The authors would like to acknowledge the support of NIH/NIDDK K12 DK100014 (Lan Lu), the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center (NIH/NCI P30 CA43703), and the Clinical and Translation Science Collaborative of Cleveland (NIH/NCATS UL1 TR000439).

Tutti gli studi sugli animali sono stati eseguiti secondo protocolli approvati istituzionali per la cura e l&#39;uso degli animali (IACUC) presso la Case Western Reserve University. La durata della procedura chirurgica descritta di seguito è di circa 45-60 min. La procedura MRI stessa è di circa 15 minuti per ogni punto temporale. 1. Anestesia <ol><li> Anestetizzare il ratto nella camera isoflurana impostata al 2% di isoflurano mescolata all&#39;ossigeno per facilitare la manipolazione e la ritenzione degli animali prima di somministrare anestesia iniettabile intraperitoneale. </li><li> Dopo 3-5 minuti di esposizione all&#39;isoflurano, verificare che l&#39;animale sia anestetizzato e non presenta alcuna risposta al pizzico del piede. </li><li> Ulteriore ratto sedativo con iniezione intraperitoneale di miscela di xilazina e ketamina: 75 mg / kg di ketamina / 10 mg / kg di xilazina. Durante l&#39;esecuzione di iniezioni intraperitoneali, tirare indietro l&#39;ago per assicurare che parti dell&#39;intestino o altri organi vitali non siano stati forati. </li><li> ioSomministrare 2 mg / kg di bupivacaina sottocutanea al sito di incisione per fornire sollievo al dolore topico. </li></ol> 2. Preparazione dell&#39;area chirurgica <ol><li> Sterilizzare gli strumenti chirurgici e le forniture prima di essere utilizzati per l&#39;intervento chirurgico e posare sul panno chirurgico per la sterilità. La maggior parte degli strumenti e delle forniture possono essere autoclavate e riutilizzate. </li><li> Utilizzare guanti sterili per tutte le procedure chirurgiche. </li><li> Utilizzare un rasoio elettrico per rasare la pelliccia dal lato destro dell&#39;animale. Rasare l&#39;animale dalla parte inferiore della gabbia alla cima della gamba posteriore fornendo una grande zona senza capelli per l&#39;incisione. </li><li> Posizionare l&#39;animale su un rilievo chirurgico sterile per isolare l&#39;area disinfettata dalle aree circostanti. </li><li> Scrub la pelle con un disinfettante come povidone iodio o betadina. Avviare lo scrubbaggio al centro del sito chirurgico e spostarsi all&#39;esterno in modo circolare. Ripetere almeno tre volte con una nuova strofinata di povidone iodio o betadina. </li&gt; <li> Scrub il sito chirurgico con tamponi alcolici al 70% fino a quando la pelle non è chiara, in quanto iodio può essere tossico se assorbito. </li></ol> 3. Procedura chirurgica <ol><li> Mantenere questa procedura in condizioni asettiche. </li><li> Posizionare l&#39;animale anestetizzato su un letto caldo riscaldante in posizione di decubito laterale sinistra con il lato destro rivolto verso l&#39;alto. NOTA: Si deve prestare attenzione a mantenere la temperatura corporea del corpo animale a 35-37 ° C per prevenire l&#39;ipotermia. Questo letto di riscaldamento deve anche essere sterilizzato come necessario per mantenere le condizioni asettiche. </li><li> Sentitevi per la gabbia toracica e fate una piccola incisione retroperitoneale dorsale di 2-3 cm, usando una lama sterile di 10 scalpelli che inizia dalla parte inferiore della gabbia. </li><li> Mettere la garza sterile longitudinalmente lungo entrambi i lati dell&#39;incisione. </li><li> Eliminare il tessuto sottocutaneo, il grasso e i muscoli per visualizzare e accedere alla cavità addominale. Utilizzare le forbici Mayo a lame curve per consentire una penetrazione più profondaRazione in ferita e tagliare i tessuti spessi. </li><li> Una volta che il fegato è chiaramente visibile e accessibile, utilizzare pinze sbilanciate per ritirare il fegato verso l&#39;alto. </li><li> Utilizzando un&#39;altra coppia di pinze sbarrate dall&#39;altra mano, esporre il rene destro in modo che si trovi appena fuori dalla cavità addominale. </li><li> Usa il dito del puntatore e il pollice della mano sinistra per tenere il rene in posizione. Con la mano destra, lentamente e in modo costante iniettare 0,1 ml di soluzione Uci89 E. coli (concentrazione tra 1 x 10 8 -1 x 10 9 ) da una siringa sterile nel bacino renale (che appare come una bolla bianca) 15 . NOTA: Preparare il titolo batterico come descritto nel riferimento 15 . </li><li> Mettere una striscia di hemostat assorbibile sopra