We thank Drs. Alison Heffer and Yong Lu for setting up the microinjection apparatus and sharing their invaluable knowledge and experience with insect RNAi. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01GM113230 to L.P.).

The authors have nothing to disclose.

洗練されたモデル系（マウス、ハエ、ワーム）の数が少ないが、20 世紀中に開発されたが、21世紀には、世界中の研究室で開発中の新しい動物系の波を見ています。これらの新しいシステムは、科学者が唯一の「標準」モデル系を用いて探索することができません比較、進化の質問に対応することができます。新モデルのこの展開は、迅速な実験室培養方法の開発、遺伝子同?...

1998年には、火とメロは、二本鎖RNA（dsRNA）が線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）1における遺伝子機能の抑制を誘導することができることを報告しました。該dsRNAによって誘発この応答は、RNA干渉（RNAi）と命名し、そしてそのようなRNAiを介した遺伝子サイレンシングは、動物、植物、および真菌2-7に保存されることが報告されました。植物や一部の動物において、RNAi機能は、全身、意味の効果が（8月10日に概説）のdsRNAが直接導入されていない他の細胞/組織に広がることができます。科学者たちは、それによって直接（11月14日に見直さ）ゲノムを操作することなく、遺伝子機能をノックダウン、目的の遺伝子を標的とするためのdsRNAを設計することにより、この内因性細胞RNAi応答を利用してきました。 RNAiは、次のような利点のために機能的研究のための強力なツールです。まず、偶数最小限の遺伝子配列情報を用いて、遺伝子は、RNAiを使用して標的化することができます。これは、STのために特に重要ですゲノムやトランスクリプトームデータを欠く非モデル生物のudies。第二に、RNAi応答がロバスト全身である生物で、RNAiを介した遺伝子ノックダウンは、ほぼすべての発達段階で行うことができます。この機能は、多面的な遺伝子の機能を研究するために非常に有用です。第三に、いくつかの場合には、RNAi効果を表現型子孫15,16において観察されるように、生殖腺および子孫に広がります。単一注入親によって生成多数の子孫は、卵を直接操作することなく検査することができるように、親のRNAi（pRNAi）として知られるこの現象は、胚発生に影響を与える遺伝子について特に有利です。これらの理由から、pRNAiを選択する方法です。 pRNAiが無効である場合は、卵形成のために必要な遺伝子のために、たとえば、その後、胚のRNAi（eRNAi）を使用する必要があります。 dsRNAの量は強い欠陥に弱い生成する範囲にわたって変化させることができる送達という点で第四に、RNAiは、対立遺伝子シリーズの等価物を生成するために使用することができます。表現型のようなグラデーションは、遺伝子は致命的である複雑なプロセスおよび/または機能の完全な喪失に関与しているときに遺伝子機能を理解するのに役立つことができます。第五に、dsRNAの配信は、特に堅牢な全身のRNAi応答を示す動物では、一般的に簡単で、実現可能です。 dsRNAは、マイクロインジェクション1,5、摂食/摂取17,18、浸漬、19,20およびウイルス/細菌媒介送達21,22によって導入することができます。第六に、いくつかの遺伝子ターゲティング/編集方法とは異なり、変異を有する生物をスクリーニングするまたはRNAiを用いた場合にホモ接合体を生成するための遺伝的交雑を行う必要はありません。したがって、遺伝子機能を研究するための多くの他の技術と比較して、RNAiは、速く、安価であり、かつ大規模なスクリーニング23-25に適用することができます。 RNAiの広範なユーティリティがbeyon研究のために利用可能な種の範囲を拡大し、生物の広い範囲で機能的研究を遂行するための手段を提供します遺伝的ツールが開発されているために、従来のモデルシステムをdは。例えば、非モデル系を用いた研究は、異なる開発モードを表すか、別個の形態学的特徴26〜29を示す種由来のオルソログの機能を比較することにより、遺伝子および遺伝子ネットワークの進化への洞察を得るために必要とされます。研究のこれらのタイプは、印加されたと基本の両方の研究のための影響で、生物多様性のより良い理解を提供します。 地球上で最大の動物群である、昆虫は多様性のメカニズムを探求する絶好の機会を提供します。また、昆虫は、一般的に小さく、短いライフサイクル、高い繁殖力を持っている、と研究室の後部に簡単です。過去20年間において、RNAiが正常に双翅目（真のハエ）5を含む、注文にまたがる昆虫で適用されてきた、鱗翅目（蝶や蛾）30、鞘翅目（甲虫）16,31、膜翅目（sawf嘘、ハチ、アリやハチ）32、半翅目（真のバグ）、等翅目（シロアリ）34、Blattodea（ゴキブリ）35、直翅目（コオロギ、バッタ、イナゴ、とキリギリス）36と、シラミ目（シラミ）37。 RNAiの成功のアプリケーションは、エクジソンが42シグナル伝達、初期胚発生におけるパターン形成の研究のための機能データ（前後軸32、背腹軸28、セグメンテーション26,38）、性別決意39,40、キチン/キューティクルの生合成41を提供してきました社会的行動43、およびより多くの。彼らは（44-46に概説）害虫防除のために有用である可能性があるという点で異なる昆虫種のために開発されたRNAi法は、付加的な有益であり得ます。 RNAi効果は、非保存領域を標的とするために選択されている限り、遺伝子特異的なだけでなく、種特異的であろう。の生存に不可欠な遺伝子を標的ミツバチやカイコなどの有益な昆虫種については、感染を制御するためのウイルスまたは寄生虫は、これらの種47,48を保護するための新規な戦略を提供することができます。 Dermestes maculatus（D. maculatus）、一般名の非表示カブトムシは、南極大陸を除く世界的に分布しています。完全変態の昆虫としては、D. maculatusのライフサイクルは、胚、幼虫、さなぎ、および成体期（ 図1）が含まれています。それは肉を餌にするので、D. maculatusは死んだ動物を骸骨にするために美術館に使用され、法医学昆虫学者は、死亡49,50の時間を推定するためにそれを使用することができます。 D. maculatusは死体、乾燥肉、チーズ、および他の昆虫の蛹/繭などの動物性食品に供給し、このように家計へのダメージ、保存された食品、シルク、チーズ、肉産業51,52の原因となります。この甲虫でRNAiを適用すると、その経済的影響を最小化するための効率的かつ環境に優しい方法を提供することができます。私たちの研究室では、新しいメートルとしてD. maculatusを使用していますセグメンテーション53を研究するodel昆虫。それはそれの有用な種は短期および長期の生殖発達の間の移行を検討すること、中間胚の開発者であるとして、実験室飼育の影響を受けやすいことに加えて、D. maculatusは、基礎研究のために重要です。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54976/54976fig1.jpg" /> 図1：D. maculatusのライフサイクル。示されているように異なるライフステージでのD. maculatusの写真、。卵から大人までのライフサイクルは、より低い温度でより長い30℃で3週間かかりますが。 （A、F）産まれたての胚は、長さ約1.5ミリメートル、淡黄色の楕円形に白です。胚は〜30℃で55時間かかります。 （B、C、およびG）幼虫が暗く着色されたストライプを有しており、毛で覆われています。幼虫は、環境に応じて、いくつかの齢を通過し、その長さは1オーバーセンチにまで拡張することができます。 （D、H） </strオング&gt;ヤング蛹は淡黄色です。 30℃で7日間 - 蛹化は〜5かかります。 （E、I）間もなく羽化後、暗い色素沈着は、大人のカブトムシの体の上に表示されます。大人数ヶ月まで生きることができ、一人の女性が生涯にわたって胚の数百人を置くことができます。