עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי מקס פלאנק החברה.

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שום ניגוד אינטרסים לא הכריז.

מאמר זה מדווח על שיטת הדמיה מיקרוסקופית של תאים V. parahaemolyticus swarmer , ואחריו מנתח במורד המיועד לפתור לכמת את לוקליזציה subcellular ותכונות אחרות של חלבונים שנחקרו fluorescently שכותרתו. למרות מספר כלים קיימים לעיבוד תמונה מיקרוסקופית וניתוח 14 , 15...

חיידקים כל הזמן חווים שינויים בסביבה החיצונית שלהם פיתחו מספר טכניקות לשנות ולהתאים את התנהגותם בהתאם. מנגנון אחד כזה כולל את ההבחנה לסוגים שונים של תאים המשלימים טוב יותר את הסביבה המשתנה. בידול לעיתים קרובות כרוך שינויים גדולים הרגולציה של מחזור התא, מורפולוגיה התא, ואת הארגון spatiotemporal של התאים. אורגניזם אחד שיכול לעבור בידול הוא Vibrio parahaemolyticus . V. parahaemolyticus שייך Vibrionaceae , אשר משפחה של proteobacteria כי בדרך כלל מים טריים או מלוחים. Vibrionaceae מופצים באופן נרחב בסביבה וכוללים מספר מינים הגורמים זיהומים בדרכי העיכול בבני אדם, כולל גם cholerae.V Vibrio. Parahaemolyticus הוא אורגניזם dimorphic והוא מסוגל להבדיל לשני סוגי תאים נפרדים כתגובה כדי להתאים את השינויים שלהסביבה חיצונית. בסביבות מימיות, הוא קיים כמו תא שוחה קצר בצורת מוט עם דגלום קוטב יחיד ממוקם על עמוד התא הישן. על פני השטח מגע, בידול לתא swarmer מופעלת. הבדל תאים swarmer כוללת שני שינויים עיקריים: morphogenesis תא swarmer באמצעות עיכוב חלוקת התא, ואת אינדוקציה של מערכת השני flagella. התוצאה היא היווצרותו של תא נחיל, בעל צורה מוטורית ואורך מוארך, אשר יכול להמשיך את סגנון החיים של נחיל, שבו אירועים של חלוקה מביאים לתאי נחילים, או לחילופין להבדיל חזרה לתאי שחיינים. מספר גורמים דווחו כדי להשפיע או להשפיע על בידול swarmer. הגירוי העיקרי נראה מונע על ידי mechanosensing שבו V. parahaemolyticus משתמש flagell הקוטב כחיישן מישוש המזהה עיכוב של סיבוב על פני השטח קשר, אבל גורמים נוספים מעורבים כמוטוב 1 . במעבדה, סיבוב של דגלום הקוטב יכול להיות מעוכבת באופן מלאכותי על ידי תוספת של phenamil, אשר חוסם את ערוץ הנתרן מונע סיבוב flagellar, ובכך לגרום swarmer differiation 2 . יתר על כן, במחקר מוקדם יותר, Vibrio alginolyticus היה המושרה נחיל על מדיה מוצקה כאשר תאים היו מופצות על המדיום צמיחה בצלחת פטרי חתום עם קלטת פלסטיק ברורה. נייר סינון רווי אלקלי מונע התנפחות תחת תנאים אלה, ומכאן טוען כי אחד או יותר חומצות נדיפות עשוי להיות מעורב אינדוקציה של נחיל. לפיכך, איטום צלחת פטרי עם קלטת פלסטיק מותר ככל הנראה על הצטברות של חומצות נדיפות, נוצר כמו תוצרי לוואי של חילוף החומרים הסלולרי, בתוך שטח הראש של הצלחת. אותו אפקט הושג כאשר H 2 O 2 נוספה בינוני הצמיחה במנות אטום אטום על מנת לייצר באופן מלאכותי חומצות נדיפות ידי hydrolysing רכיבי מדיה <supClass = &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 3 , 4 , 5 . עם זאת, הזהות של חומצות נדיפות כאלה עדיין לא ידוע. יתר על כן, הוכח כי זמינות עודפת של סידן 6 ו-הגבלה ברזל 7 הן לשפר את הבדל swarmer והתפשטות על פני משטחים מוצקים. תאים ניתן לרעב ברזל על ידי הוספת המתחם 2,2&#39;-Bipyridyl למדיום הצמיחה, אשר הוכח להשפיע על בידול swarmer 8 . הגורמים ידועים לוויסות בידול מיושמים עכשיו בעיצוב של פרוטוקול זה reproducibly גורם V. parahaemolyticus בידול לתוך תאים swarmer ואת התפשטות שלהם על משטחים אגר מוצק. V. parahaemolyticus בידול כוללת שינויים משמעותיים ויסות חלוקת התא, מורפולוגיה הסלולר, ואת המיקום של מכונות macromolecular כגון flagellA ו chemotaxis מנגנוני - תהליכים שדורשים כל לוקליזציה ספציפית של חלבונים בהתאם מחזור התא. לכן, היכולת ללמוד את לוקליזציה תאיים של חלבונים כאלה חיונית להבנת התהליכים הסלולר הנ&quot;ל. על מנת לבצע מחקרים כאלה מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי על תאים בודדים נדרשת. זה יכול להיות מאתגר במיוחד כאשר תאים הדמיה הקיימות בתוך אוכלוסיות חיידקים צפופים, כמו במקרה של תאים swarmer. היו ניסיונות לגרום להבדל swarmer בתקשורת נוזלית, אשר יכול ליצור תאים בודדים למחקרים מיקרוסקופיים. ואף על ברמת תעתיק תאים אלה גרמו חלקית את התוכנית swarmer-differentiation, הם לא עוברים את אותם שינויים מורפולוגיים ברורים כמו תאים נבדל מובחן לחלוטין גדל על בינוני מוצק 8 . מאמר זה מציע פרוטוקול חזק לשחזור של שיטה כדי לגרום swarmer CELl הבחנה על פני אגר. הפרוטוקול מייצר אוכלוסייה של תאים swarmer נגיש בקלות זמין עבור מיקרוסקופ תא בודד וניתוח לאחר מכן. יתר על כן, הפרוטוקול מאפשר מחקרים לוקליזציה של חלבונים שכותרתו fluorescently בשחיין סוגי התאים swarmer (סעיפים 1, 2, 3, 4). בנוסף, פרוטוקול מתאר את זרימת העבודה הבאים על איך לעבד ולנתח את הנתונים שנוצר ניסויים מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי, המאפשר ניתוח דמוגרפי של חברות חיידקים (סעיף 5).

