FM riconosce finanziamenti dal ANR attraverso una poltrona d&#39;Excellence IDEX Sorbonne Paris Cité, il INSU attraverso una sovvenzione PNP, l&#39;Institut Universitaire de France, così come il programma LABEX UniverEarth alla Sorbona di Parigi Cité (ANR-10-LabX-0023 e ANR -11-IDEX-0005-02). Ringraziamo anche il finanziamento da parte del Consiglio europeo della ricerca nell&#39;ambito della Comunità europea H2020 programma quadro / ERC convenzione di sovvenzione # 637503 (Pristine).

NOTA: Le procedure che coinvolgono gli animali sono stati approvati dalla cura e l&#39;uso Comitato Istituzionale Animal (IACUC) presso l&#39;Université Paris Diderot. 1. Preparazione dei materiali <ol><li> Sub-ebollizione distillare 1 L degli acidi (HNO 3, HBr) per purificarli da impurità. </li><li> Pulire i bicchieri e l&#39;adattatore punta in un caldo (~ 100 ° C) concentrati HNO 3 bagno di acido per almeno due giorni. </li><li> Lavare i puntali delle pipette in una fredda 3 N HNO 3 bagno per diversi giorni e risciacquare singolarmente per tre volte con acqua deionizzata. </li></ol> Preparazione 2. campione <ol><li> Anestetizzare i topi mediante iniezione intraperitoneale di ketamina e xilazina. Valutare l&#39;anestesia con il metodo pizzico piedi. </li><li> Raccogliere il sangue da una puntura cardiaca in presenza di eparina in provette da 1,5 ml. </li><li> Separare il plasma dalle cellule ematiche mediante centrifugazione (10 min, 1.500 xg) e trasferire il plasma al polipropilene cfiale ryogenic con punte di polipropilene. </li><li> Rimuovere il sangue rimanente dagli organi tagliando la vena epatica e l&#39;iniezione DPBS attraverso il cuore. Valutare la morte del mouse per dislocazione cervicale. </li><li> Raccogliere le organi con strumenti sterili in acciaio inox, liberarli di circondare grasso, se del caso, e scatto-congelare in polipropilene fiale criogeniche. </li></ol> 3. Chemical Purificazione <ol><li> Innanzitutto, sciogliere i campioni in un mix di ~ 1 ml di concentrato (30%) H 2 O 2 e ~ 1 ml di concentrato (~ 15 M) HNO 3. Fare tutti questi passaggi all&#39;interno di una cappa aspirante. <ol><li> Inserire l&#39;intero organo di interesse in un becher da 15 ml Teflon. Quindi, aggiungere l&#39;H 2 O 2 / HNO 3 nel becher 5. Mantenere la coppa aperta per pochi minuti per evitare spruzzi dovuti alla reazione di ossidazione della sostanza organica e il rilascio di CO 2. </li><li> Infine, mettere il bicchiere su un piatto caldo a about 100 ° C per un paio d&#39;ore o fino a quando la soluzione è perfettamente chiaro. </li></ol></li><li> Aprire il becher e asciugare la soluzione su una piastra calda a circa 100 ° C. </li><li> Una volta che il campione è asciutto, aggiungere 1 ml di 1,5 N HBr ai campioni; chiudere il bicchiere e farlo sciogliere su una piastra calda a 100 ° C per due ore. </li><li> Nel frattempo preparare le 500 colonne microlitri. <ol><li> Aggiungere 500 ml di resina maglia AG1X8 200-400 alla colonna e metterlo sulla cremagliera colonna con un bicchiere rifiuti sotto. Lavare la resina alternando: 5 ml di 18,2 MW ⋅ cm di acqua, 5 ml di 0,5 N HNO 3, 5 ml di acqua, 5 ml di 0,5 N HNO 3, e poi 5 ml di acqua. Condizionare la resina con 5 ml di 1,5 N