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54976/54976fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> 以前、我々は、RNAiは、D. maculatus 53における遺伝子機能のノックダウンに有効であることが示されました。ここでは実験室でD. maculatusコロニーを飼育経験は、胚と親の両方のRNAiセットアップ、注射、注射後のケア、および表現型解析のためのステップバイステップのプロトコルと一緒に共有されています。 D. maculatusで質問に対処するための詳細な情報を提供するだけでなく、foの潜在的な重要性を持っているだけでなく、ここで紹介したdsRNA媒介遺伝子ノックダウンと分析方法rの他の非モデル甲虫/昆虫種でRNAiを適用します。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Dermestes maculatus&lt;/em&gt; live beetles</td><td>Our lab or Carolina Biological Supply</td><td>#144168</td><td>Our lab strain was verified by COI barcoding; strain variation from Carolina cannot be ruled out</td></tr><tr><td>Wet cat food</td><td>Fancy Feast</td><td></td><td>Chunks of meat with gravy. Can buy at most pet food and grocery stores</td></tr><tr><td>Dry dog food</td><td>Purina Puppy Chow</td><td></td><td>Can buy at most pet food and grocery stores</td></tr><tr><td>Insect cage (size medium, 30.5 x 19 x 20.3 cm)</td><td>Exo Terra</td><td>PT2260</td><td>For colony maintenance. Can use larger cage if needed</td></tr><tr><td>Insect cage (size mini, 17.8 x 10.2 x 12.7 cm)</td><td>Exo Terra</td><td>PT2250</td><td>For embryo collection</td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish</td><td>VWR</td><td>89038-968</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cotton ball</td><td>Fisher</td><td>22-456-883</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Megascript T7 transcription kit</td><td>Fisher</td><td>AM1334</td><td>For 40 reactions</td></tr><tr><td>Pneumatic pump</td><td>WPI</td><td>PV830</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Capillary holder</td><td>WPI</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulator</td><td>NARISHIGE</td><td>MN-151</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Black filter paper (90&amp;nbsp;mm)</td><td>VWR</td><td>28342-010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Food coloring (green)</td><td>McCormick</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate glass capillary</td><td>Hilgenberg</td><td>1406119</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Needle puller (micropipette puller)</td><td>Sutter Instrument Co.</td><td>P-97</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope glass slide</td><td>WorldWide Life Sciences Division</td><td>41351157</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sealing film (Parafilm M)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>13-374-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Model 801 Syringe (10&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;l)</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>7642-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Needle (32-gauge)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>7762-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fixation Solution (Pampel&#039;s)</td><td>BioQuip Products, Inc.</td><td>1184C</td><td>Toxic, needs to be handled in fume hood</td></tr><tr><td>Forcep (DUMONT #5)</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11252-30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cover slip (24 x 50 mm, No. 1.5)</td><td>Globe Scientific</td><td>1415-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eppendorf Femtotips Microloader pipette tip</td><td>Fisher</td><td>E5242956003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting microscopy for embryo injection</td><td>Leica</td><td>M420</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting microscopy for larval phenotypic visualization</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>SteREO Discover. V12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DIC microscopy</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>AXIO Imager. M1</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