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Media components&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB medium</td><td>Roth</td><td>X968.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Difco Agar, granulated</td><td>BD</td><td>214510</td><td>For preparation of LB agar with LB medium</td></tr><tr><td>Difco Heart Infusion Agar</td><td>BD</td><td>244400</td><td>For preparation of HI agar swarming plates</td></tr><tr><td>Agarose NEEO, ultra quality</td><td>Roth</td><td>2267.3</td><td>For preparation of microscopy agarose pads</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Additives&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-arabinose</td><td>Roth</td><td>5118.3</td><td>Used to induce pBAD derivatives</td></tr><tr><td>2,2`-Bipyridyl</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>D216305-25G</td><td>For preparation of HI agar swarming plates</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride dihydrate</td><td>Roth</td><td>5239.1</td><td>For preparation of HI agar swarming plates</td></tr><tr><td>Ampicillin sodium salt</td><td>Roth</td><td>K029.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloramphenicol</td><td>Roth</td><td>3886.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS buffer</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>Standard recipe for Phosphate-buffered saline</td></tr><tr><td>D(+) Sucrose</td><td>Roth</td><td>4621.1</td><td>For preparation of electrocompetent cells</td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Roth</td><td>3783.5</td><td>For preparation of electrocompetent cells</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Hardware&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish 150 mm x 20 mm with cams</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>82.1184.500</td><td>For preparation of HI agar swarming plates</td></tr><tr><td>kelvitron t (B 6420)</td><td>Heraeus</td><td>-</td><td>Used for drying HI agar swarming plates</td></tr><tr><td>Gene Pulser Xcell Microbial System</td><td>BioRad</td><td>1652662</td><td>Used for elctroporation of plasmid DNA</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Software&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MetaMorph Offline (version 7.7.5.0)</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>-</td><td>Used for microscopy image analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Excel</td><td>Microsoft</td><td>-</td><td>Used for microscopy data analsis</td></tr></tbody></table>

induction of cellular differentiation and single cell imaging of vibrio parahaemolyticus swimmer and swarmer cells

