Name: enhancement of the initial growth rate of agricultural plants by using static magnetic fields
Uploaded: 2016-07-08T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 17 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields at JoVE.com

This study received supported from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (2011-0012728). A poster presenting this study was awarded the Best Poster Award by the Korean Society of Applied Biological Sciences (KSABC).

1.初期設定<ol><li>農業植物種<ol><li>利用ガーデンバルサム（ ホウセンカ）、水菜（ カブのVAR。ジャポニカ ）、コマツナ（ カブのVAR。perviridis）、およびMescluns（Lepidiumマメ ）の種子。 注： ホウセンカ （ガーデンバルサムやローズバルサム）がインドへの種のネイティブです。少数のメンバーはまた、ミャンマーに位置しています。コマツナ（ カブの VAR。perviridisまたは小松菜）は、共通のカブと同じ種の変異体です。ガーデンクレス（Lepidiumマメ）は分類学的にクレソンとマスタードに関連しているハーブの一種です。彼らは、商業的に5,7を利用しているために同様の風味と香りを持っています。 </li></ol></li><li>植物培養<ol><li>文化ガーデンバルサム（ ホウセンカ）、水菜（ カブのVAR。ジャポニカ ）、コマツナ（ カブのVAR。perviridis）、およびメスクラン直径100mm（100パイ）ペトリ皿内の（Lepidiumマメ ）の種子。一方のプレートは、種の一種類のみが含まれていることを確認してください。 </li><li>培養条件については、セルロースタオルの上の種子を置きます。三重蒸留水にタオルや種子を浸し。測定し、65から75%の範囲の湿度で、屋内ラボRTは18-25℃であることを確認してください（セクション3.1.2をご確認ください）​​。 </li><li>種子の数、文化ガーデンバルサムの10±1シード、水菜の50±10種、コマツナの330±20種、およびMesclunsの380±20種子。湿度が（セクション2.1.1をご確認ください）​​65から75パーセントの範囲で、18から25°Cのように測定された同一の条件を使用してください。 注：全ての実験は、実験室で調整された湿度と温度範囲で、室内の条件で実施しました。湿度と温度は静的ではありませんでしたが、磁石処理群とコントロールのための同一の条件を提供しました。 </li></ol></li></ol>四農業植物の2.文化<ol><li>実験手順<ol><li>制御と磁石塗布群で植物や文化状況の種のためのセクション1.2.3）に従います。 </li><li>ガーデンバルサム100パイ皿の底に1750±350ガウス（10,000ガウス= 1テスラ）の3磁石を適用します。適用中、3磁石は、種子と直接接触していない、とペトリ皿のプラスチック底で分離されていることを確認してください。種子や磁石間の直線距離2-4 mmでなければなりません。 4農業植物のための168時間（7日）のための磁石を適用します。 </li><li> ）同一の2.1.2のすべてのステップに続いて、庭のバルサム培養プレートの底にトップと他の磁石（面したS側の二つの磁石、上方1（面したN側）上方）を適用します。 注：極はガーデンバルサムで異なって適用されます。すべての環境が方向を除いて同一であるしかし、極向きは、成長の変化のために、本研究における重要な要素として考慮されていません磁束。ガーデンバルサムのためのNとS極アプリケーションの目的は、磁極の向きが管理するのは難しいかもしれないフィールドでそれを使用して、その実用的な能力を、参照することでした。 </li></ol></li></ol>ガーデンバルサムの3チューブリン染色<ol><li>規制ライト条件付きマグネット応用<ol><li> 、48時間100ミリメートルプレートの底を（N極が上を向く）ステップ1.2.2で条件を使用して、2つの磁石を配置します。 注：光の改変は、培養皿をインキュベーターにプラスチック棚に置きました。インキュベータは、光の傍受に使用され、暗い環境下で48時間、25℃の温度を維持しました。最終的に、この条件は、成長の長さの高い変動にこの実験で使用されませんでした。 </li></ol></li><li>植物の染色<ol><li> 4％パラホルムアルデヒドおよび0.1 Mのステップ3.1.2）と同一の条件で成長させた（茎と根を含む）全体インパチェンスSPP二重花植物を、修正リン酸緩衝液（pH7.4）で15分間。 </li><li> （PBS、pH7.5中の2％ウマ血清/ 1％ウシ血清アルブミン/ 0.1％トリトンX-100）ホウセンカのサンプルを除去し、ブロッキング緩衝液中で2時間浸します。 15分間、PBSで浸漬することにより、インパチェンスサンプルを洗ってください。 </li><li>二重免疫染色のために、一次抗体と共にサンプルをインキュベート、抗アルファチューブリン（1：1,000）、O / N、4°Cで。 </li><li>サンプルを取り外し、洗浄するために10分間、PBSで一度サンプルを浸します。使用FITC結合抗マウスIgG：二次抗体として（1 400）、25℃で2時間インキュベートします。 </li><li> PBSでサンプルを浸し、24ウェルプレートの底にサンプル全体をスリップカバーしています。チューブリンの方向を観察するために、従来の蛍光顕微鏡を用いて画像を取得する（λ= 550nmで、100X、200Xおよび400Xに拡大）。 注：この場合、磁石は、処置群（n = 10）および対照（N = 11）、唯一のガーデンバルサム（ ホウセンカ ）のために確認された非暗条件下で増殖させました。 </李&gt; </ol></li></ol> 4.データの収集方法<ol><li>四農業植物成長のタイムラプス作成<ol><li> （これは任意のデジタルカメラで行うことができます）autoにシャッターを設定することで、10分間隔で植物を撮影。 400にF 3.2の絞りとISO値を設定します。 </li><li> 7-10日間700から900の写真を収集します。バッテリーが消耗することができたので、電線とカメラを接続します。 </li><li> （資機材の表を参照）映画制作ソフトウェアでストリーミングラインの下に時系列の各画像をクリックするとドロップすることで画像をドラッグします。 30-40秒のフィルムの合計にそれぞれに対して0.045から0.05秒の同じ持続時間でストリーミングラインの上に置きます。年代順に各画像を選択するとは、暗いギャップがないように確認してください。 </li><li>ステップ4.1.3の後、30-40秒タイムラプスビデオスライドにコンパイルされたムービーを確保し、レンダリングをクリックし.MPEGまたは.AVI形式で保存するためのソフトウェアで再生ボタンをクリックします。サイズミリアンペアのためのrkers、写真の側にカナダ四半期、アメリカのペニー、およびセンチの定規を使用しています。 </li><li>統計解析11,12 に対するt検定とボックスプロットを実行します。 注：5-数要約のグループQ1として下限値（L）の値を計算するために使用した - [1.5×（Q3 - Q1）]と上限（H）の値Q3 + [1.5×（ - Q1 Q3）など]。このアプローチは、長さ、データ収集11ステップ1.2.2に組み込まれました。 L及びHの値はこの範囲外で観察されたデータ点は外れ値とみなすことができることを意味し、T-分布プロットの99％の領域を示します。苗12の高さの差を分析するために使用された-testボックスプロットおよびスチューデントのt。