Vorremmo ringraziare il prof. Ferenc Krausz per le discussioni e Najd Altwaijry per il suo supporto per la finalizzazione del manoscritto. Questo lavoro è stato finanziato dal Centro per le Applicazioni Laser avanzate (CALA).

<ol>
	<li>Fattahi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Third-generation+femtosecond+technology.">Third-generation femtosecond technology.</a> Optica. 1 (1), 45-63 (2014).</li><li>Hentschel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attosecond+metrology.">Attosecond metrology.</a> Nature. 414 (6863), 509-513 (2001).</li><li>Cavalieri, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intense+1.5-cycle+near+infrared+laser+waveforms+and+their+use+for+the+generation+of+ultra-broadband+soft-x-ray+harmonic+continua.">Intense 1.5-cycle near infrared laser waveforms and their use for the generation of ultra-broadband soft-x-ray harmonic continua.</a> New J Phys. 9 (7), 242 (2007).</li><li>Schweinberger, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Waveform-controlled+near-single-cycle+milli-joule+laser+pulses+generate+sub-10+nm+extreme+ultraviolet+continua.">Waveform-controlled near-single-cycle milli-joule laser pulses generate sub-10 nm extreme ultraviolet continua.</a> Opt Lett. 37, 3573-3575 (2012).</li><li>Buck, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+observation+of+laser-driven+electron+acceleration.">Real-time observation of laser-driven electron acceleration.</a> Nature Phys. 7 (7), 543-548 (2011).</li><li>Zhong, H., Karpowicz, N., Zhang, X. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Terahertz+emission+profile+from+laser-induced+air+plasma.">Terahertz emission profile from laser-induced air plasma.</a> Appl Phys Lett. 88 (26), 261103 (2006).</li><li>Herrmann, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+sub-three-cycle,+16+TW+light+pulses+by+using+noncollinear+optical+parametric+chirped-pulse+amplification.">Generation of sub-three-cycle, 16 TW light pulses by using noncollinear optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification.</a> Opt Lett. 34 (16), 2459-2461 (2009).</li><li>Adachi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=1.5+mJ,+6.4+fs+parametric+chirped-pulse+amplification+system+at+1+kHz.">1.5 mJ, 6.4 fs parametric chirped-pulse amplification system at 1 kHz.</a> Opt Lett. 32 (17), 2487-2489 (2007).</li><li>Adachi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=5-fs,+multi-mJ,+CEP-locked+parametric+chirped-pulse+amplifier+pumped+by+a+450-nm+source+at+1+kHz.">5-fs, multi-mJ, CEP-locked parametric chirped-pulse amplifier pumped by a 450-nm source at 1 kHz.</a> Opt express. 16 (19), 14341-14352 (2008).</li><li>Yin, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-efficiency+optical+parametric+chirped-pulse+amplifier+in+BiB3O6+for+generation+of+3+mJ,+two-cycle,+carrier-envelope-phase-stable+pulses+at+1.7+&#181;m.">High-efficiency optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier in BiB3O6 for generation of 3 mJ, two-cycle, carrier-envelope-phase-stable pulses at 1.7 &#181;m.</a> Opt Lett. 41 (6), 1142-1145 (2016).</li><li>Deng, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carrier-envelope-phase-stable,+1.2+mJ,+1.5+cycle+laser+pulses+at+2.1+&#181;m.">Carrier-envelope-phase-stable, 1.2 mJ, 1.5 cycle laser pulses at 2.1 &#181;m.</a> Opt Lett. 37 (23), 4973-4975 (2012).</li><li>Rothhardt, J., Demmler, S., H&#228;drich, S., Limpert, J., T&#252;nnermann, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Octave-spanning+OPCPA+system+delivering+CEP-stable+few-cycle+pulses+and+22+W+of+average+power+at+1+MHz+repetition+rate.">Octave-spanning OPCPA system delivering CEP-stable few-cycle pulses and 22 W of average power at 1 MHz repetition rate.</a> Opt express. 20 (10), 10870-10878 (2012).</li><li>Heckl, O. H., Nolte, S., Schrempel, F., Dausinger, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ultrafast Thin-Disk Lasers.Ultrashort Pulse Laser Technology. 195, 93-115 (2016).</li><li>Zapata, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryogenic+Yb:YAG+composite-thin-disk+for+high+energy+and+average+power+amplifiers.">Cryogenic Yb:YAG composite-thin-disk for high energy and average power amplifiers.</a> Opt. Lett. 40 (11), 2610-2613 (2015).</li><li>Schulz, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Yb:YAG+Innoslab+amplifier:+efficient+high+repetition+rate+subpicosecond+pumping+system+for+optical+parametric+chirped+pulse+amplification.">Yb:YAG Innoslab amplifier: efficient high repetition rate subpicosecond pumping system for optical parametric chirped pulse amplification.</a> Opt Lett. 36 (13), 2456-2458 (2011).</li><li>Roeser, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Millijoule+pulse+energy+high+repetition+rate+femtosecond+fiber+chirped-pulse+amplification+system.">Millijoule pulse energy high repetition rate femtosecond fiber chirped-pulse amplification system.</a> Opt Lett. 32 (24), 3495-3497 (2007).</li><li>Russbueldt, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=400+W+Yb:YAG+Innoslab+fs-amplifier.">400 W Yb:YAG Innoslab fs-amplifier.</a> Opt Express. 17 (15), 12230-12245 (2009).</li><li>Baumgarten, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=0.5+kHz+repetition+rate+picosecond+laser.">0.5 kHz repetition rate picosecond laser.</a> Opt Lett. 41 (14), 3339-3342 (2016).</li><li>Klingebiel, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=220mJ,+1+kHz+Picosecond+Regenerative+Thin-Disk+Amplifier.">220mJ, 1 kHz Picosecond Regenerative Thin-Disk Amplifier.</a> , (2015).</li><li>Nubbemeyer, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=1+kW,+200+mJ+picosecond+thin-disk+laser+system.">1 kW, 200 mJ picosecond thin-disk laser system.</a> Opt Lett. 42 (7), 1381-1384 (2017).</li><li>Fattahi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-power,+1-ps,+all-Yb:YAG+thin-disk+regenerative+amplifier.">High-power, 1-ps, all-Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier.</a> Opt Lett. 41 (6), 1126-1129 (2016).</li><li>Brons, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+scaling+of+Kerr-lens+mode-locked+thin-disk+oscillators.">Energy scaling of Kerr-lens mode-locked thin-disk oscillators.</a> Opt Lett. 39 (22), 6442-6445 (2014).</li><li>Trebino, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+ultrashort+laser+pulses+in+the+time-frequency+domain+using+frequency-resolved+optical+gating.">Measuring ultrashort laser pulses in the time-frequency domain using frequency-resolved optical gating.</a> Rev Sci Instrum. 68 (9), 3277-3295 (1997).</li><li>Arisholm, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+numerical+methods+for+simulating+second-order+nonlinear+interactions+in+birefringent+media.">General numerical methods for simulating second-order nonlinear interactions in birefringent media.</a> J Opt Soc Am B. 14 (10), 2543-2549 (1997).</li><li>Zhang, D. X., Kong, Y. F., Zhang, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+parametric+properties+of+532-nm-pumped+beta-barium-borate+near+the+infrared+absorption+edge.">Optical parametric properties of 532-nm-pumped beta-barium-borate near the infrared absorption edge.</a> Opt Commun. 184 (5), 485-491 (2000).</li><li>Kato, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature-tuned+90o+phase-matching+properties+of+LiB3O5.">Temperature-tuned 90o phase-matching properties of LiB3O5.</a> IEEE J Quant Electron. 30 (12), 2950-2952 (1994).</li><li>Fattahi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Third-generation femtosecond technology. , (2016).</li></ol>