היכולת ללמוד את לוקליזציה תאיים של חלבונים חיונית להבנה של תהליכים סלולריים רבים. בתורו, זה דורש את היכולת להשיג תאים בודדים עבור מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי, אשר יכול להיות מאתגר במיוחד כאשר תאים הדמיה הקיימות בקהילות חיידקים. לדוגמה, האדם הפתוגן Vibrio parahaemolyticus קיים כמו קצר בצורת מוט שחין בצורת בתנאים נוזליים כי על פני השטח קשר להבדיל subpopulation של תאים swarmer מוארך מאוד התמחה לצמיחה על משטחים מוצקים. מאמר זה מציג שיטה לבצע יחיד תא פלואורסצנטי ניתוח מיקרוסקופ של V. parahaemolyticus בשני מצבי ההפרש שלה. פרוטוקול זה reproducibly מאוד גורם הפרדה של V. parahaemolyticus לתוך מחזור חיי תא מחזורי ומקל על התפשטות שלהם על פני משטחים מוצקים. השיטה מייצרת התפרצויות של תאים swarmer מובחנת המשתרעת מ tהוא קצה של מושבה נחיל. יש לציין, בקצה מאוד של התנפחות- swarm, תאים swarmer קיים בשכבה אחת של תאים, אשר מאפשר העברת קל שלהם שקופיות מיקרוסקופ ולאחר מכן מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי הדמיה של תאים בודדים. בנוסף, זרימת העבודה של ניתוח תמונות עבור ייצוג דמוגרפי של חברות חיידקים מוצג. כהוכחה לעיקרון, ניתוח של לוקליזציה תאיים של chemotaxis איתות מערכים בשחיינים ותאי swarmer של V. parahaemolyticus מתואר.

אינדוקציה של בידול ודור של מושבות נחפזות איור 1 מספק סכימה של השלבים החשובים מעורב בהפקת מושבות נחיל של V. parahaemolyticus ( איור 1A-C ). תרבות שחיינים זוהה על נחיל אגר ו מודגרות על 24 <...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction of Cellular Differentiation and Single Cell Imaging of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Swimmer and Swarmer Cells at JoVE.com

Induction of Cellular Differentiation and Single Cell Imaging of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Swimmer and Swarmer Cells

פרוטוקול זה מאפשר מיקרוסקופית תא בודד של מובחן Vibrio parahaemolyticus שחיין ותאי swarmer . השיטה מייצרת אוכלוסייה של תאים swarmer זמין בקלות עבור ניתוח תא בודד ומכסה הכנה של תרבויות תאים, אינדוקציה של בידול swarmer, הכנת המדגם, ניתוח תמונה.

אינדוקציה של דיפרנציאציה נייד תא הדמיה אחת של<em&gt; Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em&gt; שחיין ותאי נחיל

The ability to study the intracellular localization of proteins is essential for the understanding of many cellular processes. In turn, this requires the ...

induction-cellular-differentiation-single-cell-imaging-vibrio

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Induction of Cellular Differentiation and Single Cell Imaging of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Swimmer and Swarmer Cells

9.3K Views.  Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology.  פרוטוקול זה מאפשר מיקרוסקופית תא בודד של מובחן Vibrio parahaemolyticus שחיין ותאי swarmer . השיטה מייצרת אוכלוסייה של תאים swarmer זמין בקלות עבור ניתוח תא בודד ומכסה הכנה של תרבויות תאים, אינדוקציה של בידול swarmer, הכנת המדגם, ניתוח תמונה. 

Video: Induction of Cellular Differentiation and Single Cell Imaging of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Swimmer and Swarmer Cells

Monitoring Spatial Segregation in Surface Colonizing Microbial Populations

Microbes provide an intriguing system to study social interaction among individuals within a population. The short generation times and relatively simple genetic modification procedures of microbes facilitate the development of the sociomicrobiology field. To assess the fitness of certain microbial species, selected strains or their genetically modified derivatives within one population, can be fluorescently labelled and tracked using microscopy adapted with appropriate fluorescence filters. Expanding colonies of diverse microbial species on agar media can be used to monitor the spatial distribution of cells producing distinctive fluorescent proteins.
Here, we present a detailed protocol for the use of green- and red-fluorescent protein producing bacterial strains to follow spatial arrangement during surface colonization, including flagellum-driven community movement (swarming), exopolysaccharide- and hydrophobin-dependent growth mediated spreading (sliding), and complex colony biofilm formation. Non-domesticated isolates of the Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus subtilis can be utilized to scrutinize certain surface spreading traits and their effect on two-dimensional distribution on the agar-solidified medium. By altering the number of cells used to initiate colony biofilms, the assortment levels can be varied on a continuous scale. Time-lapse fluorescent microscopy can be used to witness the interaction between different phenotypes and genotypes at a certain assortment level and to determine the relative success of either.

