Il progetto descritto è supportato da premio Numero 5R01AI116895 dal National Institute of Allergy e Malattie infettive. Il contenuto è di esclusiva responsabilità degli autori e non rappresentano necessariamente il punto di vista ufficiale del National Institute of Allergy e Malattie infettive o il National Institutes of Health.

1. Generazione di campioni <ol><li> Calore attivare C. difficile spore a 65 ° C per 30 min e conservare in ghiaccio. Nota: C. spore difficile può essere prodotto e purificato come descritto in precedenza 7,9,10. </li><li> Preparare la soluzione di germinazione a X + 1 ml dove X è il numero di campioni da prelevare durante il dosaggio. Nota: La soluzione di germinazione è specifico per le specie di batteri spore in fase di studio. Per saggiare C. difficile germinazione delle spore, abbiamo utilizzato una soluzione di 10 mM Tris (pH 7,5), 150 mM NaCl, 100 mM glicina e 10 mM acido taurocolico in acqua deionizzata. </li><li> Prima di iniziare il test, estrarre un campione della soluzione di germinazione 1,0 ml senza spore per servire come bianco per il rilevamento frammento corticale. </li><li> Aggiungere spore ad un OD 600 di ~ 3,0 alla soluzione germinazione e vortex rapidamente. Nota: per i nostri studi di germinazione in B. subtilis, abbiamo utilizzato la stessa OD 600 spore come per C. difficile. Nota: Questa quantità di spore ha funzionato bene per il monitoraggio corteccia rilascio frammento durante C. difficile la germinazione delle spore. La quantità di spore saggio utilizzare deve essere determinato sperimentalmente per ogni batterio o ceppo. </li><li> Rimuovere un campione 1,2 ml subito dopo aver aggiunto le spore e centrifugare a temperatura ambiente per 1 min a 14.000 xg. Questo è il punto di tempo zero. </li><li> Trasferire 1,0 ml del surnatante dal campione centrifugato in una nuova provetta per la successiva analisi di frammenti corteccia. Nota: Dovrebbe DPA devono essere monitorati, rimuovere un campione di 100 microlitri separato per il rilevamento di DPA nella soluzione utilizzando un saggio basato sulla fluorescenza terbio 9,18,19. </li><li> Congelare il campione raccolto a -80 ° C. </li><li> Ripetere i punti 1.4 e 1.5, a intervalli regolari fino a quando tutti i punti di tempo completati. Nota: A causa dei tempi necessari per la centrifugazione e campionamento, punti di tempo meno esimoun 2 min a parte, non fosse possibile durante la nostra procedura, così i nostri intervalli di campionamento sono stati una volta ogni 2 min per 14 min. </li><li> Come controllo positivo per ridurre rilevamento zucchero e quantificazione, includere le seguenti quantità di N -acetylglucosamine (nmol): 0, 12,5, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500 e 5.000. Preparare questi campioni allo stesso tempo come campioni corteccia e correre lungo con i campioni di corteccia in modo che la curva standard è rilevante ai dati generati da germinare spore. </li><li> Dopo che tutti i campioni punto di tempo vengono raccolti, liofilizzare i campioni. Nota: liofilizzato nostri campioni in tubi con tappo a vite 2 ml. </li></ol> 2. Misura Cortex Frammenti <ol><li> Risospendere campioni liofilizzati in 120 ml di 3 N HCl integrato con 1% di fenolo e 0,5% β-mercaptoetanolo. </li><li> Trasferire i campioni risospeso in provette con tappo a vite a 2 ml. Nota: Per la riproducibilità, garantire tutto il campione liofilizzato viene risospeso e trasferito. </li> &lt;li&gt; Incubare i campioni in un bagno d&#39;acqua di ricircolo a 95 ° C per 4 ore. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;incubazione, posizionare i campioni sul ghiaccio fino a quando non sono cool. </li><li> Neutralizzare i campioni con 120 ml di 3 M NaOH. </li><li> Aggiungere 80 ml di una soluzione satura di sodio bicarbonato e 80 ml di una soluzione di anidride acetica 5% per ciascun campione e vortex. </li><li> Incubare i campioni a temperatura ambiente per 10 min. </li><li> Trasferire i campioni di nuovo al bagno di acqua C 95 ° per esattamente 3 min. Nota: questo passaggio è il tempo periodi sensibili e più lunghi possono influenzare lo sviluppo del segnale a valle. </li><li> Rimuovere campioni dal bagnomaria e raffreddare su ghiaccio. </li><li> Aggiungere 400 ml di 6,54% K 2 B 4 O 7 · 4H 2 O per ogni provetta e vortex. </li><li> Incubare i campioni in un bagno d&#39;acqua di ricircolo a 95 ° C per esattamente 7 min. Nota: questo passaggio è il tempo periodi sensibili e più lunghi possono influenzare lo sviluppo del segnale a valle. </li><li> Rimuoverei campioni e posto in ghiaccio per 5 min. </li></ol> 3. Colore reagente <ol><li> Mentre i campioni sono sul ghiaccio (Passo 2.12), preparare il reagente colorato. Sciogliere 0,320 g di p -dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB; reagente di Ehrlich) in 1,9 ml di acido acetico glaciale. Nota: Il reagente è tempo, temperatura e sensibile alla luce e non dovrebbe essere fatta in anticipo. </li><li> Dopo il DMAB dissolve completamente, aggiungere 100 ml di 10 N HCl e vortice. </li><li> Aggiungere 5 ml di acido acetico glaciale e vortice. </li></ol> 4. reazione colorimetrica <ol><li> Trasferire 100 ml di ogni campione raffreddati corteccia in una nuova provetta da 1,5 ml microcentrifuga. </li><li> Aggiungere 700 ml di soluzione di colore appena preparata per ogni campione. </li><li> trasferire immediatamente i campioni ad un bagno d&#39;acqua C 37 ° e incubare per esattamente 20 minuti. </li><li> Trasferire 200 ml di ogni campione in una piastra a 96 pozzetti chiaro. </li><li> Quantificare i campioni a 585 nm su un piattolettore. I campioni dovrebbero iniziare in un colore giallo e una reazione positiva si sposteranno al viola. Il più corticale presente, il più profondo il colore viola. </li></ol>

