この研究は、統合失調症、うつ病に関する研究とカナダの精神医学研究財団（FDへ）からCPRF賞のための米国国立アライアンスから若手研究者賞によってサポートされていました。 EDは、ワイス- CIHRポストドクトラルフェローシップによってサポートされていました。著者はデータ分析の支援のためにfMRIのデータ収集とクリスティーナ孫の支援のためにピーターのセレスに感謝します。

1。コレクションと思い出、画像化されたタスク、および実験プロトコールの選択感情のAMのコレクション<ol><li>個人的な思い出は、非感情的なAMS（例えば、11、12）のために採用手順に似て、fMRIのセッションの前に行うインタビューの中で各参加者から引き出されている。ほとんどの前の技術とは異なり、私たちのAMQは特に感情的な個人的なエピソードと、その思い出の特性の評価を対象に構築されます。一般的に使用される行動研究の方法と神経画像研究での使用に適合はCrovitzと被験者がキューの言葉に応答する特定の、個人的に経験豊かなイベントを覚えてSchiffmanはテクニック13-15を伴います。写真のパラダイムは、fMRIの研究16、17により制御された設定にAMSを調査するために使用されています。しかし、これらの技術は、通常、追憶の資質の点で一致するAMS、の感情的成分の検討を対象としない。 </li><li>私たちのAMQは、他の18、19で使用されるリストの組み合わせと拡張である明確なライフイベント（例えば、家族の誕生、相対的に死亡）、115言語的な合図のリストで構成されます。各キューの場合は、参加者は自分の人生からユニークなエピソードを覚えてするように求められます、それはむしろ（例えば、一般的または繰り返しイベントを思い出すよりも、特定の場所と時間（秒/彼は特定のバスケットボールの試合でプレー例えば、一方のインスタンス）で発生、高校バスケットボールを）。重要なのは、メモリはむしろ他の人から話を聞くよりも、個人的にかかわることの記憶を添付しなければならない。 </li><li>回想すると、参加者はその後、（参加者は事前にスキャンインタビューの特定の目的へのナイーブな）機能的MRIのスキャン中にパーソナライズされたメモリのキューとして使用されるメモリの簡単な説明を（図1を参照）、提供するように求められます。 </li><li>各メモリは、（図1参照）、その現象論的性質を評価するために六リッカートスケール20、21日に日付と評価される。 、 感情の強さ 、 個人的な意味 、 文脈詳細の量は、visuo -知覚ディテールの量（：私たちのスケールは、（非常に肯定的な-3 =非常に負、0 =中立、+3 = 7点尺度を使用して） 感情価が含まれてすなわち、鮮やかさ）、および検索の頻度 （7点尺度を使用して、後者のすべて：1 =すべてではないで、7 =非常に）。 </li></ol><img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig1.jpg" /> 図1。 AMQ行政のイラストは、各キューに対して、参加者が覚えていると簡単に日付と6スケールでレートをして特定のイベントを記述する、と。 高感情AMの選択<ol start="5"><li>次に、40の最も感情的な思い出は（20正と20負）AMQ（すなわち、定格2または3と、それぞれ2、3、）で提供される格付けに基づいて、各参加者に選択されています。正と負のAMSはthen回想中の脳活動の違いがこれらの基本的な特性の違いによって交絡されないようにするために、年齢と現象学的特性の点で一致している。 </li><li>必要に応じて、選択されたメモリの手がかりの記述はわずかに長さや文法的複雑さのためできるかぎり一致するようになっている、それはまた練習の目的のためにいくつかの追加のメモリを選択することをお勧めします。 </li></ol> fMRIのタスク<ol start="7"><li> fMRIのタスクは、意味記憶（SM）制御タスクとAMタスクの比較を可能にするために設計されて、AMとSM検索の試験では、同様の一般的な構造を（図2Aを参照してください）​​。我々はCIGAL（使用<a href="http://www.nitrc.org/projects/cigal/">http://www.nitrc.org/projects/cigal/を</a> MRスキャナーで刺激のプレゼンテーションのために）、しかし他の刺激のプレゼンテーションソフトを使用してもよい。 </li><li> AMのタスクは、スキャンする前に収集パーソナライズ手がかりに基づいています。各試験では、ボタンを押すと参加者によって示されているAMの記憶を、トリガーキューから始まります。その後、参加者は、金利再収集メモリを（図2B）に再びキューされるまで、イベントの詳細を覚え続ける。 </li><li> SMのタスクは、AMの取得、メモリ内の検索、拡張検索時間22（図2B）を含むような別の意味的なカテゴリー（例えば、楽器、スポーツ）、から手本の生成を伴います。セマンティックカテゴリがキューされている後に彼らがそのカテゴリから手本をリコール開始し、キューされるまで、メモリの評価のために再び想起し続けて、参加者はすぐにボタンを押してください。 </li></ol><img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig2a.jpg" /> <img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig2b.jpg" /> 図2。 fMRIの臨床試験の構造。A.一般試験の構造。 AMとSM試験のB.具体的な構造。 <ol start="10"><li> AMとSMの裁判の基本的な比較に加えて、他の操作にも関与することができます。