td><td>From standard source</td></tr><tr><td>Image analysis software</td><td></td><td></td><td>Such as Fuji Multiguage, or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>Microsoft Excel</td><td></td><td></td><td>Or equivalent&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

a g-quadruplex dna-affinity approach for purification of enzymatically active g4 resolvase1

高次核酸構造は、両方のDNAおよびRNAのグアニンリッチ領域に形成することができ、G四重鎖（G4において、G4構造）と呼ばれ、非常に熱的に安定です。そこヒトゲノム中に375,000の推定上のG4形成配列が&gt;であり、それらは、プロモーター領域、非翻訳領域（UTR）、およびテロメア反復内で濃縮されています。このような複製および転写などの細胞プロセスに影響を与えるために、これらの構造のための潜在的に、細胞は、それらを管理するために酵素を進化してきました。 1つのこのような酵素は生化学的に我々の研究室と長嶺らが共同で特徴付けられたG4リゾルバーゼ1（G4R1）、です。そして、G4-DNAとG4-RNA（低pMの範囲内の K d）の両方に非常に強固に結合することが判明。 G4R1は、HeLa細胞溶解物中のG4分解活性の大部分の原因であるとからテロメア代謝、リンパ開発、遺伝子転写、造血および免疫監視において役割を果たすことが示唆されています。 EFする能力ficiently表現し、触媒活性G4R1がG4構造とG4分解酵素の動力学的相互作用にさらなる洞察を得ることに興味を持って研究室のために重要である浄化。ここでは、組換えG4R1（rG4R1）の精製のための詳細な方法について説明します。説明する手順は、C末端ヒスチジンタグ付き酵素の伝統的な親和性に基づく精製は、ATPで活性の高い酵素を精製するために、G4-DNAに結合し、くつろぐのにrG4R1の能力の活用でヒト・コドン最適化された細菌において発現組み込ん依存溶出工程。プロトコルはまたrG4R1の酵素活性は、G4-DNAをほどくする精製酵素の能力を調べることによって測定される品質管理ステップを含みます。この方法はまた、精製rG4R1の定量化を可能にすることが記載されています。このプロトコルの代替適応が議論されています。

このプロトコル（ 図1）は、日常的にほぼ純粋な、触媒活性rG4R1をもたらします。 rG4R1 0.013μLの範囲（ 図上に概説G4活性アッセイによってアッセイし、 - TAMRA標識tetramolecular G4-DNAの0.2ピコモルの50％が0.2の範囲内の単量体に変換される酵素活性の尺度として、それは、典型的に観察され2）。精製rG4R1のクマシー染色は、G4-DNAビーズを結合し、ATP依存性に溶?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A G-quadruplex DNA-affinity Approach for Purification of Enzymatically Active G4 Resolvase1 at JoVE.com

A G-quadruplex DNA-affinity Approach for Purification of Enzymatically Active G4 Resolvase1

G4 Resolvase1はG4結合タンパク質のための最も厳しい報告親和性でG-四重鎖（G4）の構造に結合し、HeLa細胞におけるG4-DNA巻き戻し活性の大部分を表しています。我々は、具体的には、触媒活性組換えG4R1を精製するための親和性およびG4-Resolvase1のATP依存性巻き戻し活性を活かした新たなプロトコルを記述します。

酵素的に活性G4 Resolvase1の精製のためのG-四重鎖DNA親和性のアプローチ

Higher-order nucleic acid structures called G-quadruplexes (G4s, G4 structures) can form in guanine-rich regions of both DNA and RNA and are highly ...

a-g-quadruplex-dna-affinity-approach-for-purification-enzymatically

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

9.5K ビュー.  Wake Forest School of Medicine.  G4 Resolvase1はG4結合タンパク質のための最も厳しい報告親和性でG-四重鎖（G4）の構造に結合し、HeLa細胞におけるG4-DNA巻き戻し活性の大部分を表しています。我々は、具体的には、触媒活性組換えG4R1を精製するための親和性およびG4-Resolvase1のATP依存性巻き戻し活性を活かした新たなプロトコルを記述します。 

ビデオ: A G-quadruplex DNA-affinity Approach for Purification of Enzymatically Active G4 Resolvase1

Directed Protein Packaging within Outer Membrane Vesicles from Escherichia coli: Design, Production and Purification

An increasing interest in applying synthetic biology techniques to program outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are leading to some very interesting and unique applications for OMV where traditional nanoparticles are proving too difficult to synthesize. To date, all Gram-negative bacteria have been shown to produce OMV demonstrating packaging of a variety of cargo that includes small molecules, peptides, proteins and genetic material. Based on their diverse cargo, OMV are implicated in many biological processes ranging from cell-cell communication to gene transfer and delivery of virulence factors depending upon which bacteria are producing the OMV. Only recently have bacterial OMV become accessible for use across a wide range of applications through the development of techniques to control and direct packaging of recombinant proteins into OMV. This protocol describes a method for the production, purification, and use of enzyme packaged OMV providing for improved overall production of recombinant enzyme, increased vesiculation, and enhanced enzyme stability. Successful utilization of this protocol will result in the creation of a bacterial strain that simultaneously produces a recombinant protein and directs it for OMV encapsulation through creating a synthetic linkage between the recombinant protein and an outer membrane anchor protein. This protocol also details methods for isolating OMV from bacterial cultures as well as proper handling techniques and things to consider when adapting this protocol for use for other unique applications such as: pharmaceutical drug delivery, medical diagnostics, and environmental remediation.