rearing and double-stranded rna-mediated gene knockdown in the hide beetle, dermestes maculatus

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative without tools to study gene function. The development and sharing of detailed protocols for the establishment of new model systems in laboratories, and for tools to carry out functional studies, is thus crucial for leveraging the power of genomics. Coleoptera (beetles) are the largest clade of insects and occupy virtually all types of habitats on the planet. In addition to providing ideal models for fundamental research, studies of beetles can have impacts on pest control as they are often pests of households, agriculture, and food industries. Detailed protocols for rearing and maintenance of D. maculatus laboratory colonies and for carrying out dsRNA-mediated interference in D. maculatus are presented. Both embryonic and parental RNAi procedures-including apparatus set up, preparation, injection, and post-injection recovery-are described. Methods are also presented for analyzing embryonic phenotypes, including viability, patterning defects in hatched larvae, and cuticle preparations for unhatched larvae. These assays, together with in situ hybridization and immunostaining for molecular markers, make D. maculatus an accessible model system for basic and applied research. They further provide useful information for establishing procedures in other emerging insect model systems.

著者らの研究室は、昆虫53,55内のセグメンテーションを制御する遺伝子の機能進化を研究するためにRNAi技術を使用しています。すべての昆虫がセグメント化されているが、このプロセスを制御する遺伝子は、昆虫の放射線26,38,56-63中に発散したと思われます。 ショウジョウバエにおける遺伝子スクリーニングは、身体セグメント64-70の?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus at JoVE.com

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

ここでは、研究室で（D. maculatus）Dermestes maculatus、中間胚芽カブトムシを飼育するためのプロトコルを提示します。我々はまた、この種における遺伝子機能を研究するために胚の表現型を解析するための胚および親のRNAiのためのプロトコルとメソッドを共有しています。