Gli autori non hanno nulla da rivelare.

Il funzionamento a chiave del oscillatore è ottenuto dalla gestione ottimale del calore delle diverse componenti del laser. L&#39;uscita dell&#39;oscillatore è riproducibile su base giornaliera, senza necessità di allineamento o ottimizzazione supplementari. Inoltre, la stabilità energetica impulso-impulso e la stabilità di punta spaziale del laser di sementi soddisfano le condizioni preliminari per il funzionamento stabile dell&#39;amplificatore rigenerativo. Altre sorgenti di sementi a basso contenuto energetico, come gli amplificatori a fibre, possono essere utilizzati per seminare l&#39;amplificatore. In questo studio è stato utilizzato un oscillatore KLM da 2 μJ Yb: YAG per aiutare l&#39;amplificazione dell&#39;amplificatore rigenerativo riducendo la crescita delle fasi non lineari accumulate, in quanto il numero di giri voluto richiesto è ridotto per l&#39;energia di semi più alta . Inoltre, la maggiore energia seme influenza il processo di amplificazione e riduce il rallentamento del guadagno. La larghezza di banda spettrale misurata del pulso amplificatoEs per energie di sementi differenti a una potenza fissa della pompa è mostrato in Figura 5c . La larghezza di banda spettrale amplificata diminuisce per le energie di seme inferiori a causa del restringimento dei guadagni. Per l&#39;energia di sementi da 10 pJ, il laser opera nel periodo raddoppiato e non è possibile raggiungere un funzionamento stabile, anche aumentando il numero di giri andati. Oltre all&#39;attenta ottimizzazione dei sistemi di raffreddamento e dell&#39;alimentazione dei diodi, il funzionamento dell&#39;amplificatore rigenerativo a saturazione svolge un ruolo importante nella stabilità raggiunta dell&#39;amplificatore. La fondamentale o la seconda armonica del laser può essere usata per pompare un sistema OPCPA. Per SHG, sono state confrontate le prestazioni di un LBO e un cristallo di BBO, in quanto offrono un elevato coefficiente non lineare e una soglia di danno, nonostante il largo spazio spaziale e l&#39;apertura limitata disponibile nel caso della BBO. Poiché il coefficiente non lineare della BBO è quasi il doppio del LBO, un cristallo più corto è sufFinient per raggiungere il limite di saturazione per SHG ( Figura 6a ). Pertanto, BBO è la scelta più adatta, poiché la fase non lineare accumulata è più piccola 28 . Le durate di impulso degli impulsi SH sono caratterizzate sperimentalmente a diverse efficienze di conversione. È stato osservato che ad alta efficienza di conversione, lo spettro SHG è ampliato e appare una fase spettrale di ordine superiore ( Figura 6 ). Pertanto viene scelto il caso B, con l&#39;efficienza di conversione del 70%, dove gli SH e le travi fondamentali non convertite mantengono una qualità eccellente.