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Martin, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+measurement+of+pollen+tube+growth+inhibition.">In vitro measurement of pollen tube growth inhibition.</a> Plant Physiol. 49, 924-925 (1972).</li><li>Pfahler, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+germination+characteristics+of+maize+pollen+to+detect+biological+activity+of+environmental+pollutants.">In vitro germination characteristics of maize pollen to detect biological activity of environmental pollutants.</a> Environ Health Perspect. 37, 125-132 (1981).</li><li>Yao, Z., Tan, X., Du, H., Luo, B., Liu, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-current+microwave+ion+source+with+permanent+magnet+and+its+beam+emittance+measurement.">A high-current microwave ion source with permanent magnet and its beam emittance measurement.</a> Rev Sci Instrum. 79, 073304 (2008).</li><li>Hendrickson, C. L., Drader, J. J., Laude, D. A., Guan, S., Marshall, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fourier+transform+ion+cyclotron+resonance+mass+spectrometry+in+a+20+T+resistive+magnet.">Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in a 20 T resistive magnet.</a> Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 10, 1829-1832 (1996).</li><li>Namba, K., Sasao, A., Shibusawa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EFFECT+OF+MAGNETIC+FIELD+ON+GERMINATION+AND+PLANT+GROWTH.">EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON GERMINATION AND PLANT GROWTH.</a> Acta Hort. 399, 143-148 (1995).</li><li>Hirota, N., Nakagawa, J., Kitazawa, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+magnetic+field+on+the+germination+of+plants.">Effects of a magnetic field on the germination of plants.</a> Journals of Applied Physics. 85, 5717-5719 (1999).</li><li>Penuelas, J., Llusia, J., Martinez, B., Fontcuberta, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diamagnetic+Susceptibility+and+Root+Growth+Responses+to+Magnetic+Fields+in+Lens+culinaris,+Glycine+soja,+and+Triticum+aestivum.">Diamagnetic Susceptibility and Root Growth Responses to Magnetic Fields in Lens culinaris, Glycine soja, and Triticum aestivum.</a> Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 23, 97-112 (2004).</li><li>Carbonell, M. V., Martinez, E., Amaya, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulation+of+germination+in+rice+(Oryza+Sativa+L.)+by+a+static+magnetic+field.">Stimulation of germination in rice (Oryza Sativa L.) by a static magnetic field.</a> Electro- and Magnetobiology. 19, 121-128 (2000).</li><li>Oakley, R. V., Wang, Y. S., Ramakrishna, W., Harding, S. A., Tsai, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expansion+and+expression+of+alpha-+and+beta-tubulin+gene+families+in+Populus.">Differential expansion and expression of alpha- and beta-tubulin gene families in Populus.</a> Plant Physiol. 145, 961-973 (2007).</li><li>Hoson, T., Matsumoto, S., Soga, K., Wakabayashi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+microtubules+are+responsible+for+gravity+resistance+in+plants.">Cortical microtubules are responsible for gravity resistance in plants.</a> Plant Signal Behav. 5, 752-754 (2010).</li><li>Kim, S., Im, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Static+magnetic+fields+inhibit+proliferation+and+disperse+subcellular+localization+of+gamma+complex+protein3+in+cultured+C2C12+myoblast+cells.">Static magnetic fields inhibit proliferation and disperse subcellular localization of gamma complex protein3 in cultured C2C12 myoblast cells.</a> Cell Biochem Biophys. 57, 1-8 (2010).</li><li>Benjamini, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Opening+the+Box+of+a+Boxplot.">Opening the Box of a Boxplot.</a> The American Statistician. 42, 257-262 (1988).</li></ol>