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spore+cortex+hydrolysis+precedes+DPA+release+during+Clostridium+difficile+spore+germination.">Spore cortex hydrolysis precedes DPA release during Clostridium difficile spore germination.</a> J Bacteriol. 197 (14), (2015).</li><li>Francis, M. B., Allen, C. A., Shrestha, R., Sorg, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bile+acid+recognition+by+the+Clostridium+difficile+Germinant+Receptor,+CspC,+is+important+for+establishing+infection.">Bile acid recognition by the Clostridium difficile Germinant Receptor, CspC, is important for establishing infection.</a> PLoS Pathog. 9, e1003356 (2013).</li><li>Moir, A., Smith, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Genetics+of+bacterial+spore+germination.">The Genetics of bacterial spore germination.</a> Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 44, 531-553 (1990).</li><li>Zhang, P., Kong, L., Wang, G., Setlow, P., Li, Y. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combination+of+Raman+tweezers+and+quantitative+differential+interference+contrast+microscopy+for+measurement+of+dynamics+and+heterogeneity+during+the+germination+of+individual+bacterial+spores.">Combination of Raman tweezers and quantitative differential interference contrast microscopy for measurement of dynamics and heterogeneity during the germination of individual bacterial spores.</a> Journal of biomedical optics. 15, 056010 (2010).</li><li>Ghuysen, J. -. M., Tipper, D. J., Strominger, J. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Dopo stimolazione, spore sottoposti al processo di germinazione perdono le loro caratteristiche di resistenza senza la necessità per la sintesi macromolecolare. Quando la germinazione delle spore viene attivato, il nucleo spore rilascia DPA in cambio di acqua 2. A causa dell&#39;elevato contenuto DPA della spora dormienti, il nucleo spore è sotto forte pressione osmotica ed il peptidoglicano specializzata, corteccia, aiuta a prevenire il nucleo di gonfiore agendo, presumibilmente, come barriera all&#39;espa...