The role of assortment (spatial segregation) in evolutionary scenarios can be examined using simple microbial systems in the laboratory that allow controlled adjustment of spatial distribution. By modifying the founder cell density, various assortment levels can be visualized using fluorescently labelled bacterial strains in the colony biofilms of Bacillus subtilis.

ניטור מרחבי הפרדה Surface מיישבים אוכלוסיות מיקרוביאליות

Microbes provide an intriguing system to study social interaction among individuals within a population. The short generation times and relatively simple ...

Genetics

Live Cell Imaging of Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae using Automated Time-lapse Microscopy

During the last few years scientists became increasingly aware that average data obtained from microbial population based experiments are not representative of the behavior, status or phenotype of single cells. Due to this new insight the number of single cell studies rises continuously (for recent reviews see 1,2,3). However, many of the single cell techniques applied do not allow monitoring the development and behavior of one specific single cell in time (e.g. flow cytometry or standard microscopy).
Here, we provide a detailed description of a microscopy method used in several recent studies 4, 5, 6, 7, which allows following and recording (fluorescence of) individual bacterial cells of Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae through growth and division for many generations. The resulting movies can be used to construct phylogenetic lineage trees by tracing back the history of a single cell within a population that originated from one common ancestor. This time-lapse fluorescence microscopy method cannot only be used to investigate growth, division and differentiation of individual cells, but also to analyze the effect of cell history and ancestry on specific cellular behavior. Furthermore, time-lapse microscopy is ideally suited to examine gene expression dynamics and protein localization during the bacterial cell cycle. The method explains how to prepare the bacterial cells and construct the microscope slide to enable the outgrowth of single cells into a microcolony. In short, single cells are spotted on a semi-solid surface consisting of growth medium supplemented with agarose on which they grow and divide under a fluorescence microscope within a temperature controlled environmental chamber. Images are captured at specific intervals and are later analyzed using the open source software ImageJ.

Live Cell Imaging of Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae using Automated Time-lapse Microscopy

This protocol provides a step-by-step procedure to monitor single cell behavior of different bacteria in time using automated fluorescence time-lapse microscopy. Furthermore, we provide guidelines how to analyze the microscopy images.

תא הדמיה חיה של Bacillus subtilis ו Streptococcus pneumoniae באמצעות מיקרוסקופית אוטומטי זמן לשגות

During the last few years scientists became increasingly aware that average data obtained from microbial population based experiments are not ...

Quantifying Bacterial Surface Swarming Motility on Inducer Gradient Plates

Bacterial swarming motility is a common microbiological phenotype that bacterial communities use to migrate over semisolid surfaces. In investigations of induced swarming motility, specific concentration&#160;of an inducer may not be able to report events occurring within the optimal concentration range to elicit the desired responses from a species. Semisolid plates containing multiple concentrations are commonly used to investigate the response within an inducer concentration range. However, separate semisolid plates increase variations in medium viscosity and moisture content within each plate due to nonuniform solidification time.
This paper describes a one-step method to simultaneously test surface swarming motility on a single gradient plate, where the isometrically arranged test wells allow the simultaneous acquisition of multiconcentration responses. In the present work, the surface swarming of Escherichia coli K12 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 were evaluated in response to a concentration gradient of inducers such as resveratrol and arabinose. Periodically, the swarm morphologies were imaged using an imaging system to capture the entire surface swarming process.
The quantitative measurement of the swarm morphologies was acquired using ImageJ software, providing analyzable information of the swarm area. This paper presents a simple gradient swarm plate method that provides qualitative and quantitative information about the inducers&#39; effects on surface swarming, which can be extended to study the effects of other inducers on a broader range of motile bacterial species.

Here, we describe the use of inducer gradient plates to evaluate bacterial swarming motility while simultaneously obtaining multiple concentration responses.

