The authors thank Davy Opdenacker for technical assistance and photography. We greatly thank Dr. Annick Bleys for helpful suggestions to improve the manuscript. This work was financed by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme IUAP P7/29 'MARS' from the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, by the FWO grant G027313N and by the Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology, IWT (IR).

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יש המחברים אין לחשוף.

בפרוטוקול ארבידופסיס LRIS, חשוב להעביר רק את השתילים שצמחו כולו במגע עם מדיום גידול רשות הטבע והגנים המכיל. הדבר מבטיח כי ייזום שורש לרוחב חסום על אורך השורש כל. כדי למנוע פציעת שתילי במהלך העברה, זרועות המלקחיים המעוקלים יכולות להיות מכור תחת הפסיגים של השתיל. עם ?...

מערכת השורשים היא קריטית לצמיחת צמח, שכן הוא מבטיח מעגן וספיגה של מים וחומרים מזינים מהאדמה. בגלל ההתרחבות של מערכת שורשים בעיקר מסתמכת על הייצור של שורשים לרוחב, הייזום והקמה שלהם נחקרו בהרחבה. שורשים לרוחב הם יזמו בתת-קבוצה מסוימת של תאי pericycle, הנקראים תאי מייסד 1. ברוב dicots, כגון thaliana ארבידופסיס, תאים אלה נמצאים בקטבי protoxylem 2, ואילו בmonocots, כגון תירס, שהם נמצאים בקטבי השיפה 3. תאי מייסד מסומנים על ידי תגובת אוקסין עלה 4, ואחריו ביטוי של גני מחזור התא ספציפיים (למשל, cyclin B1; 1 / CYCB1; 1), לאחר שהם עוברים סיבוב ראשון של חטיבות anticlinal סימטריות 5. לאחר סדרה של חטיבות anticlinal וpericlinal מתואמות, primordium שורש לרוחב נוצר שסופו של דבר יתגלה כשורש לרוחב utonomous. המיקום והעיתוי של תחילת שורש לרוחב עם זאת לא צפויים, שכן אירועים אלה הם לא בשפע ולא מסונכרנים. זה מונע את השימוש של גישות מולקולריות כגון transcriptomics ללמוד את התהליך הזה. כדי להתמודד עם זה, מערכת לרוחב שורש עין מתנהל (LRIS) פותחה 6, 7. במערכת זו, מטופלים שתילים ראשון עם N חומצת -1-naphthylphthalamic (רט&quot;ג), אשר מעכב תחבורת אוקסין וצבירה, וכתוצאה מכך חסימת ייזום שורש לרוחב 8. על ידי המשך העברת השתיל למדיום המכיל את חומצת אוקסין הסינתטי 1-נפתלין אצטית (NAA), כל שכבת pericycle מגיבה לרמות הגבוהות אוקסין כך מסיבית חטיבות התרמה לרוחב שורש ייזום תא 6. ככזה, מערכת זו מובילה לחניכות שורשים לרוחב מהירות, סינכרוני ונרחבים, המאפשרת איסוף קל של דגימות שורש מועשרים לשלב ספציפי של מנוחפיתוח שורש RAL. בהמשך לכך, ניתן להשתמש בדוגמאות אלה כדי לקבוע פרופילי ביטוי הגנום במהלך היווצרות שורש לרוחב. LRIS הניב ידע משמעותי כבר על התחלה לרוחב שורש בארבידופסיס ותירס 9-13, אבל הצורך ליישם במערכת זו כדי מיני צמחים אחרים הופך ברור יותר ככל שיותר הגנומים רצף ויש עניין גובר להעברת ידע לחשוב חסכוניים מִין. הנה, הפרוטוקולים מפורטים של ארבידופסיס וLRISs התירס מקבלים. בשלב הבא, דוגמא של השימוש במערכת מסופקת, על ידי הממחיש כיצד ניתן להשתמש בנתוני transcriptomics צברו מLRIS התירס לזהות homologs הפונקציונלי שיש להם תפקיד שימור בייזום שורש לרוחב על פני מיני צמחים שונים. לבסוף, הנחיות כדי לייעל את LRIS למיני צמחים אחרים מוצעים.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;ARABIDOPSIS LRIS&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Seeds&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Arabidopsis seeds</td><td></td><td></td><td>Col-0 ecotype</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Gas sterilization of seeds&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>micro-centrifuge tubes 1.5 ml</td><td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td><td>0030 125.215</td><td>Eppendorf microtubes 3810X, PCR clean</td></tr><tr><td>micro-centrifuge tubes 2 ml</td><td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td><td>0030 120.094</td><td>Eppendorf Safe-Lock microcentrifuge tubes</td></tr><tr><td>hydrochloric acid</td><td>Merck KGaA</td><td>1,003,171,000</td><td>37% (fuming) for analysis EMSURE ACS,ISO,Reag. Ph Eu</td></tr><tr><td>glass desiccator</td><td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td><td></td><td>Pyrex</td></tr><tr><td>glass beaker</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>plastic micro-centrifuge tubes box or holder</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Bleach sterilization of seeds&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Chem-Lab nv</td><td>CL00.0505.1000</td><td>Ethanol, abs. 100% a.r. dilute to 70%</td></tr><tr><td>sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>9062.3</td><td>12%</td></tr><tr><td>Tween 20</td><td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td><td>P1379</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sterile water</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Growth medium&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Murashige and Skoog salt mixture</td><td>DUCHEFA Biochemie B.V.</td><td>M0221-0050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>myo-inositol</td><td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td><td>I5125-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES)</td><td>DUCHEFA Biochemie B.V.