The Authors have nothing to disclose.

すべての条件では、磁石は、ペトリ皿の下に適用されるべきです。この研究は、農業植物の代表としてガーデンバルサムに焦点を当てて、いくつかの農業の種の種の成長率に対する磁場の影響を調べました。例えば、チューブリン染色は、ルート内の分子レベルの変化を評価し、長増殖の磁界の影響を示唆している骨格の微小構造幹するガーデンバルサムで行いました。両方の磁石のN極とS?...

発芽は、苗1の形成をもたらす植物の成長です。特定の条件下で、種子発芽が始まり、胚組織は成長を再開します。それは、発芽のための酵素を活性化するために、種子に水分補給を開始します。種子は、1,2-（ペトリ皿または試験管内） インビトロで発芽するように誘導することができます。 静磁界は、ローレンツ力3,4を介してイオン電荷を有する分子の動きを引き起こす特殊部隊です。ローレンツ力は、イオン化されたまたは荷電物体が磁場の下に移動したときに形成されます。すべての材料は、電子とプロトンから構成されている原子とともに形成されています。磁場が存在なると、それは静的または交互であるか否か、それは、荷電物質の移動に影響を与えます。これはまた、細胞内分子の状態に影響を与える、植物や水の分子に適用されます。以前の研究では、電磁コイルを使用しましたパルス磁場を生成し、そして「コマツナ&#39;植物を対象5として選択しました。本研究では、磁石は、静磁場がローレンツ力の拡大研究と同様、異なる効果を与えるために使用した生成しました。 磁場の周波数ではなく、その極性、植物の発芽のための重要な因子です。以前の研究では、磁場の周波数は約10Hzであった場合、最大発芽率が対照よりも20％高かったことが示唆されています。フィールドは、逆行性の方法で除去されたとき、成長速度は5損なわれました。静磁場は、主に発芽6と根の成長7に、初期成長6-8に大きな影響を持っています。 本研究では、磁場を用いて、農業植物の成長を調節する可能性を調べるために、静的な磁石を使用します。特に、我々はDに向けました磁界印加の特定の条件は、文献に記載されたものよりも高いレベルまで成長速度を増大させることができるかどうかetermine。植物の最初の発芽が正常磁場を用いて増加させることができる場合にはまた、化学肥料の使用を回避することができます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Static magnets</td><td>JIM</td><td></td><td>2000Gauss</td></tr><tr><td>2% horse serum/1% bovine serum albumin/0.1% Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>Merged with 55514</td><td>Blocking buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Primary antibody</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td><td>sc-8035</td><td>a-Tubulin</td></tr><tr><td>Secondary antibody</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td><td>sc-2010</td><td>FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgG</td></tr><tr><td>time lapse photographic techniques</td><td>Manually controlled</td><td></td><td>ISO value 400 &amp;amp; aperture F 3.2</td></tr><tr><td>Sony Vegas Pro 13.0</td><td>Sony</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

enhancement of the initial growth rate of agricultural plants by using static magnetic fields