l&#39;ago per impedire l&#39;uscita di inoculo nel peritoneo. Tirare lentamente l&#39;ago dalla vaschetta renale. NOTA: Si dovrebbe prestare attenzione a non perforare o infettare i tessuti circostanti causando infezioni fuori bersaglioOns e / o complicazioni. </li><li> Usare una siringa più grande per risciacquare accuratamente il rene con una normale soluzione salina prima di riportarla nella cavità addominale. </li></ol> 4. Suture Nota: La sutura che sarà sepolta nei tessuti deve essere 4-0 non sagomatura intrecciata assorbibile. Possono essere utilizzate delle suture assorbibili o di monofilamento per le superfici del corpo. <ol><li> Posizionare le suture in modo uniforme e più vicino al bordo del tessuto possibile per prevenire l&#39;ostruzione del flusso sanguigno; In genere non è più di 0,3 cm dal bordo è necessario. </li><li> Afferrare la pelle e aggiungerla leggermente usando una coppia di pinze a dentatura fine e ruotare il portautensile in una posizione pronata in preparazione per il piercing della pelle. </li><li> Guidare l&#39;ago attraverso lo spessore completo della pelle, sovrastando il polso per ruotare l&#39;ago e passarlo attraverso la pelle. </li><li> Ripetere questo processo per il bordo della pelle più vicino all&#39;operatore che esegue la procedura. </li><li> serrareLe suture abbastanza per opporsi ai bordi del tessuto. Qualsiasi più stretta ostacola l&#39;approvvigionamento di sangue, la lenta guarigione delle ferite e può provocare la dehiscenza. </li><li> Togliere la sutura usando nodi quadrati, come se fosse un semplice punto interrotto, tranne che solo il filo corto è tagliato, lasciando circa una coda di 3-4 mm. </li><li> Dopo che il primo punto è stato legato, preparatevi a posizionare un secondo punto di circa 3 mm dalla prima e continuare la sutura in esecuzione. </li><li> Una volta raggiunta la fine dell&#39;incisione, non tirare completamente l&#39;ultimo punto. Invece, utilizzare il loop che viene tenuto con il porta-ago come filo corto per tirare l&#39;estremità distale della chiusura a sutura. </li><li> Usando i legami dello strumento, legare la sutura usando i nodi quadrati. Ciò provoca 3 fili che si adattano dal nodo finale all&#39;estremità distale. </li></ol> 5. Recupero degli animali <ol><li> Iniettare 2,1 mg / kg di Yohimbine intra-peritoneale dopo l&#39;intervento chirurgico per invertire l&#39;anestesia. UNSi prevede che i nomi si riprenderanno completamente dalla procedura chirurgica dopo 3-5 ore. </li><li> Mantenere l&#39;animale su un tappetino di riscaldamento (per evitare l&#39;ipotermia) e biancheria morbida assorbente dopo l&#39;intervento chirurgico. </li><li> Fornire la reidratazione con i fluidi orali o parenterali finché non può tornare alla normale alimentazione (entro 24 ore). Iniettare circa 0,6 ml di soluzione salina normale peritonealmente immediatamente dopo l&#39;intervento chirurgico per limitare gli effetti di disidratazione. </li><li> Fornire analgesia come descritto nel protocollo Animal Care and Use, approvato dalla IACUC. Iniettare 5 mg / kg di carprofen sottocutanea per la gestione del dolore. </li><li> Monitor incisioni regolarmente per gonfiore, esudazione, dolore o dehiscenza. </li></ol> 6. Convalida tramite la risonanza magnetica <ol><li> Eseguire esperimenti MRI in vivo su scanner MRI di piccole dimensioni in campo. </li><li> Indurre l&#39;anestesia con il 3% di isoflurano nell&#39;ossigeno e posizionare l&#39;animale con il rene destro nell&#39;isocentro nello scanner MRI e appropriatoBere una radiofrequenza. Fornire animali con un&#39;anestesia isoflurana 1-2% in modo continuo per tutta la procedura di imaging tramite un nosecone. NOTA: Per le immagini MRI in vivo mostrate in Figura 1 è stata utilizzata una bobina di volume di dimensioni corporee (diametro interno = 72 mm). </li><li> Utilizzare un sistema di controllo e controllo degli animali per mantenere il tasso di respirazione di ciascun animale (40-60 respiri / min) e la temperatura corporea (35 ± 1 ° C). </li><li> Utilizzare un&#39;acquisizione MRI multi-fice multi-echo spin echo per ottenere immagini ad alta risoluzione, T2, ponderate assiali sia dei reni infetti che del controllo. I parametri di acquisizione MRI tipici sono il tempo di ripetizione = 5.000 msec, echo time = 40 msec, spessore della fetta = 2.0 mm, risoluzione spaziale in piano = 200 μm, 3 media di segnale e un tempo di acquisizione di 8 min. </li></ol>