HBr. </li></ol></li><li> Togliere i bicchieri dal piatto caldo e metterli in un bagno ad ultrasuoni per circa 30 minuti, e poi lasciare che i bicchieri raffreddare a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Una volta che il bicchiere viene raffreddata e si lava la resina, aprire il becher. Mettere l&#39;adattatore punta a tegli siringa, aggiungere una punta della pipetta; pipettare i 1 ml di campione e caricarlo sulla resina (molto lentamente per non agitare la resina). </li><li> Una volta che tutto il liquido passa attraverso la colonna, aggiungere 5 ml di 1,5 N HBr. </li><li> Una volta che i 5 ml di 1,5 N HBr passano attraverso la colonna, sostituire il becher cestino con un bicchiere pulito 15 ml. </li><li> Aggiungere 5 ml di 0,5 N HNO 3 2,5 ml per volta. In questa fase l&#39;Zn viene eluito dalla resina. </li><li> Una volta 5 ml di HNO 3 passa attraverso la colonna, togliere il beaker e posizionarlo su una piastra calda a 100 ° C fino essiccato. </li><li> Rimuovere la colonna dal supporto della colonna; cestinare la resina (utilizzare una nuova resina per ogni campione). </li><li> Una volta che il campione è asciutto, ripetere il protocollo con lo stesso volume di acidi su una colonna più piccola (100 microlitri) e poi posto su una piastra calda fino essiccato. Il campione è ora pronto per spettrometria di massa. </li></ol> 4. spettrometria di massa di misura <ol><li> Analizzare il compo isotopica Znsizione su un plasma-spettrometro di massa a più collettore ad accoppiamento induttivo (MC-ICP-MS). <ol><li> Utilizzare i parametri macchina riassunti nella tabella 1. </li></ol></li><li> Posizionare le tazze di Faraday per raccogliere in massa (m / z) di 62 Ni, 63 Cu, Zn 64, 65 Cu, Zn 66, 67 e 68 Zn Zn. </li><li> Preparare una soluzione contenente 500 ppb Zn in 0.1 M HNO 3 per l&#39;analisi isotopica. </li><li> Analizzare la soluzione 500 ppb di Zn utilizzando una camera di nebulizzazione combinato con 100 microlitri / min nebulizzatore teflon. Per ogni campione, misura 30 scansioni (1 blocco di 30 cicli) in cui il tempo di integrazione di ogni scansione è 8,389 sec. </li><li> Correggere il fondo sottraendo i on-picco a zero intensità da una soluzione in bianco (la M HNO soluzione 0,1 3 utilizzati per ri-sciogliere i campioni). </li><li> Controllo e corretta possibile 64 Ni interferenze isobarica misurando l&#39;intensità del picco 62 Ni.Si supponga che il / 62 rapporto Ni 64 Ni è naturale (0,2548), correggere questo valore dal pregiudizio di massa strumentale, e quindi rimuovere il 64 Ni sulla massa 64 come: 64 Zn reale = 64 Zn misurato - 64 Ni = 64 Zn misurato - (64 Ni / 62 Ni) naturale x 62 Ni misurato. </li><li> Correggere la distorsione di massa strumentale di bracketing ciascuno dei campioni con una soluzione 500 ppb standard della norma JMC Lione Zn (o un altro standard disponibile come IRMM-3702). Eseguire il bracketing serie dividendo il rapporto 66 Zn / Zn 64 del campione per la media del rapporto 66 Zn / Zn 64 delle due norme misurati prima e dopo il campione meno 1 e moltiplicato per 1.000 (vedere equazione 1). Tipico precisione esterno sullo standard JMC Lione Zn è di 0,05 per mille / amu (2 deviazioni standard, 2 sd). </li></ol>