電子デバイスおよび高電圧線は磁場を誘起します。 1,300-2,500ガウス（0.2テスラ）の磁場はガーデンバルサム（ ホウセンカ）、水菜（ カブのVAR。ジャポニカ ）、コマツナ（ カブのVAR。perviridis）、およびMescluns（Lepidiumマメの種子を含むペトリ皿に塗布し、 ）。我々は、培養皿の下に磁石を適用しました。アプリケーションの4日間、我々は茎と根の長さが増加したことを観察しました。磁場処理（N = 10）にかけ基が8日（p &lt;0.0005）の合計で対照群（n = 11）と比較して増殖の1.4倍速い速度を示しました。この速度は、以前の研究で報告されたものよりも20％高いです。チューブリンの複雑なラインが点を接続する必要はありませんでしたが、接続点は、磁石の適用時に発生します。これは異常な配置を制御手段からの完全な違いを示しています。しかし、正確な原因は不明のままです。これらの解像度磁石を適用した成長促進のultsは、成長速度を高める生産性を向上させる、又は静磁界を印加することにより、植物の発芽の速度を制御することが可能であることを示唆しています。また、磁場は、植物細胞における生理学的変化を引き起こすことができ、成長を誘導することができます。したがって、磁場による刺激は、肥料の使用を避けることができることを意味し、化学肥料のものに類似している可能性の効果を有することができます。

チューブリン染色は、分散または制御（ 図2）と比較して、磁石の存在下で生育した植物で構造体を薄く示しました。また、コマツナ（ カブのVAR。perviridis）とMescluns（Lepidiumマメ ）などの農業用植物と7日の時間経過の研究では、静磁場を誘導された磁石がこれらの植物（ 図3）の初期成長を増大させることが示されました。 <...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields at JoVE.com

Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the acceleration of the initial growth rate of plants by applying static magnetic fields with no external energy.

静磁場を利用した農業植物の初期の成長率の向上

Electronic devices and high-voltage wires induce magnetic fields. A magnetic field of 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) was applied to Petri dishes containing ...

enhancement-initial-growth-rate-agricultural-plants-using-static

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13.2K ビュー.  Yonsei University. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the acceleration of the initial growth rate of plants by applying static magnetic fields with no external energy.

ビデオ: Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

Geomagnetic Field (Gmf) and Plant Evolution: Investigating the Effects of Gmf Reversal on Arabidopsis thaliana Development and Gene Expression

One of the most stimulating observations in plant evolution is a correlation between the occurrence of geomagnetic field (GMF) reversals (or excursions) and the moment of the radiation of Angiosperms. This led to the hypothesis that alterations in GMF polarity may play a role in plant evolution. Here, we describe a method to test this hypothesis by exposing Arabidopsis thaliana to artificially reversed GMF conditions. We used a three-axis magnetometer and the collected data were used to calculate the magnitude of the GMF. Three DC power supplies were connected to three Helmholtz coil pairs and were controlled by a computer to alter the GMF conditions. Plants grown in Petri plates were exposed to both normal and reversed GMF conditions. Sham exposure experiments were also performed. Exposed plants were photographed during the experiment and images were analyzed to calculate root length and leaf areas. Arabidopsis total RNA was extracted and Quantitative Real Time-PCR (qPCR) analyses were performed on gene expression of CRUCIFERIN 3 (CRU3), copper transport protein1 (COTP1), Redox Responsive Transcription Factor1 (RRTF1), Fe Superoxide Dismutase 1, (FSD1), Catalase3 (CAT3), Thylakoidal Ascorbate Peroxidase (TAPX), a cytosolic Ascorbate Peroxidase1 (APX1), and NADPH/respiratory burst oxidase protein D (RbohD). Four different reference genes were analysed to normalize the results of the qPCR. The best of the four genes was selected and the most stable gene for normalization was used. Our data show for the first time that reversing the GMF polarity using triaxial coils has significant effects on plant growth and gene expression. This supports the hypothesis that GMF reversal contributes to inducing changes in plant development that might justify a higher selective pressure, eventually leading to plant evolution.