</td><td>M1503.0100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sucrose</td><td>VWR, Internation LLC</td><td>27483.294</td><td>D(+)-Sucrose Ph. Eur.</td></tr><tr><td>KOH</td><td>Merck KGaA</td><td>1050211000</td><td>pellets for analysis (max. 0.002% Na) EMSURE ACS,ISO,Reag. Ph Eur</td></tr><tr><td>Plant Tissue Culture Agar</td><td>LabM Limited</td><td>MC029</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lateral root induction chemicals&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA)</td><td>DUCHEFA Biochemie B.V.</td><td>No. N0926.0250</td><td>10 &amp;micro;M (Arabidopsis)</td></tr><tr><td>1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)</td><td>DUCHEFA Biochemie B.V.</td><td>No. N0903.0050</td><td>10 &amp;micro;M (Arabidopsis)</td></tr><tr><td>dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)</td><td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td><td>494429-1L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Making a mesh for transfer&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>nylon mesh</td><td>Prosep byba</td><td></td><td>Synthetic nylon mesh 20 &amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Sowing and seedling handling&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>square petri dish plates</td><td>GOSSELIN</td><td>BP124-05</td><td>12 x 12 cm</td></tr><tr><td>50 ml DURAN tubes</td><td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td><td>CLS430304</td><td>Corning&amp;nbsp;50 ml centrifuge tubes</td></tr><tr><td>drigalski</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>K732.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pipette</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cut pipette tips</td><td>Daslab</td><td>162001X</td><td>Universal 200, cut off 5 mm of tip before autoclaving</td></tr><tr><td>breathable tape&amp;nbsp;</td><td>3M Deutschland GmbH</td><td>cat. no. 1530-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tweezers</td><td>Fiers nv/sa</td><td>K342.1; K344.1</td><td>Dumont tweezers type a nr 5; Dumont tweezers type e nr 7</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Growth conditions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>growth room</td><td></td><td></td><td>21 &amp;deg;C, continuous light</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Materials&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;MAIZE LRIS&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Seeds&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Maize kernels</td><td></td><td></td><td>B-73</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Bleach sterilization of kernels&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glass beaker</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>magnetic stirrer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fiers nv/sa</td><td>C267.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>9062.3</td><td>12%</td></tr><tr><td>sterile water</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Lateral root induction chemicals&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA)</td><td>DUCHEFA Biochemie B.V.</td><td>No. N0926.0250</td><td>50 &amp;micro;M (maize primary root), 25 &amp;micro;M (maize adventitious root)</td></tr><tr><td>1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)</td><td>DUCHEFA Biochemie B.V.</td><td>No. N0903.0050</td><td>50 &amp;micro;M (maize)</td></tr><tr><td>dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)</td><td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td><td>494429-1L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Sowing and seedling handling&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>paper hand towels</td><td>Kimberly-Clark Professional*</td><td>6681</td><td>SCOTT Hand Towels - Roll / White; sheet size (24 x 46 cm)</td></tr><tr><td>seed germination paper</td><td>Anchor Paper Company</td><td></td><td>10 X 15 38# seed germination paper</td></tr><tr><td>tweezers</td><td>Fiers nv/sa</td><td>K342.1; K344.1</td><td>Dumont tweezers type a nr 5; Dumont tweezers type e nr 7</td></tr><tr><td>250 ml (centrifuge) tubes</td><td>SCHOTT DURAN</td><td>2160136</td><td>approx. 5.6 cm diameter and 14.7 cm height&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>700 ml tubes</td><td>DURAN GROUP</td><td>213994609</td><td>cylinders, round foot tube, D 60&amp;nbsp; x 250</td></tr><tr><td>rack</td><td></td><td></td><td>for maize tubes, home made</td></tr><tr><td>sterile water</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Growth conditions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>growth cabinet</td><td></td><td></td><td>27 &amp;deg;C, continuous light, 70% relative humidity</td></tr></tbody></table>