Endospore sono metabolicamente forme dormienti di batteri che permettono ai batteri di persistono in ambienti sfavorevoli. In molti batteri sporigeni, formazione di spore è indotta da privazione di nutrienti, ma questo processo può essere controllato da cambiamenti di pH, esposizione ad ossigeno o altre sollecitazioni 1. Mentre nella loro forma spore metabolicamente dormiente, i batteri resistono ai raggi UV, essiccazione, temperature più elevate, e il congelamento 2. La maggior parte delle conoscenze sul processo di sporulazione deriva da studi in organismo modello, Bacillus subtilis. Il processo inizia con sporulazione replicazione del DNA e la formazione di un 3,4 filamento assiale. Un setto asimmetrica quindi divide la cella in due compartimenti di dimensioni disuguale. Il vano più grande, la cellula madre, avvolge il vano più piccolo, il forespore. Sia la cellula madre e forespore coordinare l&#39;espressione genica a maturare le spore e la cellula madre alla fine lisa, rilasciando il Dormant spore nell&#39;ambiente circostante 1. La struttura e la composizione delle spore si conserva in molte specie batteriche. Il nucleo spora ha un contenuto d&#39;acqua inferiore a quella cellula vegetativa ed è ricco di acido dipicolinico (DPA) 1,2. Durante la formazione di spore, DPA viene pompato nel nucleo spore in cambio di acqua. Che circonda il nucleo è una membrana spore interno dove, nella maggior parte dei formare spore dei batteri, i recettori che riconoscono le piccole molecole che stimolano la germinazione (germinants) si trovano 2. Situato appena fuori membrana interna della spora è uno strato di peptidoglicano della parete cellulare. Uno strato peptidoglicano specializzata (corteccia) circonda la peptidoglicano della parete cellulare ed è composto da molti degli stessi componenti come peptidoglicano della parete cellulare [alternati N-acetilglucosamina (NAG) e acido N-acetilmuramico (NAM)]. Tuttavia, circa il 50% dei residui NAM nella corteccia sono stati convertiti in muramico-δ-lattame 5,6 </sup&gt;. Durante la germinazione delle spore, questi residui muramico-δ-lattamici sono riconosciuti dalle spore corteccia enzimi litici (SCLEs), consentendo in tal modo la corteccia di essere degradata (un processo essenziale per completare la germinazione), ma non la parete cellulare. Intorno corteccia è una membrana esterna e diversi strati di proteine ​​di rivestimento 2. Controllo del processo di germinazione è di fondamentale importanza per la sporulazione. La germinazione è iniziato quando i recettori germinant interagiscono con i loro rispettivi germinants 2. In molti sporulazione, questi germinants sono aminoacidi, zuccheri, nucleotidi, ioni o loro combinazioni 2. C. difficile germinazione è avviata da combinazioni di alcuni acidi biliari, [ad esempio, acido taurocolico (TA)] e amminoacidi (ad esempio, glicina) 7-10. Anche se ci sono differenze tra il C. percorso di germinazione difficile e le vie studiate in altri sporebatteri, come B. subtilis, comune a tutti è il requisito assoluto per degradare la corteccia spore per consentire una cellula vegetativa a crescere dal spore germinato 2,8. Il degrado della corteccia può essere compiuta dal SCLEs CwlJ / SleB (come si trova in B. subtilis) o SLEC (come si trova in molti clostridi). Cortex idrolisi riduce il vincolo sulla parete cellulare e spore. Questo permette di reidratazione pieno centro, un passo necessario per riattivare molte delle proteine ​​necessarie per il metabolismo cellulare 2. Quando spore germinano, i cambiamenti spore dormienti da uno stato di fase luminoso ad uno stato di fase buia e questo processo può essere misurato da un cambiamento di densità ottica (OD) a 600 nm 11. Un rapporto precedente suggerisce che gran parte di questo cambiamento di OD è dovuto al rilascio di DPA dalla spore 12. Durante il nostro recente studio, abbiamo cercato di confrontare i tempi di C. difficile la germinazione delle spore e monitorato ilrilascio di DPA e corteccia frammenti 9. Per questo studio è stato fondamentale per monitorare il rilascio di frammenti di corteccia come hanno cominciato ad essere rilasciato dalla germinazione delle spore. Il saggio colorimetrico qui usato si basava su un metodo per rilevare gli zuccheri con estremità riducenti sviluppato Ghuysen et al. 13. Perché altri hanno descritto i protocolli per la rilevazione di zuccheri riducenti 14 o hanno modificato i protocolli 15, la letteratura su questo argomento può essere fonte di confusione. Qui, noi dettaglio un metodo step-by-step per la determinazione colorimetrica di zuccheri riduttori liberati da germinare C. spore difficile. Anche se questo studio utilizza C. spore difficile, gli zuccheri riducenti liberati durante la germinazione di spore da altri batteri sporigeni sono in grado di essere rilevato con questo protocollo 9,16,17.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2.0 mL screw cap tube</td>
			<td>USA scientific</td>
			<td>1420-3700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p1000 eppendorf pippet</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p200 eppendorf pippet</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p20 eppendorf pippet</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100-1250uL pipet tips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89079-486</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-200uL pipet tips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89079-458</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-acetyl-D-glucosamine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A3286-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric Acid - 10N</td>
			<td>BDH-Aristar</td>
			<td>BDH3032-3.8LP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Anhydride</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>L04295</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>BDH0280-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Tetraborate tetrahydrate</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>39435</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>BDH8019-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>156477-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saturated Phenol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP1750-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>M6250-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SpectraMax M3</td>
			<td colspan="2">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Acid, Glacial</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>BDH3098-3.8LP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heated, Circulating Water Bath</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>Model 1136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtest 96</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353072</td>
			<td>96 well clear tissue culture plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89000-506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lyophilizer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat Blocks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex Machine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detecting cortex fragments during bacterial spore germination