La generazione di impulsi laser ad alta energia, a pochi cicli ad elevata frequenza di ripetizione, è di grande interesse per i campi applicati, come la scienza attosecond 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 e la fisica alta 5 , 6 , Dalla disponibilità di tali fonti. OPCPA rappresenta la via più promettente per ottenere energie ad impulso elevate e ampie larghezze di banda di amplificazione che supportano contemporaneamente impulsi a pochi cicli 1 . Ad oggi, OPCPA consente l&#39;amplificazione ultra-banda larga, che genera impulsi a pochi cicli 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 . Tuttavia, un&#39;implementazione modificata dello schema OPCPA, che utilizza impulsi corti della pompa sulla scala di picosecondi, è promessa perRendendo questo approccio scalabile per energie di impulso ancora più elevate e potenze medie nel regime a pochi cicli 1 , 11 , 12 . A causa dell&#39;elevata intensità della pompa in OPCPA pompato a breve impulso, l&#39;elevato guadagno a singolo passaggio consente l&#39;utilizzo di cristalli molto sottili per supportare ampie larghezze di banda di amplificazione. Sebbene l&#39;OPCPA pompato a impulsi corti abbia molti vantaggi, la realizzabilità di questo approccio è soggetta alla disponibilità di laser adatti a questo scopo. Questi laser di pompaggio sono necessari per fornire impulsi picosecondi ad alta energia con qualità del fascio limitato vicino a diffrazione a velocità di ripetizione nella gamma da kHz a MHz 13 , 14 , 15 . L&#39;introduzione di laser a base di itterbium a diverse geometrie, in grado di fornire impulsi laser a picosecondi ad alta energia e ad alta potenza media, Stanno per cambiare lo stato attuale del campo 1 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 . Yb: YAG ha una buona conducibilità termica e una lunga durata di stato superiore, e può essere pompata da laser a diodo a basso costo. La sua prestazione quando viene utilizzata in geometria a disco sottile è eccezionale a causa del raffreddamento efficiente del mezzo di guadagno per scalare simultaneamente il picco e la potenza media. Inoltre, il fenomeno dell&#39;autofocusione all&#39;interno del mezzo di guadagno durante il processo di amplificazione viene soppresso a causa della maneggevolezza del disco sottile rispetto ad altre geometrie del medium di guadagno, con conseguente profili temporali e spaziali eccellenti degli impulsi amplificati. Combinando questo concetto con CPA promette di generare impulsi picosecondi con centinaia di million di energia e centinaiaDi watt di potenza media 19 , 20 . Lo scopo di questo lavoro è quello di dimostrare un amplificatore rigenerativo a disco rigido Yb: YAG con eccezionali prestazioni quotidiane come una fonte adatta per il pompaggio di OPCPA 21 . Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, questo studio utilizza un oscillatore 22 a disco Yb: YAG con microspi di energia a impulsi per seminare l&#39;amplificatore per minimizzare la fase non lineare accumulata durante il processo di amplificazione. Questo protocollo fornisce la ricetta per la costruzione e il funzionamento del sistema laser, descritto altrove 21 . Sono mostrati dettagli sul software di implementazione e controllo dei componenti e viene descritto il processo di allineamento del sistema.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Electrooptics&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber-Coupled Diode Laser Module</td><td>Dilas Diodenlaser GmbH</td><td>M1F8H12-940.5-500C-IS11.34</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber-Coupled Diode Laser Module</td><td>Laserline GmbH</td><td>LDM1000-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power Supply for Diode Laser</td><td>Delta Elektronika B.V.</td><td>SM 15-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power Supply for Diode Laser</td><td>Delta Elektronika B.V.</td><td>SM 35-45</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pulse Picker&#039;s Driver</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pockels Cell&#039;s Driver</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pulse Picker&#039;s Driver Power Supply</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PCD8m7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pockels Cell&#039;s Driver Power Supply</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PCD8m7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Delay Generator PCI</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BME_SG08p</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Splitter Box</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Resonant Preamplifier</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BME_P03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pulse Picker&#039;s crystal</td><td>Castech Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>12*12*20 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Pockels Cell&#039;s crystal</td><td>Castech Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>12*12*20 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Optics&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin-disk</td><td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin-disk Head</td><td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber</td><td>Frank Optic Products GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber Objective</td><td>Edmund Optics GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Faraday Isolator</td><td>Electro-Optics Technology, Inc</td><td>EOT.189.12231</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Faraday Rotator</td><td>Electro-Optics Technology, Inc</td><td>EOT.189.22040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stretcher&#039;s Grating 1</td><td>Horiba Jobin Yvon GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>60*40*10 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Stretcher&#039;s Grating 2</td><td>Horiba Jobin Yvon GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>350*190*50 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Compressor&#039;s Grating 1</td><td>Plymouth Grating Laboratory, Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>40*40*16 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Compressor&#039;s Grating 2</td><td>Plymouth Grating Laboratory, Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>300*100*50 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>108060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-09965, S-04484</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>108063</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-09966, S-04484</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), curved</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 2&quot; (1030nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-09965, S-05474</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 2&quot; (1030nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-09966, S-05474</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin Film Polarizer (1030nm), 2&quot;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>103930</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Waveplate L/2 (1030nm)</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>106058</td><td>&amp;Oslash;=25mm</td></tr><tr><td>Waveplate L/4 (1030nm)</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>106060</td><td>&amp;Oslash;=25mm</td></tr><tr><td>AR Window (1030nm), wedge</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-00183-01, S-00988</td><td>&amp;Oslash;=38mm</td></tr><tr><td>Output Coupler, 1&quot; (1030nm)</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>PR = 88 %</td></tr><tr><td>High-dispersion Mirror (1030nm)</td><td>UltraFast Innovations GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>GDD = -3000 fs&amp;sup2;</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 1&quot; (1030nm), Plano-Convex</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 1&quot; (1030nm), Plano-Concave</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 2&quot; (1030nm), Plano-Convex</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 2&quot; (1030nm), Plano-Concave</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>129784</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>042-0515-i0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>110924</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>042-0515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), curved</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), curved</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 