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La riproducibilità delle misure viene valutata mediante analisi replicate degli stessi campioni sono effettuati durante diverse sessioni analitiche. Ad esempio 6, abbiamo replicato stessa roccia terrestre 7 volte e abbiamo ottenuto i risultati riportati nella Tabella 2. Come previsto dalla teoria di frazionamento isotopico 10 e misurata in qualsiasi materiale sistema solare finora (ad esempio, 11-13 meteoriti, piante 3-5,...

La misura di alta precisione (migliore di 100 ppm / unità di massa atomica) zinco composizione isotopica stabile è stato possibile solo per circa 15 anni grazie allo sviluppo di multi-collettore plasma-source spettrometri di massa e da allora è stato in gran parte applicata in Terra e delle scienze planetarie. Le applicazioni al campo medico sono nuovi e hanno un forte potenziale come biomarcatori per le malattie che modificano il metabolismo di zinco (ad esempio, il morbo di Alzheimer). Questo lavoro riporta un metodo per misurare con elevata precisione i naturali rapporti dell&#39;isotopo stabili di zinco in vari organi di topo. Lo stesso sarebbe applicabile a campioni umani. Il metodo consiste nella dissoluzione degli organi, la depurazione chimica dello zinco dal resto degli atomi, e quindi l&#39;analisi del rapporto isotopico su un spettrometro di massa. La qualità delle misure isotopiche Zn dipende dalla qualità della depurazione chimica (purezza di Zn, bassa comp vuotoared alla quantità di Zn presente nel campione, alta resa chimica della procedura) e sul controllo della polarizzazione strumentale. È necessaria la elevata purezza della frazione Zn finale per rimuovere sia le interferenze isobariche e le interferenze non isobarico che creano un effetto matrice. Nuclidi isobariche creano interferenze dirette (ad esempio, 64 Ni). Interferenze non isobariche generare il cosiddetto effetto &quot;matrice&quot; alterano la precisione analitica delle misurazioni cambiando la condizione di ionizzazione rispetto allo standard di zinco puro a cui sono confrontate a 1. Un basso vuoto (&lt;10 ng) indica che non vi è alcuna contaminazione dei campioni da Zn esterno che sarebbe influenzare la composizione isotopica misurata. Come isotopi Zn possono essere frazionati durante cromatografia a scambio ionico 2, l&#39;insieme di tutti gli atomi di Zn assicura che non si verifica alcun frazionamento isotopico, che implica che il procedimento chimico dovrebbe avere un rendimento completo. Infine, la correzione del frazionamento isotopico strumentale durante la misurazione spettrometria di massa è fatto tramite il metodo &quot;staffaggio standard&quot;. Pertanto, le principali difficoltà per ottenere misure precise controllano la contaminazione esterna (cioè basso vuoto), producendo una piena resa depurazione chimica che è pulito di altri atomi o molecole, e correggendo il frazionamento isotopico strumentale sul spettrometro di massa. In questo articolo descriveremo il nostro protocollo analitico per separare Zn dagli organi di topo e le misure di spettrometria di massa. L&#39;estrazione viene fatto utilizzando una bassa quantità di acidi diluiti (HBr / HNO 3 media) su micro-colonne (0,5 microlitri e 0,1 microlitri) di resina a scambio anionico. Ha una resa completa e le misurazioni hanno una riproducibilità esterna superiore a 50 ppm dal rapporto 66 Zn / Zn 64. Un altro vantaggio del method è che è molto veloce. Il metodo è quindi molto ben adattato alle scienze mediche, in cui si ha la necessità di analizzare un gran numero di campioni rispetto al geosciences, dove sono stati sviluppati questi metodi analitici.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Multi-collection inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectromter</td><td>Thermo-Fisher</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anion-exchange resin AG1 X8 200-400</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>140-1443-MSDS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Teflon beakers</td><td>Savillex&amp;nbsp;</td><td>200-015-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>In-house-made teflon colunms made with shrinkable teflon</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

high precision zinc isotopic measurements applied to mouse organs

Vi presentiamo una procedura per misurare con elevata precisione i rapporti isotopici di zinco negli organi di topo. Lo zinco è composto da 5 isotopi stabili (64 Zn, Zn 66, 67, 68 Zn Zn e 70 Zn) che sono naturalmente frazionati tra gli organi del mouse. Per prima cosa mostriamo come sciogliere i diversi organi, al fine di liberare gli atomi Zn; questo passaggio è realizzato da una miscela di HNO 3 e H 2 O 2. Abbiamo poi purificare gli atomi di zinco da tutti gli altri elementi, in particolare da interferenze isobariche (ad esempio, Ni), mediante cromatografia a scambio anionico in un diluita HBr / HNO 3 medio. Questi primi due passaggi vengono eseguiti in un laboratorio pulito utilizzo di prodotti chimici di elevata purezza. Infine, i rapporti isotopici sono misurati utilizzando un multi-collettore accoppiato induttivamente-plasma spettrometro di massa, in bassa risoluzione. I campioni sono iniettati usando una camera di nebulizzazione e frazionamento isotopico indotto dalla spettrometro di massa è correcta confrontando il rapporto dei campioni al rapporto di uno standard (tecnica bracketing standard). Questo procedimento tipico completo produce un rapporto isotopico con un 50 ppm (2 sd) riproducibilità.