lateral root inducible system in arabidopsis and maize

Lateral root development contributes significantly to the root system, and hence is crucial for plant growth. The study of lateral root initiation is however tedious, because it occurs only in a few cells inside the root and in an unpredictable manner. To circumvent this problem, a Lateral Root Inducible System (LRIS) has been developed. By treating seedlings consecutively with an auxin transport inhibitor and a synthetic auxin, highly controlled lateral root initiation occurs synchronously in the primary root, allowing abundant sampling of a desired developmental stage. The LRIS has first been developed for Arabidopsis thaliana, but can be applied to other plants as well. Accordingly, it has been adapted for use in maize (Zea mays). A detailed overview of the different steps of the LRIS in both plants is given. The combination of this system with comparative transcriptomics made it possible to identify functional homologs of Arabidopsis lateral root initiation genes in other species as illustrated here for the CYCLIN B1;1 (CYCB1;1) cell cycle gene in maize. Finally, the principles that need to be taken into account when an LRIS is developed for other plant species are discussed.

יישום של LRIS לבצע transcriptomics השוואתי של תהליך רוט ייזום הרוחב אחד יישומים של LRIS הוא ההשוואה וההתאמה של פרופילי ביטוי גנים במהלך היווצרות שורש לרוחב במינים שונים. transcriptomics השוואתי גישות ל?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize at JoVE.com

מערכת השראת שורש לרוחב בארבידופסיס ובתירס | ביולוגיה | וִידֵאוֹ

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

מערכת עין מתנהל שורש לרוחב ב<em&gt; ארבידופסיס</em&gt; ותירס

The Lateral Root Inducible System (LRIS) allows for synchronous induction of lateral roots and is presented for Arabidopsis thaliana and maize.

Lateral root development contributes significantly to the root system, and hence is crucial for plant growth. The study of lateral root initiation is ...

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Biology

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Plant Biology

Plant Structure, Growth, and Nutrition

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13.7K Views.  Ghent. The Lateral Root Inducible System (LRIS) allows for synchronous induction of lateral roots and is presented for Arabidopsis thaliana and maize.

Video: Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development

Genes with important roles in development frequently have spatially and/or temporally restricted expression patterns. Often these gene transcripts are not detected or are not identified as differentially expressed (DE) in transcriptomic analyses of whole plant organs. Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq (LM RNA-Seq) is a powerful tool to identify genes that are DE in specific developmental domains. However, the choice of cellular domains to microdissect and compare, and the accuracy of the microdissections are crucial to the success of the experiments. Here, two examples illustrate design considerations for transcriptomics experiments; a LM RNA-seq analysis to identify genes that are DE along the maize leaf proximal-distal axis, and a second experiment to identify genes that are DE in liguleless1-R (lg1-R) mutants compared to wild-type. Key elements that contributed to the success of these experiments were detailed histological and in situ hybridization analyses of the region to be analyzed, selection of leaf primordia at equivalent developmental stages, the use of morphological landmarks to select regions for microdissection, and microdissection of precisely measured domains. This paper provides a detailed protocol for the analysis of developmental domains by LM RNA-Seq. The data presented here illustrate how the region selected for microdissection will affect the results obtained.

Many developmentally important genes have cell- or tissue-specific expression patterns. This paper describes LM RNA-seq experiments to identify genes that are differentially expressed at the maize leaf blade-sheath boundary and in lg1-R mutants compared to wild-type. The experimental considerations discussed here apply to transcriptomic analyses of other developmental phenomena.

עיצוב ניסיוני עבור לייזר Microdissection RNA-seq: לקחים מניתוח התפתחות תירס ליף

Genes with important roles in development frequently have spatially and/or temporally restricted expression patterns. Often these gene transcripts are not ...