Geomagnetic Field Gmf and Plant Evolution: Investigating the Effects of Gmf Reversal on Arabidopsis thaliana Development and Gene Expression

This protocol describes a method to test the hypothesis that the reversal of the effective geomagnetic field (GMF) induces differential gene expression and alters the morphology of Arabidopsis thaliana. A triaxial octagonal system of Helmholtz coil-pairs was used to artificially generate reversed GMF conditions in the plant growth chamber.

地磁気（Gmfと）と植物の進化：Gmfと逆転の影響に関する調査を<em&gt;シロイヌナズナ</em&gt;開発と遺伝子発現

One of the most stimulating observations in plant evolution is a correlation between the occurrence of geomagnetic field (GMF) reversals (or excursions) ...

発生生物学

Robotic Sensing and Stimuli Provision for Guided Plant Growth

Robot systems are actively researched for manipulation of natural plants, typically restricted to agricultural automation activities such as harvest, irrigation, and mechanical weed control. Extending this research, we introduce here a novel methodology to manipulate the directional growth of plants via their natural mechanisms for signaling and hormone distribution. An effective methodology of robotic stimuli provision can open up possibilities for new experimentation with later developmental phases in plants, or for new biotechnology applications such as shaping plants for green walls. Interaction with plants presents several robotic challenges, including short-range sensing of small and variable plant organs, and the controlled actuation of plant responses that are impacted by the environment in addition to the provided stimuli. In order to steer plant growth, we develop a group of immobile robots with sensors to detect the proximity of growing tips, and with diodes to provide light stimuli that actuate phototropism. The robots are tested with the climbing common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, in experiments having durations up to five weeks in a controlled environment. With robots sequentially emitting blue light-peak emission at wavelength 465 nm-plant growth is successfully steered through successive binary decisions along mechanical supports to reach target positions. Growth patterns are tested in a setup up to 180 cm in height, with plant stems grown up to roughly 250 cm in cumulative length over a period of approximately seven weeks. The robots coordinate themselves and operate fully autonomously. They detect approaching plant tips by infrared proximity sensors and communicate via radio to switch between blue light stimuli and dormant status, as required. Overall, the obtained results support the effectiveness of combining robot and plant experiment methodologies, for the study of potentially complex interactions between natural and engineered autonomous systems.

Distributed robot nodes provide sequences of blue light stimuli to steer the growth trajectories of climbing plants. By activating natural phototropism, the robots guide the plants through binary left-right decisions, growing them into predefined patterns that by contrast are not possible when the robots are dormant.

誘導植物成長のためのロボットセンシングと刺激供給

Robot systems are actively researched for manipulation of natural plants, typically restricted to agricultural automation activities such as harvest, ...

工学

Control and Disposal of Invasive Japanese Knotweed Reynoutria japonica Houtt. Using Microwave Treatment

The study aims to assess the effectiveness of microwave treatment (MWT) at a frequency of 2.45 GHz and a power of 800 W to control Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.) using a self-propelled device that was built in the in-house facility. The MWT was applied in the field population of knotweed in July 2022. First, plants were mechanically moved from the area of 1 m2, and next, the cut shoots around 4 cm high were microwave-treated for 25 min, 20 min, and 15 min. The control treatments were: 1) only cut plants and 2) rhizomes dug out to 30 cm deep. The effectiveness of the microwave treatments was observed for the next 11 months by counting the number of newly grown shoots. The results showed that a 25 min MWT was 100% effective in Japanese knotweed loss of vitality, while a 15 min MWT microwave treatment stimulated plant growth by around 50%, compared to controls. Rhizomes were dug out in a separate in vitro experiment for laboratory testing. The rhizomes were categorized by thickness and subjected to a 60 s MWT using a commercial microwave, after which their temperature and vitality were assessed. The temperature of rhizomes following MWT depended on their thickness. Those rhizomes that warmed to temperatures above 42 &#176;C were effectively destroyed. Summing up, the time plants are exposed to microwaves plays a major role in the effectiveness of this method. The longer the exposure to MWT, the better control. The thinner the rhizomes, the more effective the in vitro MWT rhizomes disposal.

This protocol provides a method for microwave control of Japanese knotweed in the field and disposal of dug-up rhizomes in laboratory conditions. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed. Future research directions are also suggested to optimize the use of microwaves for controlling Japanese knotweed.