隠すビートルにノックダウン飼育し、二本鎖RNA媒介遺伝子、<em&gt; Dermestes maculatus</em

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative ...

rearing-double-stranded-rna-mediated-gene-knockdown-hide-beetle

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

10.5K ビュー.  University of Maryland. ここでは、研究室で（D. maculatus）Dermestes maculatus、中間胚芽カブトムシを飼育するためのプロトコルを提示します。我々はまた、この種における遺伝子機能を研究するために胚の表現型を解析するための胚および親のRNAiのためのプロトコルとメソッドを共有しています。 

ビデオ: Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

RNA Interference in Aquatic Beetles as a Powerful Tool for Manipulating Gene Expression at Specific Developmental Time Points

RNA interference (RNAi) remains a powerful technique that allows for the targeted reduction of gene expression through mRNA degradation. This technique is applicable to a wide variety of organisms and is highly efficient in the species-rich order Coleoptera (beetles). Here, we summarize the necessary steps for developing this technique in a novel organism and illustrate its application to the different developmental stages of the aquatic diving beetle Thermonectus marmoratus. Target gene sequences can be obtained cost-effectively through the assembly of transcriptomes against a close relative with known genomics or de novo. Candidate gene cloning utilizes a specific cloning vector (the pCR4-TOPO plasmid), which allows the synthesis of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for any gene with the use of a single common primer. The synthesized dsRNA can be injected into either embryos for early developmental processes or larvae for later developmental processes. We then illustrate how RNAi can be injected into aquatic larvae using immobilization in agarose. To demonstrate the technique, we provide several examples of RNAi experiments, generating specific knockdowns with predicted phenotypes. Specifically, RNAi for the tanning gene laccase2 leads to cuticle lightening in both larvae and adults, and RNAi for the eye pigmentation gene white produces a lightening/lack of pigmentation in eye tubes. In addition, the knockdown of a key lens protein leads to larvae with optical deficiencies and a reduced ability to hunt prey. Combined, these results exemplify the power of RNAi as a tool for investigating both morphological patterning and behavioral traits in organisms with only transcriptomic databases.

RNA interference is a widely applicable, powerful technique for manipulating gene expression at specific developmental stages. Here, we describe the necessary steps for implementing this technique in the aquatic diving beetle Thermonectus marmoratus, from the acquisition of gene sequences to the knockdown of genes that affect structure or behavior.

特定の発生時における遺伝子発現を操作するための強力なツールとしての水生カブトムシのRNA干渉

RNA interference (RNAi) remains a powerful technique that allows for the targeted reduction of gene expression through mRNA degradation. This technique is ...

環境学

RNAi-mediated Double Gene Knockdown and Gustatory Perception Measurement in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera)

This video demonstrates novel techniques of RNA interference (RNAi) which downregulate two genes simultaneously in honey bees using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) injections. It also presents a protocol of proboscis extension response (PER) assay for measuring gustatory perception.	
	RNAi-mediated gene knockdown is an effective technique downregulating target gene expression. This technique is usually used for single gene manipulation, but it has limitations to detect interactions and joint effects between genes. In the first part of this video, we present two strategies to simultaneously knock down two genes (called double gene knockdown). We show both strategies are able to effectively suppress two genes, vitellogenin (vg) and ultraspiracle (usp), which are in a regulatory feedback loop. This double gene knockdown approach can be used to dissect interrelationships between genes and can be readily applied in different insect species.	
	The second part of this video is a demonstration of proboscis extension response (PER) assay in honey bees after the treatment of double gene knockdown. The PER assay is a standard test for measuring gustatory perception in honey bees, which is a key predictor for how fast a honey bee's behavioral maturation is. Greater gustatory perception of nest bees indicates increased behavioral development which is often associated with an earlier age at onset of foraging and foraging specialization in pollen. In addition, PER assay can be applied to identify metabolic states of satiation or hunger in honey bees. Finally, PER assay combined with pairing different odor stimuli for conditioning the bees is also widely used for learning and memory studies in honey bees.