2&quot; (515nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>045-0515-i0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 2&quot; (515nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>045-0515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin Film Polarizer (515nm), 2&quot;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>112544</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Waveplate L/2 (515nm)</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>112546</td><td>&amp;Oslash;=25mm</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 1&quot; (515nm), Plano-Convex</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 1&quot; (515nm), Plano-Concave</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Kerr Medium</td><td>Meller Optics, Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>Sapphire, 1mm</td></tr><tr><td>BBO Crystal</td><td>Castech Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>7*7*1.5 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Harmonic Separator, 1&quot;, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>042-5135</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Harmonic Separator, 2&quot;, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>045-5135</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver Mirror, 1&quot;, flat</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>PF10-03-P01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver Mirror, 1&quot;, curved</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Absorptive Neutral Density</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>NE##A</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Reflective Neutral Density</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>ND##A</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Round Continuously Variable</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>NDC-50C-4M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Edgepass Filter (Longpass)</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>FEL####</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Edgepass Filter (Shortpass)</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>FES####</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Wedge</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Optomechanics &amp;amp; Motion&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 1&quot; (small)</td><td>S. Maier GmbH</td><td>S1M4-##-1&amp;rdquo;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 1&quot; (large)</td><td>S. Maier GmbH</td><td>S3-##</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 1&quot;</td><td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1&quot; adjustable&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 2&quot;</td><td>S. Maier GmbH</td><td>S4-##</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 2&quot;</td><td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>2&quot; adjustable&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotation Mount 1&amp;rdquo;</td><td>S. Maier GmbH</td><td>D25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotation Mount 1&amp;rdquo;</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>RSP1/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotation Mount 2&amp;rdquo;</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>RSP2/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Precision Rotation Stage</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>M-UTR120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Four-Axis Diffraction Grating Mount</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>DGM-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Translation Stage</td><td>OptoSigma Corporation</td><td>TADC-651SR25-M6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pockels cell stage</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>9082-M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pockels Cell Holder</td><td>Home-made</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Picomotor Controller/Driver Kit</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>8742-12-KIT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Picomotor Piezo Linear Actuators</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>8301NF</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Picomotor Rotation Mount</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>8401-M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hand Control Pad</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>8758</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Light Analysis&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beam Profiling Camera</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>SP620</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beam Profiling Camera</td><td>DataRay Inc.</td><td>WCD-UCD23</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Photodiodes (solw)</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>DET10A/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Photodiodes (fast)</td><td>Alphalas GmbH</td><td>UPD-200-SP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin-disk Camera</td><td>Imaging Development Systems GmbH</td><td>UI-2220SE-M-GL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oscilloscope</td><td>Tektronix GmbH</td><td>DPO5204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oscilloscope</td><td>Teledyne LeCroy GmbH</td><td>SDA 760Zi-A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Avantes</td><td>AvaSpec-ULS3648-USB2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td><td>HR4C1769</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td><td>HR4C3762</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td><td>HR4D464</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td><td>HR4D466</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Thermal Power Sensor</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>L50(150)A-PF-35</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Thermal Power Sensor</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>FL500A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Thermal Power Sensor</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>3A-P-V1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power and Energy Meter</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>Vega</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Systems&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Beam Stabilization System</td><td>TEM-Messtechnik GmbH</td><td>Aligna</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser M&amp;sup2; Measuring System</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>M&amp;sup2;-200s</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FROG</td><td>Home-made</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>XFROG</td><td>Home-made</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cooling Chiller</td><td>H.I.B Systemtechnik GmbH</td><td>6HE-000800-W-W-R23-2-DI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cooling Chiller</td><td>Termotek GmbH</td><td>P201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cooling Chiller</td><td>Termotek GmbH</td><td>P208</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Safety Goggles</td><td>Protect - Laserschutz GmbH</td><td>BGU 10-0165-G-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Infra-red Viewer</td><td>FJW Optical Systems</td><td>84499A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Viewing Card</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>VRC4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Viewing Card</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>VRC5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Viewing Card</td><td>Laser Components GmbH</td><td>LDT-1064 BG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flowmeter</td><td>KOBOLD Messring GmbH</td><td>DTK-1250G2C34P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pressure Gauge</td><td>KOBOLD Messring GmbH</td><td>EN 837-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature Sensor</td><td>KOBOLD Messring GmbH</td><td>TDA-15H* ***P3M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>WinLase Software</td><td>Dr. C. Horvath &amp;amp; Dr. F. Loesel</td><td>WinLase Version 2.1 pro.</td><td>Laser Cavity Software</td></tr></tbody></table>