Directed Protein Packaging within Outer Membrane Vesicles from Escherichia coli: Design, Production and Purification

A protocol for the production, purification, and use of enzyme packaged outer membrane vesicles (OMV) providing for enhanced enzyme stability for implementation across diverse applications is presented.

からの外膜小胞内の指向性タンパク質包装<em&gt;エシェリヒア・コリ</em&gt;：デザイン、生産および精製

An increasing interest in applying synthetic biology techniques to program outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are leading to some very interesting and unique ...

生化学

A Facile and Efficient Approach for the Production of Reversible Disulfide Cross-linked Micelles

Nanomedicine is an emerging form of therapy that harnesses the unique properties of particles that are nanometers in scale for biomedical application. Improving drug delivery to maximize therapeutic outcomes and to reduce drug-associated side effects are some of the cornerstones of present-day nanomedicine. Nanoparticles in particular have found a wide application in cancer treatment. Nanoparticles that offer a high degree of flexibility in design, application, and production based on the tumor microenvironment are projected to be more effective with rapid translation into clinical practice. The polymeric micellar nano-carrier is a popular choice for drug delivery applications.
In this article, we describe a simple and effective protocol for synthesizing drug-loaded, disulfide cross-linked micelles based on the self-assembly of a well-defined amphiphilic linear-dendritic copolymer (telodendrimer, TD). TD is composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the hydrophilic segment and a thiolated cholic acid cluster as the core-forming hydrophobic moiety attached stepwise to an amine-terminated PEG using solution-based peptide chemistry. Chemotherapy drugs, such as paclitaxel (PTX), can be loaded using a standard solvent evaporation method. The O2-mediated oxidation was previously utilized to form intra-micellar disulfide cross-links from free thiol groups on the TDs. However, the reaction was slow and not feasible for large-scale production. Recently, an H2O2-mediated oxidation method was explored as a more feasible and efficient approach, and it was 96 times faster than the previously reported method. Using this approach, 50 g of PTX-loaded, disulfide cross-linked nanoparticles have been successfully produced with narrow particle size distribution and high drug loading efficiency. The stability of the resulting micelle solution is analyzed using disrupting conditions such as co-incubation with a detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate, with or without a reducing agent. The drug-loaded, disulfide cross-linked micelles demonstrated less hemolytic activity when compared to their non-cross-linked counterparts.

To deliver cancer drugs to tumor sites with high specificity and reduced side effects, new methods based on nanoparticles are required. Here, we describe disulfide cross-linked micelles that can be easily prepared by hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidation and are able to dissociate efficiently under a reducing tumor environment to release payloads.

リバーシブルジスルフィド架橋ミセルの生産のための簡便かつ効率的なアプローチ

Nanomedicine is an emerging form of therapy that harnesses the unique properties of particles that are nanometers in scale for biomedical application. ...

Kinetics of Lagging-strand DNA Synthesis In Vitro by the Bacteriophage T7 Replication Proteins

Here we provide protocols for the kinetic examination of lagging-strand DNA synthesis in vitro by the replication proteins of bacteriophage T7. The T7 replisome is one of the simplest replication systems known, composed of only four proteins, which is an attractive feature for biochemical experiments. Special emphasis is placed on the synthesis of ribonucleotide primers by the T7 primase-helicase, which are used by DNA polymerase to initiate DNA synthesis. Because the mechanisms of DNA replication are conserved across evolution, these protocols should be applicable, or useful as a conceptual springboard, to investigators using other model systems. The protocols described here are highly sensitive and an experienced investigator can perform these experiments and obtain data for analysis in about a day. The only specialized piece of equipment required is a rapid-quench flow instrument, but this piece of equipment is relatively common and available from various commercial sources. The major drawbacks of these assays, however, include the use of radioactivity and the relative low throughput.

Kinetics of Lagging-strand DNA Synthesis In Vitro by the Bacteriophage T7 Replication Proteins

We describe sensitive, gel-based discontinuous assays to examine the kinetics of lagging-strand initiation using the replication proteins of bacteriophage T7.

遅行本鎖DNA合成の動態<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;バクテリオファージT7複製タンパク質によって

Here we provide protocols for the kinetic examination of lagging-strand DNA synthesis in vitro by the replication proteins of bacteriophage T7. The T7 ...

遺伝学

Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

Non-canonical nucleic acid secondary structure G-quadruplexes (G4) are involved in diverse cellular processes, such as DNA replication, transcription, RNA processing, and telomere elongation. During these processes, various proteins bind and resolve G4 structures to perform their function. As the function of G4 often depends on the stability of its folded structure, it is important to investigate how G4 binding proteins regulate the stability of G4. This work presents a method to manipulate single G4 molecules using magnetic tweezers, which enables studies of the regulation of G4 binding proteins on a single G4 molecule in real time. In general, this method is suitable for a wide scope of applications in studies for proteins/ligands interactions and regulations on various DNA or RNA secondary structures.