RNAi-mediated Double Gene Knockdown and Gustatory Perception Measurement in Honey Bees Apis mellifera

In this protocol, we describe two strategies that simultaneously suppress two genes (double gene knockdown) in honey bees. Then we present how to use the proboscis extension response (PER) assay to study the effect of double gene knockdown on honey bee gustatory perception.

ミツバチにおけるRNAiによる二重遺伝子ノックダウンと味覚知覚測定（<em&gt;ミツバチ</em&gt;）

This video demonstrates novel techniques of RNA  interference (RNAi) which downregulate two genes simultaneously in honey bees  using double-stranded RNA ...

神経科学

Electroporation-mediated RNA Interference Method in Odonata

Dragonflies and damselflies (order Odonata) represent one of the most ancestral insects with metamorphosis, in which they change their habitat, morphology, and behavior drastically from aquatic larvae to terrestrial/aerial adults without pupal stage. Odonata adults have a well-developed color vision and show a remarkable diversity in body colors and patterns across sexes, stages, and species. While many ecological and behavioral studies on Odonata have been conducted, molecular genetic studies have been scarce mainly due to the difficulty in applying gene functional analysis to Odonata. For instance, RNA interference (RNAi) is less effective in the Odonata, as reported in the Lepidoptera. To overcome this problem, we successfully established an RNAi method combined with in vivo electroporation. Here we provide a detailed protocol including a video of the electroporation-mediated RNAi method as follows: preparation of larvae, species identification, preparation of dsRNA/siRNA solution and injection needles, ice-cold anesthesia of larvae, dsRNA/siRNA injection, in vivo electroporation, and individual rearing until adult emergence. The electroporation-mediated RNAi method is applicable to both damselflies (suborder Zygoptera) and dragonflies (suborder Anisoptera). In this protocol, we present the methods for the blue-tailed damselfly Ischnura senegalensis (Coenagrionidae) as an example of damselfly species and the pied skimmer dragonfly Pseudothemis zonata (Libellulidae) as another example of dragonfly species. As representative examples, we show the results of RNAi targeting the melanin synthesis gene multicopper oxidase 2. This RNAi method will facilitate understanding of various gene functions involved in metamorphosis, morphogenesis, color pattern formation, and other biological features of Odonata. Moreover, this protocol may be generally applicable to non-model organisms in which RNAi is less effective in gene suppression due to the inefficiency and low penetrance.

We provide a detailed protocol for electroporation-mediated RNA interference in insects of the order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) using the blue-tailed damselfly (Ischnura senegalensis: Coenagironidae: Zygoptera) and the pied skimmer dragonfly (Pseudothemis zonata: Libellulidae: Anisoptera).

オドナタにおけるエレクトロポレーション媒介性RNA干渉法

Dragonflies and damselflies (order Odonata) represent one of the most ancestral insects with metamorphosis, in which they change their habitat, ...

発生生物学

Applications of RNA Interference in American Cockroach

Cockroaches, a sanitary pest, are essential species in insect developmental and metamorphic studies due to their easy feeding and hemimetabolous characteristics. Altogether with well-annotated genome sequences, these advantages have made American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, an important hemimetabolous insect model. Limited by the shortage of knockout strategy, effective RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene knockdown becomes an indispensable technique in functional gene research of P. americana. The present protocol describes the RNAi operation techniques in P. americana. The protocol includes (1) selection of the P. americana at proper developmental stages, (2) preparation for the injection setting, (3) dsRNA injection, and (4) gene knockdown efficiency detection. RNAi is a powerful reverse genetic tool in P. americana. The majority of P. americana tissues are sensitive to extracellular dsRNA. Its simplicity allows researchers to quickly obtain dysfunctional phenotypes under one or multiple targeting dsRNA injections, enabling researchers to better use the P. americana for developmental and metamorphic studies.

The present protocol describes step-by-step guidelines for the RNAi operation techniques in P. americana.

アメリカのゴキブリにおけるRNA干渉の応用

Cockroaches, a sanitary pest, are essential species in insect developmental and metamorphic studies due to their easy feeding and hemimetabolous ...