כימות תנועתיות נחיל משטח חיידקי על לוחות הדרגתיים ממריץ

Bacterial swarming motility is a common microbiological phenotype that bacterial communities use to migrate over semisolid surfaces. In investigations of ...

Biochemistry

In Situ Microscopy for Real-time Determination of Single-cell Morphology in Bioprocesses

In situ monitoring in microbial bioprocesses is mostly restricted to chemical and physical properties of the medium (e.g.,pH value and the dissolved oxygen concentration). Nevertheless, the morphology of cells can be a suitable indicator for optimal conditions, since it changes with dependence on the growth state, product accumulation and cell stress. Furthermore, the single-cell size distribution provides not only information about the cultivation conditions, but also about the population heterogeneity. To gain such information, a photo-optical in situ microscopy device1 was developed to enable the monitoring of the single-cell size distribution directly in the cell suspension in bioreactors. An automated image analysis is coupled to the microscopy based on a neural network model, which is trained with user-annotated images. Several parameters, which are gained from the captures of the microscope, are correlated to process relevant features of the cells, like their metabolic activity. Until now, the presented in situ microscopy probe series was applied to measure the pellet size in filamentous fungi suspensions. It was used to distinguish the single-cell size in microalgae cultivation and relate it to lipid accumulation. The shape of cellular particles was related to budding in yeast cultures. The microscopy analysis can be generally split into three steps: (i) image acquisition, (ii) particle identification, and (iii) data analysis, respectively. All steps have to be adapted to the organism, and therefore specific annotated information is required in order to achieve reliable results. The ability to monitor changes in cell morphology directly in line or on line (in a by-pass) enables real-time values for monitoring and control, in process development as well as in production scale. If the off line data correlates with the real-time data, the current tedious off line measurements with unknown influences on the cell size become needless.

In Situ Microscopy for Real-time Determination of Single-cell Morphology in Bioprocesses

A photo-optical in situ microscopy device was developed to monitor the size of single cells directly in the cell suspension. The real-time measurement is conducted by coupling the photo-optical sterilizable probe to an automated image analysis. Morphological changes appear with dependence on the growth state and cultivation conditions.

באתרו מיקרוסקופיה לקביעת בזמן אמת של מורפולוגיה תא חד בBioprocesses

In situ monitoring in microbial bioprocesses is mostly restricted to chemical and physical properties of the medium (e.g.,pH value and the dissolved ...

Bioengineering

Kinetic Visualization of Single-Cell Interspecies Bacterial Interactions

Polymicrobial communities are ubiquitous in nature, yet studying their interactions at the single-cell level is difficult. Thus, a microscopy-based method has been developed for observing interspecies interactions between two bacterial pathogens. The use of this method to interrogate interactions between a motile Gram-negative pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a non-motile Gram-positive pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus is demonstrated here. This protocol consists of co-inoculating each species between a coverslip and an agarose pad, which maintains the cells in a single plane and allows for visualization of bacterial behaviors in both space and time.
Furthermore, the time-lapse microscopy demonstrated here is ideal for visualizing the early interactions that take place between two or more bacterial species, including changes in bacterial species motility in monoculture and in coculture with other species. Due to the nature of the limited sample space in the microscopy setup, this protocol is less applicable for studying later interactions between bacterial species once cell populations are too high. However, there are several different applications of the protocol which include the use of staining for imaging live and dead bacterial cells, quantification of gene or protein expression through fluorescent reporters, and tracking bacterial cell movement in both single species and multispecies experiments.

This live-bacterial cell imaging protocol allows for visualization of interactions between multiple bacterial species at the single-cell level over time. Time-lapse imaging allows for observation of each bacterial species in monoculture or coculture to interrogate interspecies interactions in multispecies bacterial communities, including individual cell motility and viability.

הדמיה קינטית של אינטראקציות חיידקים בין-מינים חד-תאיים

Polymicrobial communities are ubiquitous in nature, yet studying their interactions at the single-cell level is difficult. Thus, a microscopy-based method ...