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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+diffusion+tensor+MRI+to+identify+early+changes+in+diabetic+nephropathy.">Use of diffusion tensor MRI to identify early changes in diabetic nephropathy.</a> Am J Nephrol. 34 (5), 476-482 (2011).</li><li>Rosen, D., Hooton, T., Stamm, W., Humphrey, P., Hultgren, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+intracellular+bacterial+communities+in+human+urinary+tract+infection.">Detection of intracellular bacterial communities in human urinary tract infection.</a> PLoS Med. 4 (12), e329 (2007).</li><li>Torine, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Urinary+tract+infection:+diabetic+women's+strategies+for+prevention.">Urinary tract infection: diabetic women's strategies for prevention.</a> Br J Nurs. 20 (13), 791-792 (2011).</li><li>Rosen, D., Hung, C., Kline, K., Hultgren, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Streptozocin-induced+diabetic+mouse+model+of+urinary+tract+infection.">Streptozocin-induced diabetic mouse model of urinary tract infection.</a> Infect Immun. 76 (9), 4290-4298 (2008).</li><li>Larsson, P., Kaijser, B., Mattsby-Baltzer, I., Olling, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+experimental+model+for+ascending+acute+pyelonephritis+caused+by+Escherichia+coli+or+proteus+in+rats.">An experimental model for ascending acute pyelonephritis caused by Escherichia coli or proteus in rats.</a> J Clin Pathol. 33 (4), 408-412 (1980).</li><li>Gupta, R., Ganguly, N., Ahuja, V., Joshi, K., Sharma, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+ascending+non-obstructive+model+for+chronic+pyelonephritis+in+BALB/c+mice.">An ascending non-obstructive model for chronic pyelonephritis in BALB/c mice.</a> J. 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Immunol. 45 (1), 9-15 (2001).</li><li>Anderson, B., Jackson, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pyelitis,+an+important+factor+in+the+pathogenesis+of+retrograde+pyelonephritis.">Pyelitis, an important factor in the pathogenesis of retrograde pyelonephritis.</a> J Exp Med. 114 (3), 375-384 (1961).</li><li>Anderson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vesico-ureteric+reflux.">Vesico-ureteric reflux.</a> J R Soc Med. 55 (6), 419-426 (1962).</li></ol>

The authors have no other disclosures.

La pielonefrite acuta ascendente nei roditori (ad es. Topi e ratti) può essere prodotta mediante cateterizzazione transuretrale. 16 , 17 , 18 Questo metodo di infezione transuretrale è vantaggioso in quanto non invasivo e imita la fisiopatologia umana dell&#39;infezione ascendente. 17 , 18 , 19 , <sup class="xref"...