20 mj, 1 ps yb:yag thin-disk regenerative amplifier

Si tratta di un rapporto su un amplificatore rigenerativo a disco sottile da 100 W, 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb: YAG. Un sottile disco Yb: YAG in forma casalinga, l&#39;oscillatore bloccato in modalità Kerr a obiettivo con prestazioni a chiave e energia a impulsi a micro-jusle viene utilizzato per seminare l&#39;amplificatore rigenerativo a impulsi a chirped. L&#39;amplificatore è collocato in un alloggiamento ermetico. Funziona a temperatura ambiente e presenta un funzionamento stabile a una frequenza di ripetizione di 5 kHz, con una stabilità impulso-impulso inferiore all&#39;1%. Utilizzando un cristallo di borato di beta borato di spessore di 1,5 mm, la frequenza dell&#39;uscita laser è raddoppiata a 515 nm, con una potenza media di 70 W, che corrisponde ad un&#39;efficienza ottica-ottica del 70%. Questa prestazione superiore rende il sistema una sorgente attraente della pompa per gli amplificatori parametrici a impulsi a impulsi ottici nell&#39;intervallo spettrale a infrarossi ea medio infrarossi. Combinando le prestazioni del turn-key e la stabilità superiore dell&#39;amplificatore rigenerativo, il sistema facilita la generazione di una banda larga, stabile CEPseme. Fornire la sorgente e la pompa dell&#39;amplificazione ottica parametrica a impulsi a chirped (OPCPA) da una sorgente laser elimina la richiesta di sincronizzazione temporale attiva tra questi impulsi. Questo lavoro presenta una guida dettagliata per l&#39;impostazione e l&#39;azionamento di un amplificatore rigenerativo a disco sottile Yb: YAG, basato su amplificazione a impulsi a chirpaggio (CPA), come sorgente della pompa per un amplificatore ottico a impulsi parametrici ottici.

<html> L&#39;oscillatore fornisce 350 fs, 2 μJ, impulsi a 25 W con frequenza di ripetizione di 11 MHz, con una stabilità impulso di impulso pari a 1% (rms) e fluttuazioni a raggio inferiore di 0,6% per 1 h di misura ( Figura 4 ). <img alt="Figura 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig4.jpg" /> Figura 4 : Yb: disco sottile YAG, oscillatore bloccato in modalità Kerr-lens. (A) Lo spettro (rosso), il profilo temporale recuperato intensità (blu), e il profilo spaziale (riquadro) degli impulsi dell&#39;oscillatore. ( B ) misurato e recuperato lo spettrografo SHG-FROG dell&#39;oscillatore. Questa cifra è stata modificata da Fattahi et al. , Con permesso di riferimento 21 .&gt; Clicca qui per visualizzare una versione più grande di questa figura. Gli impulsi di semi vengono amplificati nell&#39;amplificatore rigenerativo fino a 125 W mentre vengono pompati con un diodo a fibre ottiche CW a una lunghezza d&#39;onda di 940 nm a 280 W, corrispondente ad un ottico-ottico di efficienza del 47%. La stabilità impulso-impulso dell&#39;amplificatore è inferiore all&#39;1% e l&#39;amplificatore presenta una stabilità a lungo termine eccellente dopo 10 ore di funzionamento continuo. La trave amplificato ha un eccellente profilo spaziale, con M 2 di 1 (M 2 x = 1,08 e M 2 y = 1,07) e un eccellente profilo temporale dopo la compressione a 1 ps (a FWHM) (Figura 5). <img alt="Figura 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig5.jpg" /> Figura 5 : Caratterizzazione dell&#39;amplificatore rigenerativoUscita e l&#39;effetto di restringimento del guadagno. (A) La stabilità dell&#39;amplificatore rigenerativo potenza media dopo 10 ore di funzionamento continuo. Inset: ( a-1 ) Potenza normalizzata al suo valore medio in una finestra temporale di 0,5 h; (A -2 ) Profilo fascio di uscita dell&#39;amplificatore rigenerativo. ( B ) Spettro di uscita dell&#39;amplificatore (verde) e l&#39;intensità temporale recuperata (blu) dell&#39;impulso del laser a 100 W di potenza media dopo il compressore della griglia. ( C ) Energia di semi rispetto alla larghezza di banda spettrale (FWHM) dell&#39;uscita dell&#39;amplificatore e dei giri richiesti per la stessa potenza media di uscita a 300 W di potenza della pompa. Questa cifra è stata modificata da Fattahi et al. , Con permesso di riferimento 21 . <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per visualizzare una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> 25 . Sono stati considerati due diversi cristalli con i seguenti parametri: 1) un triborato di litio (LBO) di tipo I, 6 mm, con un angolo di corrispondenza di fase di 13,7 ° e un coefficiente non lineare di 0,819 pm / V; e 2) Tipo I, BBO di 3 mm di spessore con un angolo di corrispondenza di fase di 23,4 ° e un coefficiente non lineare di 2 pm / V 26 , 27 . 1-ps, impulsi di 20 mJ a 1.030 nm e un&#39;intensità di picco di 100 GW / cm 2 sono stati considerati come l&#39;ingresso della simulazione. I risultati della simulazione hanno mostrato che la performance BBO era superiore a quella del LBO per SHG ( Figura 6 ). <img alt="Figura 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig6.jpg" /> Figura 6 : Seconda generazione armonica. (A) simulato SHG enePer un cristallo LBO di 6 mm e un cristallo BBO di 3 mm di spessore. B ) Efficienza sperimentale SHG rispetto all&#39;intensità di picco della pompa di ingresso in un cristallo BBO di 1,5 mm di spessore usando 0,5 mJ (nero) e 20 mJ (verde) dell&#39;uscita dell&#39;amplificatore. ( C ) l&#39;intensità spettrale recuperata e ( d ) il ritardo del gruppo delle misurazioni XFROG per diverse efficienze SHG corrispondenti ai punti A, B e C in (b). Questa cifra è stata modificata da Fattahi et al. , Con permesso di riferimento 21 . <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per visualizzare una versione più grande di questa figura.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier at JoVE.com