The study aims to assess the effectiveness of microwave treatment (MWT) at a frequency of 2.45 GHz and a power of 800 W to control Japanese knotweed ...

環境学

3D Magnetic Stem Cell Aggregation and Bioreactor Maturation for Cartilage Regeneration

Cartilage engineering remains a challenge due to the difficulties in creating an in vitro functional implant similar to the native tissue. An approach recently explored for the development of autologous replacements involves the differentiation of stem cells into chondrocytes. To initiate this chondrogenesis, a degree of compaction of the stem cells is required; hence, we demonstrated the feasibility of magnetically condensing cells, both within thick scaffolds and scaffold-free, using miniaturized magnetic field sources as cell attractors. This magnetic approach was also used to guide aggregate fusion and to build scaffold-free, organized, three-dimensional (3D) tissues several millimeters in size. In addition to having an enhanced size, the tissue formed by magnetic-driven fusion presented a significant increase in the expression of collagen II, and a similar trend was observed for aggrecan expression. As the native cartilage was subjected to forces that influenced its 3D structure, dynamic maturation was also performed. A bioreactor that provides mechanical stimuli was used to culture the magnetically seeded scaffolds over a 21-day period. Bioreactor maturation largely improved chondrogenesis into the cellularized scaffolds; the extracellular matrix obtained under these conditions was rich in collagen II and aggrecan. This work outlines the innovative potential of magnetic condensation of labeled stem cells and dynamic maturation in a bioreactor for improved chondrogenic differentiation, both scaffold-free and within polysaccharide scaffolds.

Chondrogenesis from stem cells requires fine tuning the culture conditions. Here, we present a magnetic approach for condensing cells, an essential step to initiate chondrogenesis. In addition, we show that dynamic maturation in a bioreactor applies mechanical stimulation to the cellular constructs and enhances cartilaginous extracellular matrix production.

軟骨再生のための3次元磁気幹細胞凝集およびバイオリアクター成熟

Cartilage engineering remains a challenge due to the difficulties in creating an in vitro functional implant similar to the native tissue. An approach ...

生物工学

External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures

A neuron will fire an action potential when its membrane potential exceeds a certain threshold. In typical activity of the brain, this occurs as a result of chemical inputs to its synapses. However, neurons can also be excited by an imposed electric field. In particular, recent clinical applications activate neurons by creating an electric field externally. It is therefore of interest to investigate how the neuron responds to the external field and what causes the action potential. Fortunately, precise and controlled application of an external electric field is possible for embryonic neuronal cells that are excised, dissociated and grown in cultures. This allows the investigation of these questions in a highly reproducible system.
In this paper some of the techniques used for controlled application of external electric field on neuronal cultures are reviewed. The networks can be either one dimensional, i.e. patterned in linear forms or allowed to grow on the whole plane of the substrate, and thus two dimensional. Furthermore, the excitation can be created by the direct application of electric field via electrodes immersed in the fluid (bath electrodes) or by inducing the electric field using the remote creation of magnetic pulses.

Neuronal cultures are a good model for studying emerging brain stimulation techniques via their effect on single neurons or a population of neurons. Presented here are different methods for stimulation of patterned neuronal cultures by an electric field produced directly by bath electrodes or induced by a time-varying magnetic field.

電気を使用してニューロンと1次元と2次元培養における磁場の外部励起

A neuron will fire an action potential when its membrane potential exceeds a certain threshold. In typical activity of the brain, this occurs as a result ...

神経科学

Electric and Magnetic Field Devices for Stimulation of Biological Tissues

Electric fields (EFs) and magnetic fields (MFs) have been widely used by tissue engineering to improve cell dynamics such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, morphology, and molecular synthesis. However, variables such stimuli strength and stimulation times need to be considered when stimulating either cells, tissues or scaffolds. Given that EFs and MFs vary according to cellular response, it remains unclear how to build devices that generate adequate biophysical stimuli to stimulate biological samples. In fact, there is a lack of evidence regarding the calculation and distribution when biophysical stimuli are applied. This protocol is focused on the design and manufacture of devices to generate EFs and MFs and implementation of a computational methodology to predict biophysical stimuli distribution inside and outside of biological samples. The EF device was composed of two parallel stainless-steel electrodes located at the top and bottom of biological cultures. Electrodes were connected to an oscillator to generate voltages (50, 100, 150 and 200 Vp-p) at 60 kHz. The MF device was composed of a coil, which was energized with a transformer to generate a current (1 A) and voltage (6 V) at 60 Hz. A polymethyl methacrylate support was built to locate the biological cultures in the middle of the coil. The computational simulation elucidated the homogeneous distribution of EFs and MFs inside and outside of biological tissues. This computational model is a promising tool that can modify parameters such as voltages, frequencies, tissue morphologies, well plate types, electrodes and coil size to estimate the EFs and MFs to achieve a cellular response.