I modelli di roditori sono stati usati per studiare numerose manifestazioni di malattia umana, tra cui le pielonefriti e le infezioni delle vie urinarie (UTI). Le UTI sono un problema di salute globale e possono influenzare i bambini, gli uomini e le donne di tutte le età. 1 , 2 , 3 La manifestazione iniziale di UTI comprende la cistite, e se l&#39;infezione sale lungo l&#39;uretere, può verificarsi un&#39;infezione renale (pyelonephritis). Allo stesso tempo, la prevalenza del diabete sta avvicinando 400 milioni di persone in tutto il mondo. 4 , 5 È importante notare che l&#39;incidenza di UTI può essere fino a 4 volte superiore nei pazienti obesi o in diabete mellito di tipo 2, con conseguente aumento del rischio di infezione urinaria ricorrente (rUTI), sepsi, fibrosi renale da pielonefritica e disfunzione della vescica. 6 , 7 , 8 RoditoreI modelli sono importanti nello studio degli UTI, in quanto le terapie antibiotiche attuali producono una risposta preventiva e sostenibile solo in un sottoinsieme di pazienti UTI. Per migliorare la cura clinica dell&#39;UTI, i passaggi chiave sono quello di comprendere il meccanismo del rUTI e dei suoi processi patofisiologici da infezioni acute all&#39;infiammazione alla fibrosi, così come l&#39;impatto del diabete mellito di tipo 2. L&#39;obiettivo di migliorare i modelli animali è quello di sviluppare tecniche che consentano una valutazione più accurata della progressione della malattia e degli interventi terapeutici. Sono stati impiegati diversi approcci diversi per indurre la pielonefrite nei ratti e / o nei topi per studiare la fisiopatologia dei danni renali, l&#39;effetto del trattamento antibiotico e altri aspetti del corso naturale delle UTI. Un approccio comune per stabilire l&#39;UTI retrogrado è la cateterizzazione transuretrale. 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 &lt;/ Sup&gt; Questo metodo introduce batteri attraverso l&#39;uretra nella vescica urinaria degli animali anestetizzati. Mentre questa tecnica simula attentamente la pielonefrite umana, l&#39;incidenza effettiva e la grandezza dell&#39;infezione da pielonefrite possono essere molto variabili a causa di più fattori, tra cui una mancanza di reflusso uretrico spontaneo o di annullamento urinario durante o subito dopo inoculazione. 11 Di conseguenza, la variabilità sperimentale nell&#39;indurre un&#39;infezione pielonefrite ascendente può limitare l&#39;utilità di questo modello per studiare le infezioni renali, nonché le strategie terapeutiche. Questo rapporto descrive un modello di ratto chirurgico pielonefrite in cui E. coli viene iniettato direttamente nel rene del ratto. Nonostante questo modello di ratto sia invasivo, la quantità di E. coli consegnata al rene può essere efficacemente controllata che consente una forte infezione renale e infiammazione. 14 In questa procedura descriviamo ancheCome queste infezioni renali indotte possono essere monitorate in modo longitudinale con la risonanza magnetica in vivo (MRI).

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Absorbing Pad</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">14-127-47</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sterile Cotton Gauze Pad</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">22-415-469</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Latex Surgical Gloves</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td>21540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Curved Mayo Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">S17341</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Straight Blunt Foreceps</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">08-895</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scalpel Handle&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">08-913-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sterile Scalpel Blades</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">53220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1mL Luer-Lok Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>309628</td>
			<td>For bacterial injections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">20mL Luer-Lok Syringe&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>301031</td>
			<td>For saline wash</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hemostat</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Seneca Medical</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">240267</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">23 G 3/4 in. Needle&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">305143</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">30 G 1 in. Needle&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">305128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">U-100 Insulin Syringe</td>
			<td>Exel International&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">25846</td>
			<td>For medication injections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td>050033</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Xylazine</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td>33197</td>
			<td>Inject IP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ketamine</td>
			<td>Patterson Vetrinary&#160;</td>
			<td>07-881-9413</td>
			<td>Inject IP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Yohimbine (Atipamezole)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Patterson Vetrinary&#160;</td>
			<td>07-867-7097</td>
			<td>Inject IP after surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bupivacaine (Marcaine)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Patterson Vetrinary&#160;</td>
			<td>07-890-4584</td>
			<td>Inject SQ at site of incision&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Carprofen (Rimadyl)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Patterson Vetrinary&#160;</td>
			<td>07-844-7425</td>
			<td>Should be kept at 4 &#7506;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">4-0 Chromic Gut Suture</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Ethicon Inc.</td>
			<td>U203H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4-0 Braided Vicryl Suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon Inc.</td>
			<td>J304H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1mL SubQ Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>309597</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">E. coli&#160; UTI89 or CFT073</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">700928</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Surgicel Absorbable Hemostat</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Ethicon Inc.</td>
			<td>ETH1951CS&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Biospec 9.4T MRI&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Bruker&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">94/20 USR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intrarenal injection of escherichia coli in a rat model of pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the kidney and is most commonly caused by Escherichia coli. Recurrent infections can cause significant renal inflammation and fibrosis ultimately resulting in declining kidney function. Before improved clinical management and prevention of pyelonephritis can be instituted, a reliable animal model must be established in order to study the mechanisms of progression, recurrence, and therapeutic efficacy. The transurethral infection model closely mimics human pyelonephritis but exhibits considerable variation due to its reliance on urethral reflux to transport the bacteria to the kidney. Herein, a detailed surgical protocol for performing bacterial injections into the rat renal pelvis is provided and confirmed by non-invasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Using this protocol, animals receive direct exposure to a desired concentration of E. coli bacteria and can fully recover from the surgical procedure with adequate post-operative care. This facilitates subsequent longitudinal MRI assessments of the experimental animal models for comparison with saline (sham) controls. Using this direct delivery approach, the severity of infection is controllable and applicable for mechanistic studies of progression as well as development of novel treatment strategies.