The process of endospore germination in Clostridium difficile, and other Clostridia, increasingly is being found to differ from the model spore-forming bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. Germination is triggered by small molecule germinants and occurs without the need for macromolecular synthesis. Though differences exist between the mechanisms of spore germination in species of Bacillus and Clostridium, a common requirement is the hydrolysis of the peptidoglycan-like cortex which allows the spore core to swell and rehydrate. After rehydration, metabolism can begin and this, eventually, leads to outgrowth of a vegetative cell. The detection of hydrolyzed cortex fragments during spore germination can be difficult and the modifications to the previously described assays can be confusing or difficult to reproduce. Thus, based on our recent report using this assay, we detail a step-by-step protocol for the colorimetric detection of cortex fragments during bacterial spore germination.

La tabella 1 mostra i risultati tipici utilizzando standard NAG. I dati vengono utilizzati per generare una curva standard. La tabella 2 mostra i risultati tipici della un saggio di germinazione in tampone germinazione supplementato con 100 mM glicina e 10 mM TA (condizioni di germinazione-promozione) o 100 mM glicina solo (condizioni non germinazione). In assenza di TA, C. spore difficile del non germinano e c&#39;è poco cambiamento n...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Cortex Fragments During Bacterial Spore Germination at JoVE.com

Detecting Cortex Fragments During Bacterial Spore Germination

Herein, we describe a colorimetric assay to detect the presence of reducing sugars during bacterial spore germination.

Rilevamento Cortex Frammenti Durante la germinazione delle spore batteriche

The process of endospore germination in Clostridium difficile, and other Clostridia, increasingly is being found to differ from the model spore-forming ...

detecting-cortex-fragments-during-bacterial-spore-germination

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.3K Views.  Texas A&M University. Herein, we describe a colorimetric assay to detect the presence of reducing sugars during bacterial spore germination.