Biochemistry

Measuring Gene Expression in Bombarded Barley Aleurone Layers with Increased Throughput

The aleurone layer of barley grains is an important model system for hormone-regulated gene expression in plants. In aleurone cells, genes required for germination or early seedling development are activated by gibberellin (GA), while genes associated with stress responses are activated by abscisic acid (ABA). The mechanisms of GA and ABA signaling can be interrogated by introducing reporter gene constructs into aleurone cells via particle bombardment, with the resulting transient expression measured using enzyme assays. An improved protocol is reported that partially automates and streamlines the grain homogenization step and the enzyme assays, allowing significantly more throughput than existing methods. Homogenization of the grain samples is carried out using an automated tissue homogenizer, and GUS (&#946;-glucuronidase) assays are carried out using a 96-well plate system. Representative results using the protocol suggest that phospholipase D activity may play an important role in the activation of HVA1 gene expression by ABA, through the transcription factor TaABF1.

An improved protocol is presented for the measurement of transient gene expression from reporter constructs in barley aleurone cells after particle bombardment. The combination of automated grain grinding with 96-well plate enzyme assays provides high throughput for the procedure.

מדידת ביטוי גנים בשכבות Aleurone שעורה מופגז עם תפוקה מוגברת

The aleurone layer of barley grains is an important model system for hormone-regulated gene expression in plants. In aleurone cells, genes required for ...

Genetics

Inducible, Cell Type-Specific Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana Through LhGR-Mediated Trans-Activation

Inducible, tissue-specific expression is an important and powerful tool to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of genetic perturbation. Combining the flexible and efficient GreenGate cloning system with the proven and benchmarked LhGR system (here termed GR-LhG4) for the inducible expression, we have generated a set of transgenic Arabidopsis lines that can drive the expression of an effector cassette in a range of specific cell types in the three main plant meristems. To this end, we chose the previously developed GR-LhG4 system based on a chimeric transcription factor and a cognate pOp-type promoter ensuring tight control over a wide range of expression levels. In addition, to visualize the expression domain where the synthetic transcription factor is active, an ER-localized mTurquoise2 fluorescent reporter under control of the pOp4 or pOp6 promoter is encoded in driver lines. Here, we describe the steps necessary to generate a driver or effector line and demonstrate how cell type specific expression can be induced and followed in the shoot apical meristem, the root apical meristem and the cambium of Arabidopsis. By using several or all driver lines, the context specific effect of expressing one or multiple factors (effectors) under control of the synthetic pOp promoter can be assessed rapidly, for example in F1 plants of a cross between one effector and multiple driver lines. This approach is exemplified by the ectopic expression of VND7, a NAC transcription factor capable of inducing ectopic secondary cell wall deposition in a cell autonomous manner.

Inducible, Cell Type-Specific Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana Through LhGR-Mediated Trans-Activation

Here, we describe the generation and application of a set of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines enabling inducible, tissue-specific expression in the three main meristems, the shoot apical meristem, the root apical meristem, and the cambium.

Inducible, תאים ייחודיים לסוג ביטוי תודרנית לבנה בתיווך דרך LhGR טרנס-הפעלה

Inducible, tissue-specific expression is an important and powerful tool to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of genetic perturbation. Combining the ...

Lignin Down-regulation of Zea mays via dsRNAi and Klason Lignin Analysis

To facilitate the use of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative bioenergy resource, during biological conversion processes, a pretreatment step is needed to open up the structure of the plant cell wall, increasing the accessibility of the cell wall carbohydrates. Lignin, a polyphenolic material present in many cell wall types, is known to be a significant hindrance to enzyme access. Reduction in lignin content to a level that does not interfere with the structural integrity and defense system of the plant might be a valuable step to reduce the costs of bioethanol production. In this study, we have genetically down-regulated one of the lignin biosynthesis-related genes, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (ZmCCR1) via a double stranded RNA interference technique. The ZmCCR1_RNAi construct was integrated into the maize genome using the particle bombardment method. Transgenic maize plants grew normally as compared to the wild-type control plants without interfering with biomass growth or defense mechanisms, with the exception of displaying of brown-coloration in transgenic plants leaf mid-ribs, husks, and stems. The microscopic analyses, in conjunction with the histological assay, revealed that the leaf sclerenchyma fibers were thinned but the structure and size of other major vascular system components was not altered. The lignin content in the transgenic maize was reduced by 7-8.7%, the crystalline cellulose content was increased in response to lignin reduction, and hemicelluloses remained unchanged. The analyses may indicate that carbon flow might have been shifted from lignin biosynthesis to cellulose biosynthesis. This article delineates the procedures used to down-regulate the lignin content in maize via RNAi technology, and the cell wall compositional analyses used to verify the effect of the modifications on the cell wall structure.