例えば、AMの取得の焦点は、記憶のイベント（図2B）の感情的または非感情的な側面に注意を払うために、参加者を誘導することで操作することができます。この操作は、検索の焦点は、AMSの発生と関連する神経相関の任意の関連する変更に影響を及ぼすかもしれない方法の検討が可能になります。 </li><li>各AMまたはSMの試験は5点リッカート尺度を（図2Bを参照）を使用して、輪の順序で提示さ評価の画面が続きます。 </li><li>実験は、参加者の時間は休ませると機器の故障の場合のデータ損失を回避できるように両方の試験の実行/ブロックに分割されます。実行順序は、参加者の間で相殺される。各実行では、MR信号の安定化を可能にするために、固定の6秒から始まります。 AMとSMの条件は、変数の期間の間トライアル間隔（5-9秒、平均= 7秒。）で区切られたランダムな順序で表示されます。 </li></ol> 2。スキャンのために件名の準備すべての参加者は倫理委員会によって承認された実験的なプロトコルを、実行する前にインフォームドコンセントを書かれています。通常は、脳の活動の左右差に混乱さを避けるために、スキャンされた参加者は右利きです。 前にスキャン部屋に入る<ol><li>スキャンの日に、参加者の現在の感情状態は感情的なAMの回想で気分の影響を制御するために、23を評価される。ポストスキ​​ャンの評価と併せて、これらの初期の評価も調査への参加の結果として、気分の変化をスクリーニングすることができる、とfMRI解析における共変量として、現在の状態の影響を受けた脳の活動を調査する。同様に、性格特性の評価もAMのタスク24と関連付けられている神経相関に与える可能性バイアスを調査するために、（例えば、神経症的傾向）行うことができます。 </li><li>スキャンに先立ち、参加者は、スキャンの手順の詳細に通知され、行動課題のための具体的な指示を与えられている。また、参加者はタスクに慣れるために、短い練習セッションを完了します。 </li></ol>スキャン部屋に入る<ol start="3"><li>参加者は、スキャンベッドの上に仰臥位になるように指示され、スキャン中に快適性を確保し、動きを最小限に抑えるため、追加の頭部のクッションが設けられている。さらにヘッドの動きを最小限に抑えるために、テープの長さの非粘着面は、被験者の前頭部の周りに軽くラップされることがあります。被験者は、MRIスキャン中に実験者と通信するために耳の保護だけでなく、分離のヘッドフォンを与えられている。 </li><li>被験者の右手は、このように左手をサポートするためにまたは他の測定（例えば、皮膚コンダクタンス反応）のために使用できるように、レスポンスボックスに快適に配置されている。被験者はスキャナを停止するあらゆる緊急の必要性を示すことができるように緊急停止ボタンが近くに配置されます。 </li><li>データの収集を開始する前に、それは被験者が刺激提示のために明らかに画面の投影を見ることができると応答ボタンが正しく動作することを確認することが重要です。 </li></ol> 3。データの記録と処理スキャンパラメータ我々は、MRIの録音のために1.5テスラシーメンスソナタスキャナーを使用してMRIデータを収集した。解剖学的画像は、3D MPRAGEの解剖学的なシリーズでした（繰り返し時間（TR）= 1600ミリ秒、エコー時間（TE）= 3.82ミリ秒、スライスの数は= 112;ボクセルサイズ= 1x1x1 MM）、および機能画像が取得した、28の機能のスライスの連続でした軸方向にechoplanarシーケンスを使用して（TR = 2000ミリ秒、TE = 40ミリ秒、視野FOV = 256 × 256 mmのフィールド、ボクセルサイズ= 4x4x4 mm）を、こうしてフル脳カバーすることができます。 データ解析 ：我々は、統計的パラメトリックマッピング（SPM使用<a href="http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm">http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spmを</a>社内のMatlabベースのツールと組み合わせて）。前処理の標準的な手順：品質保証、TRのアライメント、動きの補正、共同登録、正規化、および平滑化（8 mm 3のカーネル）。個人およびグループレベルの統計分析では、メモリのタイプ（AM対SM）、感情価（ポジティブ対ネガティブ）、および検索のフォーカス（感情と非感情的な内容）に基づいて脳活動の比較を伴うことがあります。 4。代表的な結果<img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig3.jpg" /> 図3。 AMの検索の神経相関。現在のプロトコルの検証、AMSの検索は、カバを含むAM検索ネットワーク4、25の活動の増加をもたらした一般的な記憶の想起に関与campal地域（）、、個人的な約束、楔状部/楔前部の領域と処理visuo -空間表現に関連付けられている頭頂後頭接合（C、E、それぞれ）、関連付けられている前頭前野の内側部（B）、 、そして感情AMの取得にかかわる前頭側頭接合部（D）、後者と同様の効果をも扁桃体（図示せず）で発見された。 &quot;活性化マップは、&quot;冠状（左パネル）に表示されている高解像度の脳の画像に重畳してsaggital（真ん中と右のパネル）のビューされ、カラーバーは、活性化マップのt値（P &lt;0.005、10の隣接するボクセルの勾配を示す26）、メモリのキューのオンセットにタイムロックの脳活動を反映する。線グラフは、各試験の種類とTR（1 TR = 2秒）のために、fMRIの信号（％信号の変化）の時間経過を示しています。 L =左、R =右。