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

Viene presentato un protocollo per l&#39;azionamento di una sorgente ottica ad alta potenza e ad alta potenza della pompa ad amplificatore a impulsi a impulsi parametrici basati su un amplificatore rigenerativo a disco rigido Yb: YAG.

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb: YAG Amplificatore rigenerativo a disco rigido

This is a report on a 100 W, 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier. A homemade Yb:YAG thin-disk, Kerr-lens mode-locked oscillator with ...

20-mj-1-ps-ybyag-thin-disk-regenerative-amplifier

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Electrical Engineering

Bioengineering

Unit 1

Power Distributions

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.4K Views.  Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.  Viene presentato un protocollo per l'azionamento di una sorgente ottica ad alta potenza e ad alta potenza della pompa ad amplificatore a impulsi a impulsi parametrici basati su un amplificatore rigenerativo a disco rigido Yb: YAG. 

Video: 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

Patterned Photostimulation with Digital Micromirror Devices to Investigate Dendritic Integration Across Branch Points

Light is a versatile and precise means to control neuronal excitability. The recent introduction of light sensitive effectors such as channel-rhodopsin and caged neurotransmitters have led to interests in developing better means to control patterns of light in space and time that are useful for experimental neuroscience. One conventional strategy, employed in confocal and 2-photon microscopy, is to focus light to a diffraction limited spot and then scan that single spot sequentially over the region of interest. This approach becomes problematic if large areas have to be stimulated within a brief time window, a problem more applicable to photostimulation than for imaging. An alternate strategy is to project the complete spatial pattern on the target with the aid of a digital micromirror device (DMD). The DMD approach is appealing because the hardware components are relatively inexpensive and is supported by commercial interests. Because such a system is not available for upright microscopes, we will discuss the critical issues in the construction and operations of such a DMD system. Even though we will be primarily describing the construction of the system for UV photolysis, the modifications for building the much simpler visible light system for optogenetic experiments will also be provided. The UV photolysis system was used to carryout experiments to study a fundamental question in neuroscience, how are spatially distributed inputs integrated across distal dendritic branch points. The results suggest that integration can be non-linear across branch points and the supralinearity is largely mediated by NMDA receptors.

Digital micromirror devices (DMD) can generate complex patterns in time and space with which to control neuronal excitability. Issues relevant to the design, construction, and operation of DMD systems are discussed. Such a system enabled the demonstration of non-linear integration across distal dendritic branch points.

Fotostimolazione modellato con i dispositivi digitali Micromirror per Indagare integrazione dendritiche Attraverso punti di ramificazione

Light is a versatile and precise means to control neuronal excitability. The recent introduction of light sensitive effectors such as channel-rhodopsin ...

Ricerca

Bioingegneria

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Gradient echo memory (GEM) is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in atomic ensembles. The primary motivation for such a technology is that quantum key distribution (QKD), which uses Heisenberg uncertainty to guarantee security of cryptographic keys, is limited in transmission distance. The development of a quantum repeater is a possible path to extend QKD range, but a repeater will need a quantum memory. In our experiments we use a gas of rubidium 87 vapor that is contained in a warm gas cell. This makes the scheme particularly simple. It is also a highly versatile scheme that enables in-memory refinement of the stored state, such as frequency shifting and bandwidth manipulation. The basis of the GEM protocol is to absorb the light into an ensemble of atoms that has been prepared in a magnetic field gradient. The reversal of this gradient leads to rephasing of the atomic polarization and thus recall of the stored optical state. We will outline how we prepare the atoms and this gradient and also describe some of the pitfalls that need to be avoided, in particular four-wave mixing, which can give rise to optical gain.

The gradient echo memory is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in atomic ensembles. Quantum memory is a key element of a quantum repeater, which can extend the range of quantum key distribution. We outline the operation of the scheme when implemented in a 3-level atomic ensemble.

Gradient Echo Quantum Memoria in Warm Atomic Vapor

Gradient  echo memory (GEM) is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in  atomic ensembles. The primary motivation for such a technology ...