This protocol describes the step-by-step process to build both electrical and magnetic stimulators used to stimulate biological tissues. The protocol includes a guideline to simulate computationally electric and magnetic fields and manufacture of stimulator devices.

生体組織の刺激のための電界・磁場装置

Electric fields (EFs) and magnetic fields (MFs) have been widely used by tissue engineering to improve cell dynamics such as proliferation, migration, ...

Optimization and Utilization of Agrobacterium-mediated Transient Protein Production in Nicotiana

Agrobacterium-mediated transient protein production in plants is a promising approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins within a short period of time. However, this technology is only just beginning to be applied to large-scale production as many technological obstacles to scale up are now being overcome. Here, we demonstrate a simple and reproducible method for industrial-scale transient protein production based on vacuum infiltration of Nicotiana plants with Agrobacteria carrying launch vectors. Optimization of Agrobacterium cultivation in AB medium allows direct dilution of the bacterial culture in Milli-Q water, simplifying the infiltration process. Among three tested species of Nicotiana, N. excelsiana (N. benthamiana &#215; N. excelsior) was selected as the most promising host due to the ease of infiltration, high level of reporter protein production, and about two-fold higher biomass production under controlled environmental conditions. Induction of Agrobacterium harboring pBID4-GFP (Tobacco mosaic virus-based) using chemicals such as acetosyringone and monosaccharide had no effect on the protein production level. Infiltrating plant under 50 to 100 mbar for 30 or 60 sec resulted in about 95% infiltration of plant leaf tissues. Infiltration with Agrobacterium laboratory strain GV3101 showed the highest protein production compared to Agrobacteria laboratory strains LBA4404 and C58C1 and wild-type Agrobacteria strains at6, at10, at77 and A4. Co-expression of a viral RNA silencing suppressor, p23 or p19, in N. benthamiana resulted in earlier accumulation and increased production (15-25%) of target protein (influenza virus hemagglutinin).

Optimization and Utilization of Agrobacterium-mediated Transient Protein Production in Nicotiana

Transient protein production in Nicotiana plants based on vacuum infiltration with Agrobacteria carrying launch vectors (Tobacco mosaic virus-based) is a rapid and economic approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins. We simplified the procedure and improved target accumulation by optimizing conditions of bacteria cultivation, selecting host species, and co-introducing RNA silencing suppressors.

最適化と利用の<em&gt;アグロバクテリウム</em中&gt;媒介一過性タンパク質産生<em&gt;タバコ</em

Agrobacterium-mediated transient protein production in plants is a promising approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins within a short ...

生物学

Growing Magnetotactic Bacteria of the Genus Magnetospirillum: Strains MSR-1, AMB-1 and MS-1

Magnetotactic bacteria are Gram-negative, motile, mainly aquatic prokaryotes ubiquitous in freshwater and marine habitats. They are characterized by their ability to biomineralize magnetosomes, which are magnetic nanometer-sized crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane, within their cytoplasm. For most known magnetotactic bacteria, magnetosomes are assembled in chains inside the cytoplasm, thereby conferring a permanent magnetic dipole moment to the cells and causing them to align passively with external magnetic fields. Because of these specific features, magnetotactic bacteria have a great potential for commercial and medical applications. However, most species are microaerophilic and have specific O2 concentration requirements, making them more difficult to grow routinely than many other bacteria such as Escherichia coli. Here we present detailed protocols for growing three of the most widely studied strains of magnetotactic bacteria, all belonging to the genus Magnetospirillum. These methods allow for precise control of the O2 concentration made available to the bacteria, in order to ensure that they grow normally and synthesize magnetosomes. Growing magnetotactic bacteria for further studies using these procedures does not require the experimentalist to be an expert in microbiology. The general methods presented in this article may also be used to isolate and culture other magnetotactic bacteria, although it is likely that growth media chemical composition will need to be modified.