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利害の衝突は宣言されません。

ここで紹介した実験的なデザインは、感情的な自伝的記憶を思い出すの神経相関の調査が可能になります。この設計では、脳が個人的な記憶を思い出すの情動バイアスを（正または負）を生成する方法についての我々の知識を前進させる可能性を秘めている、そしてどのようにこれらのバイアスは（感情的または非感情的な側面に関する）検索のフォーカスで変調可能性があります。このプ?...

brain imaging investigation of the neural correlates of emotional autobiographical recollection

感情的な自伝的記憶の回想（AMS）は健康な認知と感情の機能1に重要である-否定的なAMS上で覚えておくと反芻すると、情動障害を3につながる可能性があります一方、肯定的なAMSを思い出しては、幸福や自尊心2の増加、個人に関連付けられています。ものの大きな進展は、一般的にAMの検索を（、4に5レビュー）根底にある脳のメカニズムを理解する上でなされている、以下AMSと関連する神経相関の主観的な再体験に感情の影響についてはほとんど知られていない。これは部分的に実験室ベースのマイクロイベント（6、7-9でレビューさ）のためのメモリ上に感情の影響の調査とは異なり、多くの場合は研究がの感情的な側面に明確な焦点を持っていない回答、という事実によるものである個人的なイベントを思い出して（ただし10を参照）。ここで、我々は、機能的磁気共鳴画像（fMRI）を用いて感情的なAMSを回想の神経相関の調査を可能にするプロトコルを示す。これらの思い出の手がかりは、したがって、それらの現象論的特性（すなわち、強さ、鮮やかさ、個人的な有意性）に基づいて、感情的なAMの適切な選択を可能にする、自伝的記憶のアンケート（AMQ）によってスキャンする前に収集されます。このプロトコルは、同様に健康と臨床集団で使用することができます。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection at JoVE.com

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

我々は、機能的磁気共鳴画像法を用いて、感情的な自伝的記憶を回想の神経相関の調査を可能にするプロトコルを示す。このプロトコルは、健康と臨床の両方の参加者と一緒に使用することができます。

感情的な自伝追憶の神経相関の脳イメージング研究

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is ...

brain-imaging-investigation-neural-correlates-emotional

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.7K ビュー.  University of Alberta, Edmonton. 我々は、機能的磁気共鳴画像法を用いて、感情的な自伝的記憶を回想の神経相関の調査を可能にするプロトコルを示す。このプロトコルは、健康と臨床の両方の参加者と一緒に使用することができます。

ビデオ: Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

仮想社会的相互作用を観察するの神経相関の脳イメージング研究

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

神経科学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

情動表出の制御の神経相関の脳イメージング研究

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of emotion on memory. A method that has proven particularly influential in the 
investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is the so-called subsequent memory paradigm (SMP). This method was originally used to investigate the 
neural correlates of non-emotional memories3, and more recently we and others also applied it successfully to studies of emotional memory (reviewed in4, 5-7). 
Here, we describe a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion using the SMP in conjunction with 
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important feature of the SMP is that it allows separation of brain activity specifically 
associated with memory from more general activity associated with perception. Moreover, in the context of investigating the impact of emotional stimuli, 
SMP allows identification of brain regions whose activity is susceptible to emotional modulation of both general/perceptual and memory-specific processing. 
This protocol can be used in healthy subjects8-15, as well as in clinical patients where there are alterations in the neural correlates of emotion perception 
and biases in remembering emotional events, such as those suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)16, 17.