RNAi Interference by dsRNA Injection into Drosophila Embryos

Genetic screening is one of the most powerful methods available for gaining insights into complex biological process 1. Over the years many improvements and tools for genetic manipulation have become available in Drosophila 2. Soon after the initial discovery by Frie and Mello 3 that double stranded RNA can be used to knockdown the activity of individual genes in Caenorhabditis elegans, RNA interference (RNAi) was shown to provide a powerful reverse genetic approach to analyze gene functions in Drosophila organ development 4, 5.
Many organs, including lung, kidney, liver, and vascular system, are composed of branched tubular networks that transport vital fluids or gases 6, 7. The analysis of Drosophila tracheal formation provides an excellent model system to study the morphogenesis of other tubular organs 8. The Berkeley Drosophila genome project has revealed hundreds of genes that are expressed in the tracheal system. To study the molecular and cellular mechanism of tube formation, the challenge is to understand the roles of these genes in tracheal development. Here, we described a detailed method of dsRNA injection into Drosophila embryo to knockdown individual gene expression. We successfully knocked down endogenous dysfusion(dys) gene expression by dsRNA injection. Dys is a bHLH-PAS protein expressed in tracheal fusion cells, and it is required for tracheal branch fusion 9, 10. dys-RNAi completely eliminated dys expression and resulted in tracheal fusion defect. This relatively simple method provides a tool to identify genes requried for tissure and organ development in Drosophila.

RNAi Interference by dsRNA Injection into Drosophila Embryos

RNA interference has been proven very effective to analyze gene function in Drosophila tracheal development. A detailed protocol used by Jiang lab to inject dsRNA into fly embryos to knockdown gene expression is illustrated. This technique has the potential for screening genes required for tissue and organ development in Drosophila.

dsRNAをインジェクションによるRNAiの干渉にショウジョウバエ胚

Genetic screening is one of the most powerful methods available for gaining insights into complex biological process 1. Over the years many improvements ...

生物学

RNAi Mediated Gene Knockdown and Transgenesis by Microinjection in the Necromenic Nematode Pristionchus pacificus

Although it is increasingly affordable for emerging model organisms to obtain completely sequenced genomes, further in-depth gene function and expression analyses by RNA interference and stable transgenesis remain limited in many species due to the particular anatomy and molecular cellular biology of the organism. For example, outside of the crown group Caenorhabditis that includes Caenorhabditis elegans3, stably transmitted transgenic lines in non-Caenorhabditis species have not been reported in this specious phylum (Nematoda), with the exception of Strongyloides stercoralis4 and Pristionchus pacificus5. To facilitate the expanding role of P. pacificus in the study of development, evolution, and behavior6-7, we describe here the current methods to use microinjection for making transgenic animals and gene knock down by RNAi. Like the gonads of C. elegans and most other nematodes, the gonads of P. pacificus is syncitial and capable of incorporating DNA and RNA into the oocytes when delivered by direct microinjection. Unlike C. elegans however, stable transgene inheritance and somatic expression in P. pacificus requires the addition of self genomic DNA digested with endonucleases complementary to the ends of target transgenes and coinjection markers5. The addition of carrier genomic DNA is similar to the requirement for transgene expression in Strongyloides stercoralis4 and in the germ cells of C. elegans. However, it is not clear if the specific requirement for the animals' own genomic DNA is because P. pacificus soma is very efficient at silencing non-complex multi-copy genes or that extrachromosomal arrays in P. pacificus require genomic sequences for proper kinetochore assembly during mitosis. The ventral migration of the two-armed (didelphic) gonads in hermaphrodites further complicates the ability to inject both gonads in individual worms8. We also demonstrate the use of microinjection to knockdown a dominant mutant (roller,tu92) by injecting double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into the gonads to obtain non-rolling F1 progeny. Unlike C. elegans, but like most other nematodes, P. pacificus PS312 is not receptive to systemic RNAi via feeding and soaking and therefore dsRNA must be administered by microinjection into the syncitial gonads. In this current study, we hope to describe the microinjection process needed to transform a Ppa-egl-4 promoter::GFP fusion reporter and knockdown a dominant roller prl-1 (tu92) mutant in a visually informative protocol.

RNAi Mediated Gene Knockdown and Transgenesis by Microinjection in the Necromenic Nematode Pristionchus pacificus

In model organisms, transgenesis can manipulate gene functions while RNAi can knockdown specific mRNA transcripts 1-2. This protocol aims to illustrate the techniques needed to introduce stably transmitted DNA and transient double stranded RNA into the necromenic nematode Pristionchus pacificus for studies in evolutionary, developmental, and behavioral biology.