Video: Detecting Cortex Fragments During Bacterial Spore Germination

Propagating and Detecting an Infectious Molecular Clone of Maedi-visna Virus that Expresses Green Fluorescent Protein

Maedi-visna virus (MVV) is a lentivirus of sheep, causing slowly progressive interstitial pneumonia and encephalitis1. The primary target cells of MVV in vivo are considered to be of the monocyte lineage2. Certain strains of MVV can replicate in other cell types, however3,4. The green fluorescent protein is a commonly used marker for studying lentiviruses in living cells. We have inserted the egfp gene into the gene for dUTPase of MVV. The dUTPase gene is well conserved in most lentivirus strains of sheep and goats and has been shown to be important in replication of CAEV5. However, dUTPase has been shown to be dispensable for replication of the molecular clone of MVV used in this study both in vitro and in vivo6. MVV replication is strictly confined to cells of sheep or goat origin. We use a primary cell line from the choroid plexus of sheep (SCP cells) for transfection and propagation of the virus7. The fluorescent MVV is fully infectious and EGFP expression is stable over at least 6 passages8. There is good correlation between measurements of TCID50 and EGFP. This virus should therefore be useful for rapid detection of infected cells in studies of cell tropism and pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo8.

We describe a molecular clone of maedi-visna virus that expresses GFP and is fully infectious. Replication of this virus can be detected by using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.

Di moltiplicazione e di Rilevamento di un clone infettive molecolare di Maedi-Visna Virus che esprime la proteina fluorescente verde

Maedi-visna virus (MVV) is a lentivirus of sheep, causing slowly progressive interstitial pneumonia and encephalitis1. The primary target cells of MVV in ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia spp.), Rocky Mountain Spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii), ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. equi), anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum), encephalitis (tick-borne encephalitis virus), babesiosis (Babesia spp.), Colorado tick fever (Coltivirus), and tularemia (Francisella tularensis) 1-8. To be properly transmitted into the host these infectious agents differentially regulate gene expression, interact with tick proteins, and migrate through the tick 3,9-13. For example, the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, adapts through differential gene expression to the feast and famine stages of the tick's enzootic cycle 14,15. Furthermore, as an Ixodes tick consumes a bloodmeal Borrelia replicate and migrate from the midgut into the hemocoel, where they travel to the salivary glands and are transmitted into the host with the expelled saliva 9,16-19.
As a tick feeds the host typically responds with a strong hemostatic and innate immune response 11,13,20-22. Despite these host responses, I. scapularis can feed for several days because tick saliva contains proteins that are immunomodulatory, lytic agents, anticoagulants, and fibrinolysins to aid the tick feeding 3,11,20,21,23. The immunomodulatory activities possessed by tick saliva or salivary gland extract (SGE) facilitate transmission, proliferation, and dissemination of numerous tick-borne pathogens 3,20,24-27. To further understand how tick-borne infectious agents cause disease it is essential to dissect actively feeding ticks and collect tick saliva. This video protocol demonstrates dissection techniques for the collection of hemolymph and the removal of salivary glands from actively feeding I. scapularis nymphs after 48 and 72 hours post mouse placement. We also demonstrate saliva collection from an adult female I. scapularis tick.

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

The collection of infected tick hemolymph, salivary glands, and saliva is important to study how tick-borne pathogens cause disease. In this protocol we demonstrate how to collect hemolymph and salivary glands from feeding Ixodes scapularis nymphs. We also demonstrate saliva collection from female I. scapularis adults.

Saliva, le ghiandole salivari, e Collection emolinfa dalle zecche Ixodes scapularis

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne ...

Bioluminescent Bacterial Imaging In Vivo

This video describes the use of whole body bioluminesce imaging (BLI) for the study of bacterial trafficking in live mice, with an emphasis on the use of bacteria in gene and cell therapy for cancer. Bacteria present an attractive class of vector for cancer therapy, possessing a natural ability to grow preferentially within tumors following systemic administration. Bacteria engineered to express the lux gene cassette permit BLI detection of the bacteria and concurrently tumor sites. The location and levels of bacteria within tumors over time can be readily examined, visualized in two or three dimensions. The method is applicable to a wide range of bacterial species and tumor xenograft types. This article describes the protocol for analysis of bioluminescent bacteria within subcutaneous tumor bearing mice. Visualization of commensal bacteria in the Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by BLI is also described. This powerful, and cheap, real-time imaging strategy represents an ideal method for the study of bacteria in vivo in the context of cancer research, in particular gene therapy, and infectious disease. This video outlines the procedure for studying lux-tagged E. coli in live mice, demonstrating the spatial and temporal readout achievable utilizing BLI with the IVIS system.