We present a protocol that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion. This protocol allows identification of brain activity specifically linked to memory-related processing, contrary to more general perceptual processing, and can be used with healthy and clinical populations.

感情の記憶増強効果の脳イメージング研究

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

認知に関する情動の損なう効果の脳イメージング研究

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion expressions, and multimodal (i.e., film clips) stimuli that included contextual cues. All stimuli were presented via computer. Participants were required to indicate how the person in each stimulus was feeling using a forced-choice format. Additionally, for the film clips, participants had to indicate how they felt in response to the stimulus, and the level of intensity with which they experienced that emotion.

This paper describes how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine emotion recognition of isolated facial and vocal emotion expressions, and a novel task using commercial television and film clips to assess multimodal emotion recognition that includes contextual cues.

外傷性脳損傷を持つ人々によって感情の認識を評価するために単離された式とフィルムクリップの使用を探ります

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion ...

行動学

Investigating the Neural Mechanisms of Aware and Unaware Fear Memory with fMRI

Pavlovian fear conditioning is often used in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans to investigate the neural substrates of associative learning 1-5. In these studies, it is important to provide behavioral evidence of conditioning to verify that differences in brain activity are learning-related and correlated with human behavior. 
Fear conditioning studies often monitor autonomic responses (e.g. skin conductance response; SCR) as an index of learning and memory 6-8. In addition, other behavioral measures can provide valuable information about the learning process and/or other cognitive functions that influence conditioning. For example, the impact unconditioned stimulus (UCS) expectancies have on the expression of the conditioned response (CR) and unconditioned response (UCR) has been a topic of interest in several recent studies 9-14. SCR and UCS expectancy measures have recently been used in conjunction with fMRI to investigate the neural substrates of aware and unaware fear learning and memory processes 15. Although these cognitive processes can be evaluated to some degree following the conditioning session, post-conditioning assessments cannot measure expectations on a trial-to-trial basis and are susceptible to interference and forgetting, as well as other factors that may distort results 16,17 .
Monitoring autonomic and behavioral responses simultaneously with fMRI provides a mechanism by which the neural substrates that mediate complex relationships between cognitive processes and behavioral/autonomic responses can be assessed. However, monitoring autonomic and behavioral responses in the MRI environment poses a number of practical problems. Specifically, 1) standard behavioral and physiological monitoring equipment is constructed of ferrous material that cannot be safely used near the MRI scanner, 2) when this equipment is placed outside of the MRI scanning chamber, the cables projecting to the subject can carry RF noise that produces artifacts in brain images, 3) artifacts can be produced within the skin conductance signal by switching gradients during scanning, 4) the fMRI signal produced by the motor demands of behavioral responses may need to be distinguished from activity related to the cognitive processes of interest. Each of these issues can be resolved with modifications to the setup of physiological monitoring equipment and additional data analysis procedures. Here we present a methodology to simultaneously monitor autonomic and behavioral responses during fMRI, and demonstrate the use of these methods to investigate aware and unaware memory processes during fear conditioning.

A methodology to investigate the neural mechanisms that support aware and unaware memory processes during fear conditioning is described. This method monitors blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging, skin conductance response, and unconditioned stimulus expectancy during Pavlovian fear conditioning to assess the neural correlates of distinct memory processes.

fMRIの持つ認識と非認識恐怖記憶の神経機構を調査する

Pavlovian fear conditioning is often used in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans to investigate the neural substrates ...

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure involves the chronic placement of multiple depth electrodes into regions of the brain typically inaccessible via subdural grid electrode placement. SEEG thus provides a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. In this paper we demonstrate how SEEG can be used to investigate the role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in cognitive control. We include a description of the SEEG procedure, demonstrating the surgical placement of the electrodes. We describe the components and process required to record local field potential (LFP) data from consenting subjects while they are engaged in a behavioral task. In the example provided, subjects play a cognitive interference task, and we demonstrate how signals are recorded and analyzed from electrodes in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, an area intimately involved in decision-making. We conclude with further suggestions of ways in which this method can be used for investigating human cognitive processes.