Growing Magnetotactic Bacteria of the Genus Magnetospirillum: Strains MSR-1, AMB-1 and MS-1

We present a procedure for growing several strains of Magnetospirillum in two different types of growth media. Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1 is grown in both liquid and O2 concentration gradient semi-solid media while M. magneticum strain AMB-1 and M. magnetotacticum strain MS-1 are grown in liquid medium.

属磁性の走磁性細菌の成長: MSR 1、AMB 1 MS 1 株

Magnetotactic bacteria are Gram-negative, motile, mainly aquatic prokaryotes ubiquitous in freshwater and marine habitats. They are characterized by their ...

MRM Microcoil Performance Calibration and Usage Demonstrated on Medicago truncatula Roots at 22 T

This protocol describes a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calibration and sample preparation method for solenoidal microcoils combined with biological samples, designed for high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), also referred to as MR microscopy (MRM). It may be used at pre-clinical MRI spectrometers, demonstrated on Medicago truncatula root samples. Microcoils increase sensitivity by matching the size of the RF resonator to the size of the sample of interest, thereby enabling higher image resolutions in a given data acquisition time. Due to the relatively simple design, solenoidal microcoils are straightforward and cheap to construct and can be easily adapted to the sample requirements. Systematically, we explain how to calibrate new or home-built microcoils, using a reference solution. The calibration steps include: pulse power determination using a nutation curve; estimation of RF-field homogeneity; and calculating a volume-normalized signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using standard pulse sequences. Important steps in sample preparation for small biological samples are discussed, as well as possible mitigating factors such as magnetic susceptibility differences. The applications of an optimized solenoid coil are demonstrated by high-resolution (13 x 13 x 13 &#956;m3, 2.2 pL) 3D imaging of a root sample.

MRM Microcoil Performance Calibration and Usage Demonstrated on Medicago truncatula Roots at 22 T

A protocol to study biological tissue at high spatial resolution using ultra-high field magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) using microcoils is presented. Step-by-step instructions are provided for characterizing the microcoils. Finally, optimization of imaging is demonstrated on plant roots.

22 Tで 医薬トランカチュラ ルーツで実証MRMマイクロコイル性能キャリブレーションと使用

This protocol describes a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calibration and sample preparation method for solenoidal microcoils combined with biological ...

Stimulation of Patterned Neuronal Cultures by a Magnetic Field

Source: Stern, S., et al., <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/54357">External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017)
This video demonstrates a method for stimulating neuronal cultures grown in a patterned circular ring on a coverslip, using a time-varying magnetic field.

磁場によるパターン化した神経細胞培養の刺激

1. Preparation of coverslips for 1D cultures.

	Clean glass coverslips by immersion in a base piranha solution consisting of 75 mL DDW, 25 mL 25% ammonia ...

静磁場を利用した農業植物の初期の成長率の向上

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

地磁気（Gmfと）と植物の進化：Gmfと逆転の影響に関する調査を

誘導植物成長のためのロボットセンシングと刺激供給

Control and Disposal of Invasive Japanese Knotweed Reynoutria japonica Houtt. Using Microwave Treatment

軟骨再生のための3次元磁気幹細胞凝集およびバイオリアクター成熟

電気を使用してニューロンと1次元と2次元培養における磁場の外部励起

生体組織の刺激のための電界・磁場装置

最適化と利用の

属磁性の走磁性細菌の成長: MSR 1、AMB 1 MS 1 株

22 Tで医薬トランカチュラルーツで実証MRMマイクロコイル性能キャリブレーションと使用

磁場によるパターン化した神経細胞培養の刺激

静磁場を利用した農業植物の初期の成長率の向上

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

地磁気（Gmfと）と植物の進化：Gmfと逆転の影響に関する調査を

誘導植物成長のためのロボットセンシングと刺激供給

Control and Disposal of Invasive Japanese Knotweed Reynoutria japonica Houtt. Using Microwave Treatment

軟骨再生のための3次元磁気幹細胞凝集およびバイオリアクター成熟

電気を使用してニューロンと1次元と2次元培養における磁場の外部励起

生体組織の刺激のための電界・磁場装置

最適化と利用の

属磁性の走磁性細菌の成長: MSR 1、AMB 1 MS 1 株

22 Tで 医薬トランカチュラ ルーツで実証MRMマイクロコイル性能キャリブレーションと使用

磁場によるパターン化した神経細胞培養の刺激

22 Tで医薬トランカチュラルーツで実証MRMマイクロコイル性能キャリブレーションと使用