A single-molecule magnetic tweezers platform to manipulate G-quadruplexes is reported, which allows for the study of G4 stability and regulation by various proteins.

磁気ピンセットで G quadruplexes の単一分子マニピュレーション

Non-canonical nucleic acid secondary structure G-quadruplexes (G4) are involved in diverse cellular processes, such as DNA replication, transcription, RNA ...

化学マッピングを用いたDNAテンプレート中のG-四重鎖の同定

In Vitro Chemical Mapping of G-Quadruplex DNA Structures by Bis-3-Chloropiperidines

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are biologically relevant, non-canonical DNA structures that play an important role in gene expression and diseases, representing significant therapeutic targets. Accessible methods are required for the in vitro characterization of DNA within potential G-quadruplex-forming sequences (PQSs). B-CePs are a class of alkylating agents that have proven to be useful chemical probes for investigation of the higher-order structure of nucleic acids. This paper describes a new chemical mapping assay exploiting the specific reactivity of B-CePs with the N7 of guanines, followed by direct strand cleavage at the alkylated Gs. 
Namely, to distinguish G4 folds from unfolded DNA forms, we use B-CeP 1 to probe the thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA), a 15-mer DNA able to assume the G4 arrangement. Reaction of B-CeP-responding guanines with B-CeP 1 yields products that can be resolved by high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) at a single-nucleotide level by locating individual alkylation adducts and DNA strand cleavage at the alkylated guanines. Mapping using B-CePs is a simple and powerful tool for the in vitro characterization of G-quadruplex-forming DNA sequences, enabling the precise location of guanines involved in the formation of G-tetrads.

著者スポットライト:Bis-3-クロロピペリジンベースの化学マッピングによるDNA G-四重鎖の特性評価 

Bis-3-chloropiperidines (B-CePs) are useful chemical probes to identify and characterize G-quadruplex structures in DNA templates in vitro. This protocol details the procedure to perform probing reactions with B-CePs and to resolve reaction products by high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

イン・ビトロBis-3-クロロピペリジンによるG-四重鎖DNA構造のケミカルマッピング

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are biologically relevant, non-canonical DNA structures that play an important role in gene expression and diseases, representing ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>ssDNA-RPAトラクト成長によるCMG媒介DNA巻き戻しの観察

Single-Molecule Real-Time Visualization of DNA Unwinding by CMG Helicase

Faithful genome duplication is essential for preserving the genetic stability of dividing cells. DNA replication is carried out during the S phase by a dynamic complex of proteins termed the replisome. At the heart of the replisome is the&#160;CDC45-MCM2-7-GINS (CMG) helicase, which separates the two strands of the DNA double helix such that DNA polymerases can copy each strand. During genome duplication, replisomes must overcome a plethora of obstacles and challenges. Each of these threatens genome stability, as failure to replicate DNA completely and accurately can lead to mutations, diseases, or cell death. Therefore, it is of great interest to understand how CMG functions in the replisome during both normal replication and replication stress. Here, we describe a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy assay using recombinant purified proteins, which allows for real-time visualization of surface-tethered stretched DNA molecules by individual CMG complexes. This assay provides a powerful platform to investigate CMG behavior at the single-molecule level, allowing helicase dynamics to be directly observed with real-time control over reaction conditions.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>著者スポットライト:真核生物のDNA複製のダイナミクスを解明する:単一分子の可視化による

This protocol demonstrates performing a single-molecule assay for live visualization of DNA unwinding by CMG helicase. It describes (1) preparing a DNA substrate, (2) purifying fluorescently labeled Drosophila melanogaster CMG helicase, (3) preparing a microfluidic flow cell for total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, and (4) the single-molecule DNA unwinding assay.

CMGヘリカーゼによるDNA巻き戻しの1分子リアルタイム可視化

Faithful genome duplication is essential for preserving the genetic stability of dividing cells. DNA replication is carried out during the S phase by a ...

酵素的に活性G4 Resolvase1の精製のためのG-四重鎖DNA親和性のアプローチ

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からの外膜小胞内の指向性タンパク質包装

リバーシブルジスルフィド架橋ミセルの生産のための簡便かつ効率的なアプローチ

遅行本鎖DNA合成の動態

磁気ピンセットで G quadruplexes の単一分子マニピュレーション

イン・ビトロBis-3-クロロピペリジンによるG-四重鎖DNA構造のケミカルマッピング

イン・ビトロBis-3-クロロピペリジンによるG-四重鎖DNA構造のケミカルマッピング

イン・ビトロBis-3-クロロピペリジンによるG-四重鎖DNA構造のケミカルマッピング

CMGヘリカーゼによるDNA巻き戻しの1分子リアルタイム可視化

CMGヘリカーゼによるDNA巻き戻しの1分子リアルタイム可視化

CMGヘリカーゼによるDNA巻き戻しの1分子リアルタイム可視化