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is an operative technique used in epilepsy surgery to help localize seizure foci. It also affords a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. Here we describe how SEEG can be used to investigate cognitive processes in human subjects.

定位脳波を使用して、ディープ皮質の機能と下構造の調査：前帯状皮質からの教訓は、

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure ...

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) show heightened brain activity in limbic and orbitofrontal regions when confronted with negative emotions, which could be associated with impairments in emotion regulation skills. The ability to regulate emotions is a necessary coping mechanism when facing emotionally distressing situations, and deliberate emotion regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal have been extensively studied in the general population. Despite this, little is known about potential deliberate emotion regulation deficits in OCD patients and the associated neural correlates. Here, we describe a protocol to investigate the neural correlates of deliberate emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in OCD patients in comparison to a matched control sample. This protocol follows current gold standards for neuroimaging studies and includes both task activation and connectivity analysis (as well as behavioral data) to allow a more complete investigation. Therefore, we expect it will contribute to expanding the knowledge of the neural correlates of emotion (dys)regulation in OCD, and it could also be applied to explore emotion regulation deficits in other psychiatric disorders.

We introduce a protocol for exploring the neural correlates of a cognitive emotion regulation task, namely cognitive reappraisal, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol was used in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy controls but can also be used in other clinical samples.

タスクベースの機能的磁気共鳴画像法を用いた強迫性障害における認知再評価の神経相関の探索

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) show heightened brain activity in limbic and orbitofrontal regions when confronted with negative ...

Using fMRI to Dissect Moral Judgment

Source: William Brady &#38; Jay Van Bavel&#8212;New York University
In examining the roles of reason and emotion in moral judgments, psychologists and philosophers alike point to the trolley dilemma and the footbridge dilemma. With the trolley dilemma, most people say that it is appropriate to pull a switch to stop a train from hitting five people by diverting it to kill one person. However, with the footbridge dilemma, most people say it is inappropriate to push a large man off of a bridge in order to hit a train (killing him) and stop it from running into five people. Reason would dictate that in both of the foregoing dilemmas, one life should be sacrificed to save five lives. But to many people, pushing the large man just &#8220;feels wrong&#8221; because it triggers more negative emotions than pulling a switch. In this case, emotion seems to trump reason. &#160;
In recent years, psychology and neuroscience have entered the debate over the roles of reason and emotion in moral judgment. Researchers can scan brain activity as individuals make making moral judgments. Research shows that different brain areas associated are active during contemplation of the footbridge dilemma versus the trolley dilemma.
Inspired by Greene, Sommerville, Nystrom, Darley and Cohen, this video demonstrates how to design moral dilemma tasks and integrate them into experiments using using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology.1

道徳的な判断の解剖に fMRI を用いてください。

Source: William Brady &#38; Jay Van Bavel&#8212;New York University
In examining the roles of reason and emotion in moral judgments, psychologists and ...

Education

JoVE Science Education

心理学

社会心理学

Physiological Correlates of Emotion Recognition

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the activity of the body's internal organs and regulates changes in their activity depending on the current environment. The vagus nerve, which innervates many of the internal organs, is an important part of the system. When our brain senses danger, vagal tone is inhibited, leading to a set of changes in the body designed to make us more prepared to fight or flee; for example, our heart rate increases, our pupils dilate, and we breath more quickly. Conversely, when the vagal system is activated, these physiological responses are inhibited, leading to a calmer state. The vagus nerve, then, acts as a kind of "brake" on our arousal. One interesting consequence of this calmer state is that it tends to promote social interaction-when we are not tensed and afraid of our immediate environment we are instead receptive to interacting with others. Poor functioning of this regulatory mechanism, therefore, may be associated with difficulties in social behavior.
One index of autonomic regulation is heart rate variability (HRV). HRV is a measure of how much the gap between one beat and the next varies over time. High HRV means there are continual fluctuations in the heart rate over time, a reflection of successful autonomic regulation. Low HRV means there is consistency of the heart rate over time, a condition associated with poor autonomic regulation. 
In this study we will test the hypothesis that increased HRV is associated with more accurate categorization of emotional stimuli.1,2 Following a study by Park et al., we will measure HRV and test its association on a task that measures skill at perceiving facial emotions.3

Correlating Heart Rate Variability with Emotion Recognition

感情認識の生理学的相関

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the ...