Automated Analysis of Intracellular Phenotypes of Salmonella Using ImageJ

Salmonella is an enteric pathogen able to invade the intestinal epithelium and replicate in enterocytes, both inside Salmonella-specific vacuoles and free in the cytosol (cytosolic hyper-replication). These different phenotypes of intracellular replication drive to different pathways of pathogenesis, i.e., cytosolic hyper-replication induces inflammatory cell death and extrusion into the gut lumen, while vacuolar replication leads to trans-epithelium penetration and systemic spread. Significant effort was made to create microscopy tools to study the behavior of Salmonella inside invaded cells, such as the pCHAR-Duo fluorescence reporter plasmid that allows discrimination between vacuolar and cytosolic bacteria by differential expression of mCherry and GFP. However, intracellular phenotypes are often manually scored, a time-consuming procedure that limits analysis to a small number of samples and cells. To overcome these limitations, two complementary and automated image analyses were developed using ImageJ, a freely available image analysis software. In the high-throughput protocol, epithelial cells were infected with Salmonella carrying pCHAR-Duo using 96-well plates. Imaging was performed using an automated fluorescence microscope. Then, two image analysis methods were applied to measure the intracellular behavior of Salmonella at different detail levels. The first method measures the overall intracellular bacterial load and the extent of cytosolic hyper-replication. It is fast and allows the scoring of a high number of cells and samples, making it suitable for high-throughput assays such as screening experiments. The second method performs single-cell analysis to determine the percentage of infected cells, the mean vacuolar load of Salmonella, and the cytosolic hyper-replication rate giving greater details about Salmonella behavior inside epithelial cells. The protocols can be performed by specifically designed ImageJ scripts to automatically run batch analyses of the major steps of Salmonella-enterocyte interaction.

Automated Analysis of Intracellular Phenotypes of Salmonella Using ImageJ

Salmonella invades and replicates inside intestinal epithelial cells both in Salmonella-specific vacuoles and free in the cytosol (hyper-replication). A high-throughput fluorescence microscopy-based protocol is described here to quantify the intracellular phenotypes of Salmonella by two complementary image analyses through ImageJ, reaching single-cell resolution and scoring.

ניתוח אוטומטי של פנוטיפים תוך תאיים של סלמונלה באמצעות ImageJ

Salmonella is an enteric pathogen able to invade the intestinal epithelium and replicate in enterocytes, both inside Salmonella-specific vacuoles and free ...

Preparation, Imaging, and Quantification of Bacterial Surface Motility Assays

Bacterial surface motility, such as swarming, is commonly examined in the laboratory using plate assays that necessitate specific concentrations of agar and sometimes inclusion of specific nutrients in the growth medium. The preparation of such explicit media and surface growth conditions serves to provide the favorable conditions that allow not just bacterial growth but coordinated motility of bacteria over these surfaces within thin liquid films. Reproducibility of swarm plate and other surface motility plate assays can be a major challenge. Especially for more &#8220;temperate swarmers&#8221; that exhibit motility only within agar ranges of 0.4%-0.8% (wt/vol), minor changes in protocol or laboratory environment can greatly influence swarm assay results. &#8220;Wettability&#8221;, or water content at the liquid-solid-air interface of these plate assays, is often a key variable to be controlled. An additional challenge in assessing swarming is how to quantify observed differences between any two (or more) experiments. Here we detail a versatile two-phase protocol to prepare and image swarm assays. We include guidelines to circumvent the challenges commonly associated with swarm assay media preparation and quantification of data from these assays. We specifically demonstrate our method using bacteria that express fluorescent or bioluminescent genetic reporters like green fluorescent protein (GFP), luciferase (lux operon), or cellular stains to enable time-lapse optical imaging. We further demonstrate the ability of our method to track competing swarming species in the same experiment.

Swarming motility is influenced by physical and environmental factors. We describe a two-phase protocol and guidelines to circumvent the challenges commonly associated with swarm assay preparation and data collection. A macroscopic imaging technique is employed to obtain detailed information on swarm behavior that is not provided by current analysis techniques.

הכנה, הדמיה, וכימות של מבחני תנועתיות Surface בקטריאלי

Bacterial surface motility, such as swarming, is commonly examined in the laboratory using plate assays that necessitate specific concentrations of agar ...