Le tecniche di imaging medico offrono l&#39;opportunità di valutare non invasivamente l&#39;UTI e l&#39;efficacia terapeutica. Pertanto, la RM è stata utilizzata per convalidare l&#39;induzione di infezione acuta dopo l&#39;iniezione di 1-2 x 10 7 UTI89 E. coli e per visualizzare le alterazioni del rene prima e dopo l&#39;intervento chirurgico. La figura 1a-b mostra una regione progressiva di infezione renale (frecce gialle). Le immagini MRI ottenut...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis at JoVE.com

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

This manuscript describes a rat surgical model of pyelonephritis using direct intra-renal infection by Escherichia coli into the renal pelvis. The experimental procedure can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of pyelonephritis as well as the associated inflammation and fibrosis.

Iniezione intrarenale di<emEscherichia coli</em&gt; In un modello di ratto di pielonefriti

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the kidney and is most commonly caused by Escherichia coli. Recurrent infections can cause significant renal ...

intrarenal-injection-escherichia-coli-rat-model

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

7.9K Views.  Case Western Reserve University. This manuscript describes a rat surgical model of pyelonephritis using direct intra-renal infection by Escherichia coli into the renal pelvis. The experimental procedure can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of pyelonephritis as well as the associated inflammation and fibrosis.

Video: Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

Coronary Artery Ligation and Intramyocardial Injection in a Murine Model of Infarction

Mouse models are a valuable tool for studying acute injury and chronic remodeling of the myocardium in vivo. With the advent of genetic modifications to the whole organism or the myocardium and an array of biological and/or synthetic materials, there is great potential for any combination of these to assuage the extent of acute ischemic injury and impede the onset of heart failure pursuant to myocardial remodeling. 
Here we present the methods and materials used to reliably perform this microsurgery and the modifications involved for temporary (with reperfusion) or permanent coronary artery occlusion studies as well as intramyocardial injections. The effects on the heart that can be seen during the procedure and at the termination of the experiment in addition to histological evaluation will verify efficacy. 
Briefly, surgical preparation involves anesthetizing the mice, removing the fur on the chest, and then disinfecting the surgical area. Intratracheal intubation is achieved by transesophageal illumination using a fiber optic light. The tubing is then connected to a ventilator. An incision made on the chest exposes the pectoral muscles which will be cut to view the ribs. For ischemia/reperfusion studies, a 1 cm piece of PE tubing placed over the heart is used to tie the ligature to so that occlusion/reperfusion can be customized. For intramyocardial injections, a Hamilton syringe with sterile 30gauge beveled needle is used. When the myocardial manipulations are complete, the rib cage, the pectoral muscles, and the skin are closed sequentially. Line block analgesia is effected by 0.25% marcaine in sterile saline which is applied to muscle layer prior to closure of the skin. The mice are given a subcutaneous injection of saline and placed in a warming chamber until they are sternally recumbent. They are then returned to the vivarium and housed under standard conditions until the time of tissue collection. At the time of sacrifice, the mice are anesthetized, the heart is arrested in diastole with KCl or BDM, rinsed with saline, and immersed in fixative. Subsequently, routine procedures for processing, embedding, sectioning, and histological staining are performed. 
Nonsurgical intubation of a mouse and the microsurgical manipulations described make this a technically challenging model to learn and achieve reproducibility. These procedures, combined with the difficulty in performing consistent manipulations of the ligature for timed occlusion(s) and reperfusion or intramyocardial injections, can also affect the survival rate so optimization and consistency are critical.

Numerous genetic manipulations and/or intramyocardial injections of genes, proteins, cells, and/or biomaterials are superimposed upon the dimension of time in studies of acute ischemia/ reperfusion injury and chronic remodeling in mice. This video illustrates the microsurgical procedures for ischemia/reperfusion, permanent coronary artery ligation, and intramyocardial injection studies.