In 1.5 N HBr, le principali specie di zinco (ZnBr3-) forma complessi molto forti con la resina scambiatrice di anioni, mentre la maggior parte degli altri elementi non interagiscono con la resina. Lo zinco viene quindi recuperato cambiando medio HNO 3 diluito, cambiando la speciazione di Zn di Zn 2+ che si libera dal 6,7 resina. Rapporti isotopici sono tipicamente espressi come parti per 1.000 deviazioni relative a uno standard: <i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Precision Zinc Isotopic Measurements Applied to Mouse Organs at JoVE.com

High Precision Zinc Isotopic Measurements Applied to Mouse Organs

We present the technique to measure with high precision zinc isotope ratios in mouse organs.

Alte le misure di precisione di zinco isotopiche applicate a mouse Organi

We present a procedure to measure with high precision zinc isotope ratios in mouse organs. Zinc is composed of 5 stable isotopes (64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn ...

high-precision-zinc-isotopic-measurements-applied-to-mouse-organs

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

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Chemistry

7.4K Views.  Université Paris Diderot. We present the technique to measure with high precision zinc isotope ratios in mouse organs.

Video: High Precision Zinc Isotopic Measurements Applied to Mouse Organs

A Comprehensive Procedure to Evaluate the In Vivo Performance of Cancer Nanomedicines

Inspired by the success of previous cancer nanomedicines in the clinic, researchers have generated a large number of novel formulations in the past decade. However, only a small number of nanomedicines have been approved for clinical use, whereas the majority of nanomedicines under clinical development have produced disappointing results. One major obstacle to the successful clinical translation of new cancer nanomedicines is the lack of an accurate understanding of their in vivo performance. This article features a rigorous procedure to characterize the in vivo behavior of nanomedicines in tumor-bearing mice at systemic, tissue, single-cell, and subcellular levels via the integration of positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT), radioactivity quantification methods, flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy. Using this approach, researchers can accurately evaluate novel nanoscale formulations in relevant mouse models of cancer. These protocols may have the ability to identify the most promising cancer nanomedicines with high translational potential or to aid in the optimization of cancer nanomedicines for future translation.

A Comprehensive Procedure to Evaluate the In Vivo Performance of Cancer Nanomedicines

The poor understanding of the in vivo performance of nanomedicines stymies their clinical translation. Procedures to evaluate the in vivo behavior of cancer nanomedicines at systemic, tissue, single-cell, and subcellular levels in tumor-bearing immunocompetent mice are described here. This approach may help researchers to identify promising cancer nanomedicines for clinical translation.

Una procedura completa per valutare il<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Prestazioni del Cancro nanomedicina

Inspired by the success of previous cancer nanomedicines in the clinic, researchers have generated a large number of novel formulations in the past ...

Ricerca

Ricerca sul cancro

Preparation and Evaluation of 99mTc-labeled Tridentate Chelates for Pre-targeting Using Bioorthogonal Chemistry

Pre-targeting combined with bioorthogonal chemistry is emerging as an effective way to create new radiopharmaceuticals. Of the methods available, the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) cycloaddition between a radiolabeled tetrazines and trans-cyclooctene (TCO) linked to a biomolecule has proven to be a highly effective bioorthogonal approach to imaging specific biological targets. Despite the fact that technetium-99m remains the most widely used isotope in diagnostic nuclear medicine, there is a scarcity of methods for preparing 99mTc-labeled tetrazines. Herein we report the preparation of a family of tridentate-chelate-tetrazine derivatives and their Tc(I) complexes. These hitherto unknown compounds were radiolabeled with 99mTc using a microwave-assisted method in 31% to 83% radiochemical yield. The products are stable in saline and PBS and react rapidly with TCO derivatives in vitro. Their in vivo pre-targeting abilities were demonstrated using a TCO-bisphosphonate (TCO-BP) derivative that localizes to regions of active bone metabolism or injury. In murine studies, the 99mTc-tetrazines showed high activity concentrations in knees and shoulder joints, which was not observed when experiments were performed in the absence of TCO-BP. The overall uptake in non-target organs and pharmacokinetics varied greatly depending on the nature of the linker and polarity of the chelate.

Preparation and Evaluation of 99mTc-labeled Tridentate Chelates for Pre-targeting Using Bioorthogonal Chemistry

Here, we describe a protocol for radiolabeling and in vivo testing of tridentate 99mTc(I) chelate-tetrazine derivatives for pre-targeting and bioorthogonal chemistry.