Biology

Discrimination and Characterization of Heterocellular Populations Using Quantitative Imaging Techniques

Cellular processes are complex and result from the interplay between multiple cell types and their environment. Existing cell biology techniques often do not allow for accurate interpretation of this interplay. Using a quantitative imaging-based approach, we present a high-content protocol for characterizing the dynamic phenotypic responses (i.e. morphology changes, proliferation, apoptosis) of heterogeneous cell populations to changes in environmental stimuli. We highlight our ability to distinguish between cell types based upon either fluorescence intensity or inherent morphology features depending on the application. This platform allows for a more comprehensive characterization of subpopulation response to perturbation while utilizing shorter time, smaller amounts of reagents, and lower likelihood of error than traditional cell biology assays. However, in some cases, cell populations may be difficult to identify and quantitate based on complex cellular features and will require additional troubleshooting; we highlight some of these circumstances in the protocol. We demonstrate this application using response to drug in a cancer model; however, it can easily be applied more broadly to other physiological processes. This protocol allows one to identify subpopulations within a co-culture system and characterize the particular response of each to external stimuli.

We have developed a novel protocol for studying heterocellular population dynamics in response to perturbations. This manuscript describes an imaging-based platform that produces quantitative datasets for simultaneous characterization of multiple cellular phenotypes of heterocellular populations in a robust manner.

אפליה ואפיון אוכלוסיות הטרוסקלריות באמצעות טכניקות הדמיה כמותית

Cellular processes are complex and result from the interplay between multiple cell types and their environment. Existing cell biology techniques often do ...

Single-cell Microfluidic Analysis of Bacillus subtilis

Microfluidic technology overcomes many of the limitations to traditional analytical methods in microbiology. Unlike bulk-culture methods, it offers single-cell resolution and long observation times spanning hundreds of generations; unlike agarose pad-based microscopy, it has uniform growth conditions that can be tightly controlled. Because the continuous flow of growth medium isolates the cells in a microfluidic device from unpredictable variations in the local chemical environment caused by cell growth and metabolism, authentic changes in gene expression and cell growth in response to specific stimuli can be more confidently observed. Bacillus subtilis is used here as a model bacterial species to demonstrate a &#34;mother machine&#34;-type method for cellular analysis. We show how to construct and plumb a microfluidic device, load it with cells, initiate microscopic imaging, and expose cells to a stimulus by switching from one growth medium to another. A stress-responsive reporter is used as an example to reveal the type of data that may be obtained by this method. We also briefly discuss further applications of this method for other types of experiments, such as analysis of bacterial sporulation.

Single-cell Microfluidic Analysis of Bacillus subtilis

We present a method for the microfluidic analysis of individual bacterial cell lineages using Bacillus subtilis as an example. The method overcomes shortcomings of traditional analytical methods in microbiology by allowing observation of hundreds of cell generations under tightly controllable and uniform growth conditions.

ניתוח Microfluidic תא בודד של Bacillus subtilis

Microfluidic technology overcomes many of the limitations to traditional analytical methods in microbiology. Unlike bulk-culture methods, it offers ...

Investigating Flagella-Driven Motility in Escherichia coli by Applying Three Established Techniques in a Series

Motility is crucial to the survival and success of many bacterial species. Many methodologies exist to exploit motility to understand signaling pathways, to elucidate the function and assembly of flagellar parts, and to examine and understand patterns of movement. Here we demonstrate a combination of three of these methodologies. Motility in soft agar is the oldest, offering a strong selection for isolating gain-of-function suppressor mutations in motility-impaired strains, where motility is restored through a second mutation. The cell-tethering technique, first employed to demonstrate the rotary nature of the flagellar motor, can be used to assess the impact of signaling effectors on the motor speed and its ability to switch rotational direction. The &#8220;border-crossing&#8221; assay is more recent, where swimming bacteria can be primed to transition into moving collectively as a swarm. In combination, these protocols represent a systematic and powerful approach to identifying components of the motility machinery, and to characterizing their role in different facets of swimming and swarming. They can be easily adapted to study motility in other bacterial species.

Investigating Flagella-Driven Motility in Escherichia coli by Applying Three Established Techniques in a Series

Many bacteria use flagella-driven motility to navigate their environment and colonize favorable surroundings both individually and as a collective. Demonstrated here is the use of three established methods that exploit motility as a selection tool to identify components/pathways contributing to swimming and swarming motility.

חקירת תנועתיות מונחית פלאגלה באשריצ'יה קולי על ידי יישום שלוש טכניקות מבוססות בסדרה

Motility is crucial to the survival and success of many bacterial species. Many methodologies exist to exploit motility to understand signaling pathways, ...

אינדוקציה של דיפרנציאציה נייד תא הדמיה אחת של

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