Bioluminescent Bacterial Imaging In Vivo

This article describes the administration of lux-tagged bacteria to mice and subsequent in vivo analysis using IVIS bioluminescence imaging.

Bioluminescent Imaging batterica<em&gt; In Vivo</em

This video describes the use of whole body bioluminesce imaging (BLI) for the study of bacterial trafficking in live mice, with an emphasis on the use of ...

Detecting Glycogen in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells with Periodic Acid Schiff Staining

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining is an immunohistochemical technique used on muscle biopsies and as a diagnostic tool for blood samples. Polysaccharides such as glycogen, glycoproteins, and glycolipids stain bright magenta making it easy to enumerate positive and negative cells within the tissue. In muscle cells PAS staining is used to determine the glycogen content in different types of muscle cells, while in blood cell samples PAS staining has been explored as a diagnostic tool for a variety of conditions. Blood contains a proportion of white blood cells that belong to the immune system. The notion that cells of the immune system possess glycogen and use it as an energy source has not been widely explored. Here, we describe an adapted version of the PAS staining protocol that can be applied on peripheral blood mononuclear immune cells from human venous blood. Small cells with PAS-positive granules and larger cells with diffuse PAS staining were observed. Treatment of samples with amylase abrogates these patterns confirming the specificity of the stain. An alternate technique based on enzymatic digestion confirmed the presence and amount of glycogen in the samples. This protocol is useful for hematologists or immunologists studying polysaccharide content in blood-derived lymphocytes.

Periodic acid Schiff staining is a technique that visualizes the polysaccharide content of tissues. This article demonstrates periodic acid Schiff staining protocol adapted for use on peripheral blood mononuclear cells purified from human venous blood. Such samples are enriched for lymphocytes and other white blood cells of the immune system.

Rilevamento glicogeno in cellule periferiche mononucleate del sangue con Periodic Acid Schiff colorazione

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining is an immunohistochemical technique used on muscle biopsies and as a diagnostic tool for blood samples. ...

Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells

The study of protein interactions in the context of living cells can generate critical information about localization, dynamics, and interacting partners. This information is particularly valuable in the context of host-pathogen interactions. Many pathogen proteins function within host cells in a variety of way such as, enabling evasion of the host immune system and survival within the intracellular environment. To study these pathogen-protein host-cell interactions, several approaches are commonly used, including: in vivo infection with a strain expressing a tagged or mutant protein, or introduction of pathogen genes via transfection or transduction. Each of these approaches has advantages and disadvantages. We sought a means to directly introduce exogenous proteins into cells. Electroporation is commonly used to introduce nucleic acids into cells, but has been more rarely applied to proteins although the biophysical basis is exactly the same. A standard electroporator was used to introduce affinity-tagged bacterial effectors into mammalian cells. Human epithelial and mouse macrophage cells were cultured by traditional methods, detached, and placed in 0.4 cm gap electroporation cuvettes with an exogenous bacterial pathogen protein of interest (e.g. Salmonella Typhimurium GtgE). After electroporation (0.3 kV) and a short (4 hr) recovery period, intracellular protein was verified by fluorescently labeling the protein via its affinity tag and examining spatial and temporal distribution by confocal microscopy. The electroporated protein was also shown to be functional inside the cell and capable of correct subcellular trafficking and protein-protein interaction. While the exogenous proteins tended to accumulate on the surface of the cells, the electroporated samples had large increases in intracellular effector concentration relative to incubation alone. The protocol is simple and fast enough to be done in a parallel fashion, allowing for high-throughput characterization of pathogen proteins in host cells including subcellular targeting and function of virulence proteins.