RNAiは、Necromenic虫にマイクロインジェクションによる遺伝子ノックダウンとトランスジェネシスを媒介 Pristionchus pacificus</em

Although it is increasingly affordable for emerging model organisms to obtain completely sequenced genomes, further in-depth gene function and expression ...

Large-scale Gene Knockdown in C. elegans Using dsRNA Feeding Libraries to Generate Robust Loss-of-function Phenotypes

RNA interference by feeding worms bacteria expressing dsRNAs has been a useful tool to assess gene function in C. elegans. While this strategy works well when a small number of genes are targeted for knockdown, large scale feeding screens show variable knockdown efficiencies, which limits their utility. We have deconstructed previously published RNAi knockdown protocols and found that the primary source of the reduced knockdown can be attributed to the loss of dsRNA-encoding plasmids from the bacteria fed to the animals. Based on these observations, we have developed a dsRNA feeding protocol that greatly reduces or eliminates plasmid loss to achieve efficient, high throughput knockdown. We demonstrate that this protocol will produce robust, reproducible knock down of C. elegans genes in multiple tissue types, including neurons, and will permit efficient knockdown in large scale screens. This protocol uses a commercially available dsRNA feeding library and describes all steps needed to duplicate the library and perform dsRNA screens. The protocol does not require the use of any sophisticated equipment, and can therefore be performed by any C. elegans lab.

Large-scale Gene Knockdown in C. elegans Using dsRNA Feeding Libraries to Generate Robust Loss-of-function Phenotypes

While dsRNA feeding in C. elegans is a powerful tool to assess gene function, current protocols for large scale feeding screens result in variable knockdown efficiencies. We describe an improved protocol for performing large scale RNAi feeding screens that results in highly efficacious and reproducible knockdown of gene expression.

大規模な遺伝子ノックダウン中<em&gt; C.虫</em&gt;堅牢な機能喪失表現型を生成するためのdsRNA摂食ライブラリの使用

RNA interference by feeding worms bacteria expressing dsRNAs has been a useful tool to assess gene function in C. elegans. While this strategy works well ...

Larval RNA Interference in the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum

The red flour beetle, Tribolium&#160;castaneum, offers a repertoire of experimental tools for genetic and developmental studies, including a fully annotated genome sequence, transposon-based transgenesis, and effective RNA interference (RNAi). Among these advantages, RNAi-based gene knockdown techniques are at the core of Tribolium research. T. castaneum show a robust systemic RNAi response, making it possible to perform RNAi at any life stage by simply injecting double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into the beetle&#8217;s body cavity.
In this report, we provide an overview of our larval RNAi technique in T. castaneum. The protocol includes (i) isolation of the proper stage of T. castaneum larvae for injection, (ii) preparation for the injection setting, and (iii) dsRNA injection. Larval RNAi is a simple, but powerful technique that provides us with quick access to loss-of-function phenotypes, including multiple gene knockdown phenotypes as well as a series of hypomorphic phenotypes. Since virtually all T. castaneum tissues are susceptible to extracellular dsRNA, the larval RNAi technique allows researchers to study a wide variety of tissues in diverse contexts, including the genetic basis of organismal responses to the outside environment. In addition, the simplicity of this technique stimulates more student involvement in research, making T. castaneum an ideal genetic system for use in a classroom setting.

Larval RNA Interference in the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum

RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene knockdown techniques are at the core of Tribolium research. Here, we provide an overview of our larval RNAi technique in Tribolium castaneum. Larval RNAi is a simple, but powerful technique that provides quick access to loss-of-function phenotypes, allowing researchers to study gene functions in diverse contexts.

レッドフラワービートル幼虫RNA干渉、<em&gt;コクヌストモドキ</em

The red flour beetle, Tribolium&#160;castaneum, offers a repertoire of experimental tools for genetic and developmental studies, including a fully ...