Preparazione e valutazione di<sup&gt; 99m</sup&gt; Tc marcato tridentate chelati di pre-targeting Utilizzando Bioorthogonal Chimica

Pre-targeting combined with bioorthogonal chemistry is emerging as an effective way to create new radiopharmaceuticals. Of the methods available, the ...

Chimica

Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy to Measure Intracellular Zinc Pools in Mammalian Cells

Transition metals are essential micronutrients for organisms but can be toxic to cells at high concentrations by competing with physiological metals in proteins and generating redox stress. Pathological conditions that lead to metal depletion or accumulation are causal agents of different human diseases. Some examples include anemia, acrodermatitis enteropathica, and Wilson&#8217;s and Menkes&#8217; diseases. It is therefore important to be able to measure the levels and transport of transition metals in biological samples with high sensitivity and accuracy in order to facilitate research exploring how these elements contribute to normal physiological functions and toxicity. Zinc (Zn), for example, is a cofactor in many mammalian proteins, participates in signaling events, and is a secondary messenger in cells. In excess, Zn is toxic and can inhibit absorption of other metals, while in deficit, it can lead to a variety of potentially lethal conditions.

Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS) provides a highly sensitive and effective method for determining Zn and other transition metal concentrations in diverse biological samples. Electrothermal atomization via GF-AAS quantifies metals by atomizing small volumes of samples for subsequent selective absorption analysis using wavelength of excitation of the element of interest. Within the limits of linearity of the Beer-Lambert Law, the absorbance of light by the metal is directly proportional to concentration of the analyte. Compared to other methods of determining Zn content, GF-AAS detects both free and complexed Zn in proteins and possibly in small intracellular molecules with high sensitivity in small sample volumes. Moreover, GF-AAS is also more readily accessible than inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) or synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence. In this method, the systematic sample preparation of different cultured cell lines for analyses in a GF-AAS is described. Variations in this trace element were compared in both whole cell lysates and subcellular fractions of proliferating and differentiated cells as proof of principle.

Cultured primary or established cell lines are commonly used to address fundamental biological and mechanistic questions as an initial approach before using animal models. This protocol describes how to prepare whole cell extracts and subcellular fractions for studies of zinc (Zn) and other trace elements with atomic absorbance spectroscopy.

Spettroscopia di assorbanza atomica per misurare le piscine di zinco intracellulare nelle cellule di mammifero

Transition metals are essential micronutrients for organisms but can be toxic to cells at high concentrations by competing with physiological metals in ...

Biochimica

Shotgun Lipidomics of Rodent Tissues

Lipids play a vital role as essential components of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Constant technological improvements in mass spectrometry have made lipidomics a powerful analytical tool for monitoring tissue lipidome compositions in homeostatic as well as disease states. This paper presents a step-by-step protocol for a shotgun lipid analysis method that supports the simultaneous detection and quantification of a few hundred molecular lipid species in different tissue and biofluid samples at high throughput. This method leverages automated nano-flow direct injection of a total lipid extract spiked with labeled internal standards without chromatographic separation into a high-resolution mass spectrometry instrument. Starting from sub-microgram amounts of rodent tissue, the MS analysis takes 10 min per sample and covers up to 400 lipids from 14 lipid classes in mouse lung tissue. The method presented here is well suited for studying disease mechanisms and identifying and quantifying biomarkers that indicate early toxicity or beneficial effects within rodent tissues.

Shotgun mass spectrometry-based lipidomics delivers a sensitive quantitative snapshot of a broad spectrum of lipid classes simultaneously in a single measurement from various rodent tissues.

Lipidomica shotgun di tessuti di roditori

Lipids play a vital role as essential components of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Constant technological improvements in mass spectrometry have ...