Legatura dell&#39;arteria coronarica e di iniezione intramiocardico in un modello murino di infarto

Mouse models are a valuable tool for studying acute injury and chronic remodeling of the myocardium in vivo.  With the advent of genetic modifications to ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Multi-modal Imaging of Angiogenesis in a Nude Rat Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volumetric Computed Tomography and Ultrasound

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell proliferation in the bone marrow cavity as well as for interaction of tumor and bone cells resulting in local bone destruction. Our aim was to develop a model of experimental bone metastasis that allows in vivo assessment of angiogenesis in skeletal lesions using non-invasive imaging techniques.
For this purpose, we injected 105 MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells into the superficial epigastric artery, which precludes the growth of metastases in body areas other than the respective hind leg1. Following 25-30 days after tumor cell inoculation, site-specific bone metastases develop, restricted to the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula1. Morphological and functional aspects of angiogenesis can be investigated longitudinally in bone metastases using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), volumetric computed tomography (VCT) and ultrasound (US).
MRI displays morphologic information on the soft tissue part of bone metastases that is initially confined to the bone marrow cavity and subsequently exceeds cortical bone while progressing. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) functional data including regional blood volume, perfusion and vessel permeability can be obtained and quantified2-4. Bone destruction is captured in high resolution using morphological VCT imaging. Complementary to MRI findings, osteolytic lesions can be located adjacent to sites of intramedullary tumor growth. After contrast agent application, VCT angiography reveals the macrovessel architecture in bone metastases in high resolution, and DCE-VCT enables insight in the microcirculation of these lesions5,6. US is applicable to assess morphological and functional features from skeletal lesions due to local osteolysis of cortical bone. Using B-mode and Doppler techniques, structure and perfusion of the soft tissue metastases can be evaluated, respectively. DCE-US allows for real-time imaging of vascularization in bone metastases after injection of microbubbles7.
In conclusion, in a model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastases multi-modal imaging techniques including MRI, VCT and US offer complementary information on morphology and functional parameters of angiogenesis in these skeletal lesions.

In the pathogenesis of bone metastasis, angiogenesis is a crucial process and therefore represents a target for imaging and therapy. Here, we present a rat model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastasis and describe strategies to non-invasively image angiogenesis in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging, volumetric computed tomography and ultrasound.

Multi-modal Imaging di angiogenesi in un modello di ratto Nudo di metastasi ossee cancro al seno utilizzando la risonanza magnetica, tomografia computerizzata volumetrica e Ultrasuoni

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell ...

Rat Model of Blood-brain Barrier Disruption to Allow Targeted Neurovascular Therapeutics

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain barrier1. The barrier selectively excludes molecules from crossing between the blood and the brain based upon their size and charge. This function can impede the delivery of therapeutics for neurological disorders. A number of chemotherapeutic drugs, for example, will not effectively cross the blood-brain barrier to reach tumor cells2. Thus, improving the delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier is an area of interest.
The most prevalent methods for enhancing the delivery of drugs to the brain are direct cerebral infusion and blood-brain barrier disruption3. Direct intracerebral infusion guarantees that therapies reach the brain; however, this method has a limited ability to disperse the drug4. Blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) allows drugs to flow directly from the circulatory system into the brain and thus more effectively reach dispersed tumor cells. Three methods of barrier disruption include osmotic barrier disruption, pharmacological barrier disruption, and focused ultrasound with microbubbles. Osmotic disruption, pioneered by Neuwelt, uses a hypertonic solution of 25% mannitol that dehydrates the cells of the blood-brain barrier causing them to shrink and disrupt their tight junctions. Barrier disruption can also be accomplished pharmacologically with vasoactive compounds such as histamine5 and bradykinin6. This method, however, is selective primarily for the brain-tumor barrier7. Additionally, RMP-7, an analog of the peptide bradykinin, was found to be inferior when compared head-to-head with osmotic BBBD with 25% mannitol8. Another method, focused ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with microbubble ultrasound contrast agents, has also been shown to reversibly open the blood-brain barrier9. In comparison to FUS, though, 25% mannitol has a longer history of safety in human patients that makes it a proven tool for translational research10-12.
In order to accomplish BBBD, mannitol must be delivered at a high rate directly into the brain's arterial circulation. In humans, an endovascular catheter is guided to the brain where rapid, direct flow can be accomplished. This protocol models human BBBD as closely as possible. Following a cut-down to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, a catheter is inserted retrograde into the ECA and used to deliver mannitol directly into the internal carotid artery (ICA) circulation. Propofol and N2O anesthesia are used for their ability to maximize the effectiveness of barrier disruption13. If executed properly, this procedure has the ability to safely, effectively, and reversibly open the blood-brain barrier and improve the delivery of drugs that do not ordinarily reach the brain 8,13,14.