Electroporation was used to insert purified bacterial virulence effector proteins directly into living eukaryotic cells. Protein localization was monitored by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. This method allows for studies on trafficking, function, and protein-protein interactions using active exogenous proteins, avoiding the need for heterologous expression in eukaryotic cells.

Elettroporazione di effettori batterici funzionali in cellule di mammifero

The study of protein interactions in the context of living cells can generate critical information about localization, dynamics, and interacting partners. ...

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Invasion and colonization of host cells by bacterial pathogens depend on the activity of a large number of prokaryotic proteins, defined as virulence factors, which can subvert and manipulate key host functions. The study of host/pathogen interactions is therefore extremely important to understand bacterial infections and develop alternative strategies to counter infectious diseases. This approach however, requires the development of new high-throughput assays for the unbiased, automated identification and characterization of bacterial virulence determinants. Here, we describe a method for the generation of a GFP-tagged mutant library by transposon mutagenesis and the development of high-content screening approaches for the simultaneous identification of multiple transposon-associated phenotypes. Our working model is the intracellular bacterial pathogen Coxiellaburnetii, the etiological agent of the zoonosis Q fever, which is associated with severe outbreaks with a consequent health and economic burden. The obligate intracellular nature of this pathogen has, until recently, severely hampered the identification of bacterial factors involved in host pathogen interactions, making of Coxiella the ideal model for the implementation of high-throughput/high-content approaches.

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium responsible for the zoonotic disease Q fever. Here we describe methods for the generation of Coxiella fluorescent transposon mutants as well as the automated identification and analysis of the resulting internalization, replication and cytotoxic phenotypes.

Generation e Multi-fenotipica Screening-Alto contenuto di<em&gt; Coxiella burnetii</em&gt; Mutants transposon

Invasion and colonization of host cells by bacterial pathogens depend on the activity of a large number of prokaryotic proteins, defined as virulence ...

Evaluation of Extracellular Vesicle Function During Malaria Infection

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, with P. falciparum being the most prevalent on the African continent and responsible for most malaria-related deaths globally. Several factors including parasite sequestration in tissues, vascular dysfunction, and inflammatory responses influence the evolution of the disease in malaria-infected people. P. falciparum-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) release small extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing different kinds of cargo molecules that mediate pathogenesis and cellular communication between parasites and host. EVs are efficiently taken up by cells in which they modulate their function. Here we discuss strategies to address the role of EVs in parasite-host interactions. First, we describe a straightforward method for labeling and tracking EV internalization by endothelial cells, using a green cell linker dye. Second, we report a simple way to measure permeability across an endothelial cell monolayer by using a fluorescently labeled dextran. Finally, we show how to investigate the role of small non-coding RNA molecules in endothelial cell function.

In this work, we describe protocols to investigate the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes. In particular, we focus on the interactions of EVs with endothelial cells.

Valutazione della funzione delle vescicole extracellulari durante l'infezione malarica

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, with P. falciparum being the most prevalent on the African continent and responsible ...

Methods for Detecting Cytotoxic Amyloids Following Infection of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Patients who survive pneumonia have elevated death rates in the months following hospital discharge. It has been hypothesized that infection of pulmonary tissue during pneumonia results in the production of long-lived cytotoxins that can lead to subsequent end organ failure. We have developed in vitro assays to test the hypothesis that cytotoxins are produced during pulmonary infection. Isolated rat pulmonary endothelial cells and the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa are used as model systems, and the production of cytoxins following infection of the endothelial cells by the bacteria is demonstrated using cell culture followed by direct quantitation using lactate dehydrogenase assays and a novel microscopic method utilizing ImageJ technology. The amyloid nature of these cytotoxins was demonstrated by thioflavin T binding assays and by immunoblotting and immunodepletion using A11 anti-amyloid antibody. Further analyses using immunoblotting demonstrated that oligomeric tau and A&#946; were produced and released by endothelial cells following infection by P. aeruginosa. These methods should be readily adaptable to analyses of human clinical samples.