Radiosynthesis and PET/CT Imaging of 68Ga-Labelled Nanobody in Xenograft Models

Radiosynthesis, Quality Control, and Small Animal Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of 68Ga-Labelled Nano Molecules

Small animal Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging techniques are crucial in preclinical cancer research, necessitating meticulous attention to radiotracer synthesis, quality assurance, and in vivo injection protocols. This study presents a comprehensive workflow tailored to enhance the robustness and reproducibility of small animal PET experiments. The synthesis process in the radiochemistry laboratory using 68Ga is detailed, highlighting stringent quality control and assurance protocols for each radiotracer production. Parameters such as concentration, molar activity, pH, and purity are rigorously monitored, aligning with standards applicable to human studies. This methodology introduces streamlined syringe preparation and a custom-designed 30G cannula for precise intravenous injections into mice. Monitoring of animal health during scanning, including temperature and heart rate, ensures their well-being throughout the procedure. Dosages for PET and SPECT scans are predetermined to balance data acquisition with minimizing radiation exposure to animals and researchers. Similarly, CT scans employ pre-programmed settings to limit radiation exposure, especially pertinent in long-term studies assessing treatment effects. By optimizing these steps, the workflow aims to standardize procedures, reduce variability, and enhance the quality of small animal PET/SPECT/CT imaging. This resource provides valuable insights for researchers seeking to improve the accuracy and reliability of preclinical investigations in molecular imaging, ultimately advancing the field.

This paper describes the radiosynthesis, formulation, quality control of a new radiolabeled probe (i.e., 68Ga-labeled nanobody NM-02), and its use for small animal PET/CT imaging in a xenograft model.

Small animal Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging techniques are crucial in preclinical ...

Isolation and Quantification of Zika Virus from Multiple Organs in a Mouse

The methods being presented demonstrate laboratory procedures for the isolation of organs from Zika virus infected animals and the quantification of viral load. The purpose of the procedure is to quantify viral titers in peripheral and CNS areas of the mouse at different time points post infection or under different experimental conditions to identify virologic and immunological factors that regulate Zika virus infection. The organ isolation procedures demonstrated allow for both focus forming assay quantification and quantitative PCR assessment of viral titers. The rapid organ isolation techniques are designed for the preservation of virus titer. Viral titer quantification by focus forming assay allows for the rapid throughput assessment of Zika virus. The benefit of the focus forming assay is the assessment of infectious virus, the limitation of this assay is the potential for organ toxicity reducing the limit of detection. Viral titer assessment is combined with quantitative PCR, and using a recombinant RNA copy control viral genome copy number within the organ is assessed with low limit of detection. Overall these techniques provide an accurate rapid high throughput method for the analysis of Zika viral titers in the periphery and CNS of Zika virus infected animals and can be applied to the assessment of viral titers in the organs of animals infected with most pathogens, including Dengue virus.

The goal of the protocol is to demonstrate the techniques used to investigate viral disease by isolating and quantifying Zika virus, from multiple organs in a mouse following infection.

Isolamento e quantificazione del virus zika da più organi in un mouse

The methods being presented demonstrate laboratory procedures for the isolation of organs from Zika virus infected animals and the quantification of viral ...

Immunologia e infezioni

Body Composition and Metabolic Caging Analysis in High Fat Fed Mice

Alterations to body composition (fat or lean mass), metabolic parameters such as whole-body oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, and substrate utilization, and behaviors such as food intake and physical activity can provide important information regarding the underlying mechanisms of disease. Given the importance of body composition and metabolism to the development of obesity and its subsequent sequelae, it is necessary to make accurate measures of these parameters in the pre-clinical research setting. Advances in technology over the past few decades have made it possible to derive these measures in rodent models in a non-invasive and longitudinal fashion. Consequently, these metabolic measures have proven useful when assessing the response of genetic manipulations (for example knockout or transgenic mice, viral knock-down or overexpression of genes), experimental drug/compound screening and dietary, behavioral or physical activity interventions. Herein, we describe the protocols used to measure body composition and metabolic parameters using an animal monitoring system in chow-fed and high fat diet-fed mice.

This protocol describes the use of a body composition analyzer and metabolic animal monitoring system to characterize body composition and metabolic parameters in mice. An obesity model induced by high-fat feeding is used as an example for the application of these techniques.

Analisi metabolica ingabbiamento in topi alta Fed grasso e della composizione corporea

Alterations to body composition (fat or lean mass), metabolic parameters such as whole-body oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, and substrate ...

