Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.

During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it stimulates glucose production via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver. These hormones, insulin, and glucagon, work in a reciprocal manner to regulate blood glucose. So, when glucagon levels go up, the body counteracts by releasing insulin.

During exercise, catecholamines stimulate hepatic glucose production, inhibit insulin secretion, and enhance glucagon release.

In summary, the regulation of glucose levels through the actions of insulin, glucagon, and other hormones ensures that the body can efficiently utilize and store energy as needed. This intricate balance between energy intake, storage, and utilization is essential for maintaining overall health and well-being.