Ingegneria

Regeneration of Arrayed Gold Microelectrodes Equipped for a Real-Time Cell Analyzer

The label-free cell-based assay is advantageous for biochemical study because of it does not require the use of experimental animals. Due to its ability to provide more dynamic information about cells under physiological conditions than classical biochemical assays, this label-free real-time cell assay based on the electric impedance principle is attracting more attention during the past decade. However, its practical utilization may be limited due to the relatively expensive cost of measurement, in which costly consumable disposable gold microchips are used for the cell analyzer. In this protocol, we have developed a general strategy to regenerate arrayed gold microelectrodes equipped for a commercial label-free cell analyzer. The regeneration process includes trypsin digestion, rinsing with ethanol and water, and a spinning step. The proposed method has been tested and shown to be effective for the regeneration and repeated usage of commercial electronic plates at least three times, which will help researchers save on the high running cost of real-time cell assays.

This protocol describes a general strategy to regenerate commercial arrayed gold microelectrodes equipped for a label-free cell analyzer aimed at saving on the high running costs ofmicrochip-based assays. The regeneration process includes trypsin digestion, rinsing with ethanol and water, and a spinning step, which enables repeated usage of microchips.

Rigenerazione di microelettrodi oro allinearono attrezzata per un analizzatore in tempo reale delle cellule

The label-free cell-based assay is advantageous for biochemical study because of it does not require the use of experimental animals. Due to its ability ...

Biochimica

Micro-drive Array for Chronic in vivo Recording: Drive Fabrication

Chronic recording of large populations of neurons is a valuable technique for studying the function of neuronal circuits in awake behaving rats. Lightweight recording devices carrying a high density array of tetrodes allow for the simultaneous monitoring of the activity of tens to hundreds of individual neurons. Here we describe a protocol for the fabrication of a micro-drive array with twenty one independently movable micro-drives. This device has been used successfully to record from hippocampal and cortical neurons in our lab. We show how to prepare a custom designed, 3-D printed plastic base that will hold the micro-drives. We demonstrate how to construct the individual micro-drives and how to assemble the complete micro-drive array. Further preparation of the drive array for surgical implantation, such as the fabrication of tetrodes, loading of tetrodes into the drive array and gold-plating, is covered in a subsequent video article.

Micro-drive Array for Chronic in vivo Recording: Drive Fabrication

In this protocol we demonstrate how to fabricate a micro-drive array for chronic electrophysiological recordings in rats.

Micro-drive array per la cronica In vivo</emRegistrazione>: Drive Fabrication

Chronic recording of large populations of neurons is a valuable technique for studying the function of neuronal circuits in awake behaving rats. ...

Biologia

Micro-drive Array for Chronic in vivo Recording: Tetrode Assembly

The tetrode, a bundle of four electrodes, has proven to be a valuable tool for the simultaneous recording of multiple neurons in-vivo.  The differential amplitude of action potential signatures over the channels of a tetrode allows for the isolation of single-unit activity from multi-unit signals.  The ability to precisely control the stereotaxic location and depth of the tetrode is critical for studying coordinated neural activity across brain regions.  In combination with a micro-drive array, it is possible to achieve precise placement and stable control of many tetrodes over the course of days to weeks.  In this protocol, we demonstrate how to fabricate and condition tetrodes using basic tools and materials, install the tetrodes into a multi-drive tetrode array for chronic in-vivo recording in the rat, make ground wire connections to the micro-drive array, and attach a protective cone onto the micro-drive array in order to protect the tetrodes from physical contact with the environment.



Micro-drive Array for Chronic in vivo Recording: Tetrode Assembly

In this protocol we demonstrate how to fabricate and condition tetrodes for use with a micro-drive array, which was designed for chronic electrophysiological recordings in rats. In addition, we illustrate the final stages of micro-drive array construction, which includes installing ground wires and a protective cone.

Micro-drive array per la cronica In vivo</emRegistrazione>: tetrodo Assemblea

The tetrode, a bundle of four electrodes, has proven to be a valuable tool for the simultaneous recording of multiple neurons in-vivo.  The differential ...

Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) has the potential to improve the treatment of Parkinson&#39;s disease by optimizing stimulation in real time according to fluctuating disease and medication state. In the present realization of adaptive DBS we record and stimulate from the DBS electrodes implanted in the subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease in the early post-operative period. Local field potentials are analogue filtered between 3 and 47 Hz before being passed to a data acquisition unit where they are digitally filtered again around the patient specific beta peak, rectified and smoothed to give an online reading of the beta amplitude. A threshold for beta amplitude is set heuristically, which, if crossed, passes a trigger signal to the stimulator. The stimulator then ramps up stimulation to a pre-determined clinically effective voltage over 250 msec and continues to stimulate until the beta amplitude again falls down below threshold. Stimulation continues in this manner with brief episodes of ramped DBS during periods of heightened beta power.
Clinical efficacy is assessed after a minimum period of stabilization (5 min) through the unblinded and blinded video assessment of motor function using a selection of scores from the Unified Parkinson&#39;s Rating Scale (UPDRS). Recent work has demonstrated a reduction in power consumption with aDBS as well as an improvement in clinical scores compared to conventional DBS. Chronic aDBS could now be trialed in Parkinsonism.

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) is effective for Parkinson&#8217;s disease, improving symptoms and reducing power consumption compared to conventional deep brain stimulation (cDBS). In aDBS we track a local field potential biomarker (beta oscillatory amplitude) in real time and use this to control the timing of stimulation.

Controllo della Malattia di Parkinson con Adaptive stimolazione cerebrale profonda

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) has the potential to improve the treatment of Parkinson&#39;s disease by optimizing stimulation in real time ...