Blood-brain barrier disruption aids the delivery of certain drugs to the brain. Mannitol delivered intra-arterially shrinks cells surrounding blood vessels in order to physically disrupt the barrier.

Modello Rat di emato-encefalica Turbativa Barriera per consentire mirato Therapeutics neurovascolare

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain ...

A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat

Chronic exposure to excessive levels of nutrients is postulated to affect the function of several organs and tissues and to contribute to the development of the many complications associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome, including type 2 diabetes. To study the mechanisms by which excessive levels of glucose and fatty acids affect the pancreatic beta-cell and the secretion of insulin, we have established a chronic nutrient infusion model in the rat. The procedure consists of catheterizing the right jugular vein and left carotid artery under general anesthesia; allowing a 7-day recuperation period; connecting the catheters to the pumps using a swivel and counterweight system that enables the animal to move freely in the cage; and infusing glucose and/or Intralipid (a soybean oil emulsion which generates a mixture of approximately 80% unsaturated/20% saturated fatty acids when infused with heparin) for 72 hr. This model offers several advantages, including the possibility to finely modulate the target levels of circulating glucose and fatty acids; the option to co-infuse pharmacological compounds; and the relatively short time frame as opposed to dietary models. It can be used to examine the mechanisms of nutrient-induced dysfunction in a variety of organs and to test the effectiveness of drugs in this context.

A protocol for chronic infusions of glucose and Intralipid in rats is described. This model can be used to study the impact of nutrient excess on organ function and physiological parameters.

Un modello del Chronic Infusion nutrienti nel ratto

Chronic exposure to excessive levels of nutrients is postulated to  affect the function of several organs and tissues and to contribute to the  ...

Development of an Alpha-synuclein Based Rat Model for Parkinson's Disease via Stereotactic Injection of a Recombinant Adeno-associated Viral Vector

In order to study the molecular pathways of Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) and to develop novel therapeutic strategies, scientific investigators rely on animal models. The identification of PD-associated genes has led to the development of genetic PD models. Most transgenic &#945;-SYN mouse models develop gradual &#945;-SYN pathology but fail to display clear dopaminergic cell loss and dopamine-dependent behavioral deficits. This hurdle was overcome by direct targeting of the substantia nigra with viral vectors overexpressing PD-associated genes. Local gene delivery using viral vectors provides an attractive way to express transgenes in the central nervous system. Specific brain regions can be targeted (e.g. the substantia nigra), expression can be induced in the adult setting and high expression levels can be achieved. Further, different vector systems based on various viruses can be used. The protocol outlines all crucial steps to perform a viral vector injection in the substantia nigra of the rat to develop a viral vector-based alpha-synuclein animal model for Parkinson&#39;s disease.

This manuscript describes how viral vector-mediated local gene delivery provides an attractive way to express transgenes in the central nervous system. The protocol outlines all crucial steps to perform a viral vector injection in the substantia nigra of the rat to develop a viral vector-based animal model for Parkinson's disease.

Sviluppo di un Rat modello Alfa-sinucleina per la malattia di Parkinson mediante iniezione stereotassica di un ricombinante vettore virale adeno-associato

In order to study the molecular pathways of Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) and to develop novel therapeutic strategies, scientific investigators rely on ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Misurazione di contrattilità isometrica dell'arteria mesenterica Mouse con filo Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Acupuncture in a Rat Model of Asthma

A high platform can fix rats without restriction and completely expose the acupoints on the back during acupuncture manipulation. This article describes methods for the fabrication of the high platform, establishes a rat model of asthma and measures changes in respiratory function using a noninvasive and real-time whole-body plethysmography (WBP) system.

Agopuntura in un modello di ratto di asma

A high platform can fix rats without restriction and completely expose the acupoints on the back during acupuncture manipulation. This article describes ...

Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model

A posterior segment eye disease like diabetic retinopathy alters the physiology of the retina. Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by a retinal detachment, breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), and retinal angiogenesis. An in vivo rat model is a valuable experimental tool to examine the changes in the structure and function of the retina. We propose three different experimental techniques in the rat model to identify morphological changes of retinal cells, retinal vasculature, and compromised BRB. Retinal histology is used to study the morphology of various retinal cells. Also, quantitative measurement is performed by retinal cell count and thickness measurement of different retinal layers. A BRB breakdown assay is used to determine the leakage of extraocular proteins from the plasma to vitreous tissue due to the breakdown of BRB. Fluorescence angiography is used to study angiogenesis and leakage of blood vessels by visualizing retinal vasculature using FITC-dextran dye.

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of blindness. Histology, blood-retinal barrier breakdown assay, and fluorescence angiography are valuable techniques to understand the pathophysiology of the retina, which could further enhance the efficient drug screening against diabetic retinopathy.

Valutazione fisiopatologica retinica in un modello di ratto

A posterior segment eye disease like diabetic retinopathy alters the physiology of the retina. Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by a retinal ...

Development of a Uterosacral Ligament Suspension Rat Model

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common pelvic floor disorder (PFD) with the potential to significantly impact a woman's quality of life. Approximately 10%-20% of women undergo pelvic floor repair surgery to treat prolapse in the United States. PFD cases result in an overall $26.3 billion annual cost in the United States alone. This multifactorial condition has a negative impact on the quality of life and yet the treatment options have only dwindled in the recent past. One common surgical option is uterosacral ligament suspension (USLS), which is typically performed by affixing the vaginal vault to the uterosacral ligament in the pelvis. This repair has a lower incidence of complications compared to those with mesh augmentation, but is notable for a relatively high failure rate of up to 40%. Considering the lack of standard animal models to study pelvic floor dysfunction, there is an urgent clinical need for innovation in this field with a focus on developing cost-effective and accessible animal models. In this manuscript, we describe a rat model of USLS involving a complete hysterectomy followed by fixation of the remaining vaginal vault to the uterosacral ligament. The goal of this model is to mimic the procedure performed on women to be able to use the model to then investigate reparative strategies that improve the mechanical integrity of the ligament attachment. Importantly, we also describe the development of an in situ tensile testing procedure to characterize interface integrity at chosen time points following surgical intervention. Overall, this model will be a useful tool for future studies that investigate treatment options for POP repair via USLS.

Pelvic organ prolapse affects millions of women worldwide and yet some common surgical interventions have failure rates as high as 40%. The lack of standard animal models to investigate this condition impedes progress. We propose the following protocol as a model for uterosacral ligament suspension and in vivo tensile testing.

Sviluppo di un modello di ratto di sospensione del legamento uterosacrale

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common pelvic floor disorder (PFD) with the potential to significantly impact a woman's quality of life. Approximately ...

A Model of Long-Term Ventricular Fibrillation in Isolated Rat Hearts

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a fatal arrhythmia with a high incidence in cardiac patients, but VF arrest under perfusion is a neglected method of intraoperative arrest in the field of cardiac surgery. With recent advances in cardiac surgery, the demand for prolonged VF studies under perfusion has increased. However, the field lacks simple, reliable, and reproducible animal models of chronic ventricular fibrillation. This protocol induces long-term VF through alternating current (AC) electrical stimulation of the epicardium. Different conditions were used to induce VF, including continuous stimulation with a low or high voltage to induce long-term VF and stimulation for 5 min with a low or high voltage to induce spontaneous long-term VF. The success rates of the different conditions, as well as the rates of myocardial injury and recovery of cardiac function, were compared. The results showed that continuous low-voltage stimulation induced long-term VF and that 5 min of low-voltage stimulation induced spontaneous long-term VF with mild myocardial injury and a high rate of recovery of cardiac function. However, the low-voltage, continuously stimulated long-term VF model had a higher success rate. High-voltage stimulation provided a higher rate of VF induction but showed a low defibrillation success rate, poor recovery of cardiac function, and severe myocardial injury. On the basis of these results, continuous low-voltage epicardial AC stimulation is recommended for its high success rate, stability, reliability, reproducibility, low impact on cardiac function, and mild myocardial injury.

This protocol presents a model of long-term ventricular fibrillation in rat hearts induced by continuous stimulation with low-voltage alternating current. This model has a high success rate, is stable, reliable, and reproducible, has a low impact on cardiac function, and causes only mild myocardial injury.

Un modello di fibrillazione ventricolare a lungo termine in cuori di ratto isolati

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a fatal arrhythmia with a high incidence in cardiac patients, but VF arrest under perfusion is a neglected method of ...

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Legatura dell'arteria coronarica e di iniezione intramiocardico in un modello murino di infarto