Methods for Detecting Cytotoxic Amyloids Following Infection of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Simple methods are described for demonstrating the production of cytotoxic amyloids following infection of pulmonary endothelium by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Metodi per rilevare amiloidi seguente infezione di polmonare endoteliali cellule citotossiche da Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Patients who survive pneumonia have elevated death rates in the months following hospital discharge. It has been hypothesized that infection of pulmonary ...

Spore Adsorption as a Nonrecombinant Display System for Enzymes and Antigens

The bacterial spore is a metabolically quiescent cell, formed by a series of protective layers surrounding a dehydrated cytoplasm. This peculiar structure makes the spore extremely stable and resistant and has suggested the use of the spore as a platform to display heterologous molecules. So far, a variety of antigens and enzymes have been displayed on spores of Bacillus subtilis and of a few other species, initially by a recombinant approach and, then, by a simple and efficient nonrecombinant method. The nonrecombinant display system is based on the direct adsorption of heterologous molecules on the spore surface, avoiding the construction of recombinant strains and the release of genetically modified bacteria in the environment. Adsorbed molecules are stabilized and protected by the interaction with spores, which limits the rapid degradation of antigens and the loss of enzyme activity at unfavorable conditions. Once utilized, spore-adsorbed enzymes can be collected easily with a minimal reduction of activity and reused for additional reaction rounds. In this paper is shown how to adsorb model molecules to purified spores of B. subtilis, how to evaluate the efficiency of adsorption, and how to collect used spores to recycle them for new reactions.

This protocol focuses on the use of bacterial spores as a &#34;live&#34; nanobiotechnological tool to adsorb heterologous molecules with various biological activities. The methods to measure the efficiency of adsorption are also shown.

Adsorbimento di spora come un sistema di visualizzazione Nonrecombinant per gli enzimi e gli antigeni

The bacterial spore is a metabolically quiescent cell, formed by a series of protective layers surrounding a dehydrated cytoplasm. This peculiar structure ...

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay

Serum bactericidal assays (SBAs) measure the functional activity of antibodies and have been used for many decades. SBAs directly measure antibody killing activity by assessing the ability of antibodies in serum to bind to bacteria and activate complement. This complement activation results in the lysis and killing of the target bacteria. These assays are valuable because they go beyond quantifying antibody production to elucidate the biological functions that these antibodies have, allowing researchers to study the role that antibodies may play in preventing infection. SBAs have been used to study immune responses for many human pathogens, but there is no widely accepted methodology for Shigella at present. Historically, SBAs have been very labor-intensive, requiring many time-consuming steps to accurately quantify surviving bacteria. This protocol describes a simple, robust, and high-throughput assay that measures functional antibodies specific for Shigella in serum in vitro. The method described here offers many advantages over traditional SBAs, including the use of frozen bacterial stocks, 96 well assay plates, a micro-culture system, and automated colony-counting. All of these modifications make this assay less labor-intensive and more high-throughput. This protocol is simpler and faster to perform than traditional SBAs while still using simple technologies and readily available reagents. The protocol has been successfully applied in multiple independent laboratories and the assay is robust and reproducible. The assay can be used to assess immune responses in pre-clinical as well as clinical studies. Quantifying shigellacidal antibody titers both before and after antigen exposure (either by immunization or infection) allows for a broader understanding of how functional antibody responses are generated and their contribution to protective immunity. The development of this standardized, well-characterized assay may greatly facilitate Shigella vaccine design.

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay

Here we present a protocol to measure Shigellacidal activity of antibodies in serum. Serum is mixed with bacteria and exogenous complement, incubated, and the reaction mixture is plated on agar plates. Viable bacteria form colonies which are counted, using an automated colony enumerator, and used to determine the bactericidal titer.

Un High-throughput Shigella-specifica analisi battericida

Serum bactericidal assays (SBAs) measure the functional activity of antibodies and have been used for many decades. SBAs directly measure antibody killing ...

Rilevamento Cortex Frammenti Durante la germinazione delle spore batteriche

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