Medicina

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to microperimetry (MY) in eyes affected by dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) over time through the production and secretion of growth factors (GFs) on surrounding tissue. Patients were randomly assigned to each study group. All patients were diagnosed with dry AMD and with BCVA equal to or greater than 1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). A suprachoroidal autologous graft by Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT) was carried out on group A, which included 11 eyes from 11 patients. The technique was performed by implanting adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells obtained from the stromal vascular fraction, and platelets from platelet-rich plasma in the suprachoroidal space. Conversely, group B, including 14 eyes of 14 patients, was used as a control group. For each patient, diagnosis was verified by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). In group A, BCVA improved by 0.581 to 0.504 at 90 days and to 0.376 logMAR at 180 days (+32.20%) postoperatively. Furthermore, MY test increased by 11.44 dB to 12.59 dB at 180 days. The different cell types grafted behind the choroid were able to ensure constant GF secretion in the choroidal flow. Consequently, the results indicate that visual acuity (VA) in the grafted group can increase more than in the control group after six months.

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

The goal of this study is to assess whether the suprachoroidal graft of adipose-derived stem cells included in the stromal vascular fraction and platelets derived from platelet-rich plasma by the Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique can improve visual acuity and retinal sensitivity responses in eyes affected by dry age-related macular degeneration.

La terapia rigenerativa da Suprachoroidal cella autoinnesto nella degenerazione maculare senile secca: Report preliminare In Vivo

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to ...

Highly-Multiplexed Tissue Imaging with Raman Dyes

Visualizing a vast scope of specific biomarkers in tissues plays a vital role in exploring the intricate organizations of complex biological systems. Hence, highly multiplexed imaging technologies have been increasingly appreciated. Here, we describe an emerging platform of highly-multiplexed vibrational imaging of specific proteins with comparable sensitivity to standard immunofluorescence via electronic pre-resonance stimulated Raman scattering (epr-SRS) imaging of rainbow-like Raman dyes. This method circumvents the limit of spectrally-resolvable channels in conventional immunofluorescence and provides a one-shot optical approach to interrogate multiple markers in tissues with subcellular resolution. It is generally compatible with standard tissue preparations, including paraformaldehyde-fixed tissues, frozen tissues, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human tissues. We envisage this platform will provide a more comprehensive picture of protein interactions of biological specimens, particularly for thick intact tissues. This protocol provides the workflow from antibody preparation to tissue sample staining, to SRS microscope assembly, to epr-SRS tissue imaging.

Electronic pre-resonance stimulated Raman scattering (epr-SRS) imaging of rainbow-like Raman dyes is a new platform for highly multiplexed epitope-based protein imaging. Here, we present a practical guide including antibody preparation, tissue sample staining, SRS microscope assembly, and epr-SRS tissue imaging.

Imaging tissutale altamente multiplexato con coloranti Raman

Visualizing a vast scope of specific biomarkers in tissues plays a vital role in exploring the intricate organizations of complex biological systems. ...

Selective Manipulation of Theta Oscillations in a Mouse Model

Source: Bender, F. et al., <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/57349">Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice.</a> J. Vis. Exp (2018)
This video demonstrates a protocol to modulate theta oscillations in a genetically engineered mouse model with light-sensitive ion channels in its GABAergic medial septum neurons. By delivering light pulses to the hippocampus, the protocol aims to synchronize neuronal activity and generate theta oscillations, which are recorded as local field potentials.

Manipolazione selettiva delle oscillazioni theta in un modello murino

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
PV-Cre ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neuroscience

Neurophysiology

Stimulation and Modulation Techniques

BJT Amplifiers

Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are pivotal components in amplifier circuits, functioning as voltage-controlled current sources in their active region. This characteristic allows them to efficiently control the collector current through variations in the base-emitter voltage. Essentially, BJTs amplify power due to their ability to take a weak input signal and output a much stronger signal.
In BJT amplifier configurations, particularly in common-emitter setups, the transistor&#39;s role extends to converting transconductance into voltage amplification. This conversion is achieved by channeling the output current through a resistor. The output voltage of the amplifier is determined by the voltage drop across this load resistor subtracted from the supply voltage. Consequently, the amplifier produces an inverted output voltage, which is essentially the input voltage shifted by the supply voltage. This inversion is a hallmark of common-emitter amplifiers.
The voltage-transfer characteristic curve of a common-emitter BJT amplifier provides a visual representation of how the output collector voltage varies in response to changes in the input base voltage. Notably, the curve&#39;s steep slope in the active region indicates where maximum gain is achieved. However, this region also introduces some nonlinearity to the output voltage.
A base-emitter DC voltage bias is set at the quiescent point (Q-point) within the active region for stable and linear amplification. When a small, time-varying signal is applied on top of this DC bias, the BJT operates within a small, nearly linear segment of the characteristic curve. This results in the amplification of the output collector voltage. Such a configuration is crucial for achieving the desired amplification while maintaining the integrity of the signal&#39;s waveform.
BJTs are fundamental building blocks for various electronic applications, particularly in creating efficient and effective amplifier circuits that enhance signal strength without significant distortion.

Amplificatori BJT

In the active region of a common emitter NPN BJT, the emitter current is the sum of the base current and the collector current. Here, the base voltage ...

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb: YAG Amplificatore rigenerativo a disco rigido

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video