Chitosan/Interfering RNA Nanoparticle Mediated Gene Silencing in Disease Vector Mosquito Larvae

Vector mosquitoes inflict more human suffering than any other organism&#8212;and kill more than one million people each year. The mosquito genome projects facilitated research in new facets of mosquito biology, including functional genetic studies in the primary African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae and the dengue and yellow fever vector Aedes aegypti. RNA interference- (RNAi-) mediated gene silencing has been used to target genes of interest in both of these disease vector mosquito species. Here, we describe a procedure for preparation of chitosan/interfering RNA nanoparticles that are combined with food and ingested by larvae. This technically straightforward, high-throughput, and relatively inexpensive methodology, which is compatible with long double stranded RNA (dsRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules, has been used for the successful knockdown of a number of different genes in A. gambiae and A. aegypti larvae. Following larval feedings, knockdown, which is verified through qRT-PCR or in situ hybridization, can persist at least through the late pupal stage. This methodology may be applicable to a wide variety of mosquito and other insect species, including agricultural pests, as well as other non-model organisms. In addition to its utility in the research laboratory, in the future, chitosan, an inexpensive, non-toxic and biodegradable polymer, could potentially be utilized in the field.

Here we describe a procedure for inhibiting gene function in disease vector mosquitoes through the use of chitosan/interfering RNA nanoparticles that are ingested by larvae.

病気のベクトル蚊幼虫におけるキトサン/干渉RNAナノ粒子媒介遺伝子サイレンシング

Vector mosquitoes inflict more human suffering than any other organism&#8212;and kill more than one million people each year. The mosquito genome projects ...

RNAi Trigger Delivery into Anopheles gambiae Pupae

RNA interference (RNAi), a naturally occurring phenomenon in eukaryotic organisms, is an extremely valuable tool that can be utilized in the laboratory for functional genomic studies. The ability to knockdown individual genes selectively via this reverse genetic technique has allowed many researchers to rapidly uncover the biological roles of numerous genes within many organisms, by evaluation of loss-of-function phenotypes. In the major human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, the predominant method used to reduce the function of targeted genes involves injection of double-stranded (dsRNA) into the hemocoel of the adult mosquito. While this method has been successful, gene knockdown in adults excludes the functional assessment of genes that are expressed and potentially play roles during pre-adult stages, as well as genes that are expressed in limited numbers of cells in adult mosquitoes. We describe a method for the injection of Serine Protease Inhibitor 2 (SRPN2) dsRNA during the early pupal stage and validate SRPN2 protein knockdown by observing decreased target protein levels and the formation of melanotic pseudo-tumors in SRPN2 knockdown adult mosquitoes. This evident phenotype has been described previously for adult stage knockdown of SRPN2 function, and we have recapitulated this adult phenotype by SRPN2 knockdown initiated during pupal development. When used in conjunction with a dye-labeled dsRNA solution, this technique enables easy visualization by simple light microscopy of injection quality and distribution of dsRNA in the hemocoel.

RNAi Trigger Delivery into Anopheles gambiae Pupae

RNA interference (RNAi) is an extremely valuable tool for uncovering gene function. However, the ability to target genes using RNAi during pre-adult stages is limited in the major human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. We describe an RNAi protocol to reduce gene function via direct injection during pupal development.

RNAiのトリガ配信へ<em&gt;ハマダラカ</em&gt;蛹

RNA interference (RNAi), a naturally occurring phenomenon in eukaryotic organisms, is an extremely valuable tool that can be utilized in the laboratory ...

隠すビートルにノックダウン飼育し、二本鎖RNA媒介遺伝子、

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特定の発生時における遺伝子発現を操作するための強力なツールとしての水生カブトムシのRNA干渉

ミツバチにおけるRNAiによる二重遺伝子ノックダウンと味覚知覚測定（

オドナタにおけるエレクトロポレーション媒介性RNA干渉法

アメリカのゴキブリにおけるRNA干渉の応用

dsRNAをインジェクションによるRNAiの干渉にショウジョウバエ胚

RNAiは、Necromenic虫にマイクロインジェクションによる遺伝子ノックダウンとトランスジェネシスを媒介 Pristionchus pacificus

大規模な遺伝子ノックダウン中

レッドフラワービートル幼虫RNA干渉、

病気のベクトル蚊幼虫におけるキトサン/干渉RNAナノ粒子媒介遺伝子サイレンシング

RNAiのトリガ配信へ