Medicina

Quantitative Analysis of Cellular Composition in Advanced Atherosclerotic Lesions of Smooth Muscle Cell Lineage-Tracing Mice

Atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of death worldwide and, despite countless preclinical studies describing promising therapeutic targets, novel interventions have remained elusive. This is likely due, in part, to a reliance on preclinical prevention models investigating the effects of genetic manipulations or pharmacological treatments on atherosclerosis development rather than the established disease. Also, results of these studies are often confounding because of the use of superficial lesion analyses and a lack of characterization of lesion cell populations. To help overcome these translational hurdles, we propose an increased reliance on intervention models that employ investigation of changes in cellular composition at a single cell level by immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy. To this end, we describe a protocol for testing a putative therapeutic agent in a murine intervention model including a systematic approach for animal dissection, embedding, sectioning, staining, and quantification of brachiocephalic artery lesions. In addition, due to the phenotypic diversity of cells within late-stage atherosclerotic lesions, we describe the importance of using cell-specific, inducible lineage tracing mouse systems and how this can be leveraged for unbiased characterization of atherosclerotic lesion cell populations. Together, these strategies may assist vascular biologists to more accurately model therapeutic interventions and analyze atherosclerotic disease and will hopefully translate into a higher rate of success in clinical trials.

We propose a standardized protocol to characterize the cellular composition of late-stage murine atherosclerotic lesions including systematic methods of animal dissection, tissue embedding, sectioning, staining, and analysis of brachiocephalic arteries from atheroprone smooth muscle cell lineage tracing mice.

Analisi quantitativa della composizione cellulare nelle lesioni aterosclerotiche avanzate del muscolo liscio delle cellule Lineage-Tracing topi

Atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of death worldwide and, despite countless preclinical studies describing promising therapeutic targets, novel ...

A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice

When the liver is injured, hepatocyte numbers decrease, while cell size, nuclear size and ploidy increase. The expansion of non-parenchymal cells such as cholangiocytes, myofibroblasts, progenitors and inflammatory cells also indicate chronic liver damage, tissue remodeling and disease progression. In this protocol, we describe a simple high-throughput approach for calculating changes in the cellular composition of the liver that are associated with injury, chronic disease and cancer. We show how information extracted from two-dimensional (2D) tissue sections can be used to quantify and calibrate hepatocyte nuclear ploidy within a sample and enable the user to locate specific ploidy subsets within the liver in situ. Our method requires access to fixed/frozen liver material, basic immunocytochemistry reagents and any standard high-content imaging platform. It serves as a powerful alternative to standard flow cytometry techniques, which require disruption of freshly collected tissue, loss of spatial information and potential disaggregation bias.

We present a robust, cost-effective, and flexible method for measuring changes in hepatocyte number and nuclear ploidy within fixed/cryopreserved tissue samples that does not require flow cytometry. Our approach provides a powerful sample-wide signature of liver cytology ideal for tracking the progression of liver injury and disease.

Un metodo ad alto throughput in Situ per la stima della ploidia nucleare epatica nei topi

When the liver is injured, hepatocyte numbers decrease, while cell size, nuclear size and ploidy increase. The expansion of non-parenchymal cells such as ...

Imaging CD19+ B Cells in an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mouse Model using Positron Emission Tomography

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) disease affecting young adults, often resulting in neurological deficits and disability as the disease progresses. B lymphocytes play a complex and critical role in MS pathology and are the target of several therapeutics in clinical trials. Currently, there is no way to accurately select patients for specific anti-B cell therapies or to non-invasively quantify the effects of these treatments on B cell load in the CNS and peripheral organs. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has enormous potential to provide highly specific, quantitative information regarding the in vivo spatiotemporal distribution and burden of B cells in living subjects.
This paper reports methods to synthesize and employ a PET tracer specific for human CD19+ B cells in a well-established B cell-driven mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is induced with human recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 1-125. Described here are optimized techniques to detect and quantify CD19+ B cells in the brain and spinal cord using in vivo PET imaging. Additionally, this paper reports streamlined methods for ex vivo gamma counting of disease-relevant organs, including bone marrow, spinal cord, and spleen, together with high-resolution autoradiography of CD19 tracer binding in CNS tissues.

Imaging CD19+ B Cells in an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mouse Model using Positron Emission Tomography

This paper details methodology for radiolabeling a human-specific anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody and how to use it to quantify B cells in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues of a mouse model of multiple sclerosis using in vivo PET imaging, ex vivo gamma counting, and autoradiography approaches.

Imaging delle cellule B CD19+ in un modello murino sperimentale di encefalomielite autoimmune utilizzando la tomografia a emissione di positroni

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) disease affecting young adults, often resulting in neurological ...

Alte le misure di precisione di zinco isotopiche applicate a mouse Organi

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