Lignin Down-regulation of Zea mays via dsRNAi and Klason Lignin Analysis

A double stranded RNA interference (dsRNAi) technique is employed to down-regulate the maize cinnamoyl coenzyme A reductase (ZmCCR1) gene to lower plant lignin content. Lignin down-regulation from the cell wall is visualized by microscopic analyses and quantified by the Klason method. Compositional changes in hemicellulose and crystalline cellulose are analyzed.

ליגנין Down-תקנה של<em&gt; Zea mays</em&gt; באמצעות dsRNAi וKlason ליגנין ניתוח

To facilitate the use of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative bioenergy resource, during biological conversion processes, a pretreatment step is ...

Bioengineering

Inoculation Strategies to Infect Plant Roots with Soil-Borne Microorganisms

The rhizosphere harbors a highly complex microbial community in which plant roots are constantly challenged. Roots are in close contact with a wide variety of microorganisms, but studies on soil-borne interactions are still behind those performed on aboveground organs. Although some inoculation strategies for infecting model plants with model root pathogens are described in the literature, it remains difficult to get a comprehensive methodological overview. To address this problem, three different root inoculation systems are precisely described that can be applied to gain insights into the biology of root-microbe interactions. For illustration, Verticillium species (namely, V. longisporum and V. dahliae) were employed as root invading model pathogens. However, the methods can be easily adapted to other root colonizing microbes - both pathogenic and beneficial. By colonizing the plant xylem, vascular soil-borne fungi such as Verticillium spp. exhibit a unique lifestyle. After root invasion, they spread via the xylem vessels acropetally, reach the shoot, and elicit disease symptoms. Three representative plant species were chosen as model hosts: Arabidopsis thaliana, economically important oilseed rape (Brassica napus), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Step-by-step protocols are given. Representative results of pathogenicity assays, transcriptional analyses of marker genes, and independent confirmations by reporter constructs are shown. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of each inoculation system are thoroughly discussed. These proven protocols can assist in providing approaches for research questions on root-microbe interactions. Knowing how plants cope with microbes in the soil is crucial for developing new strategies to improve agriculture.

This protocol presents a detailed summary of strategies to inoculate plant roots with soil-borne microbes. Exemplified for the fungi Verticillium longisporum and Verticillium dahliae, three different root infection systems are described. Potential applications and possible downstream analyses are highlighted, and advantages or disadvantages are discussed for each system.

אסטרטגיות חיסון להדבקת שורשי צמחים במיקרואורגניזמים הנישאים בקרקע

The rhizosphere harbors a highly complex microbial community in which plant roots are constantly challenged. Roots are in close contact with a wide ...

Environment

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

In this article, we give hands-on instructions to obtain translatome data from different Arabidopsis thaliana root cell types via the translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) method and consecutive optimized low-input library preparation.
As starting material, we employ plant lines that express GFP-tagged ribosomal protein RPL18 in a cell type-specific manner by use of adequate promoters. Prior to immunopurification and RNA extraction, the tissue is snap frozen, which preserves tissue integrity and simultaneously allows execution of time series studies with high temporal resolution. Notably, cell wall structures remain intact, which is a major drawback in alternative procedures such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based approaches that rely on tissue protoplasting to isolate distinct cell populations. Additionally, no tissue fixation is necessary as in laser capture microdissection-based techniques, which allows high-quality RNA to be obtained.
However, sampling from subpopulations of cells and only isolating polysome-associated RNA severely limits RNA yields. It is, therefore, necessary to apply sufficiently sensitive library preparation methods for successful data acquisition by RNA-seq.
TRAP offers an ideal tool for plant research as many developmental processes involve cell wall-related and mechanical signaling pathways. The use of promoters to target specific cell populations is bridging the gap between organ and single-cell level that in turn suffer from little resolution or very high costs. Here, we apply TRAP to study cell-cell communication in lateral root formation.

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

Translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) offers the possibility to dissect developmental programs with minimal processing of organs and tissues. The protocol yields high-quality RNA from cells targeted with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled ribosomal subunit. Downstream analysis tools, such as qRT-PCR or RNA-seq, reveal tissue and cell type-specific expression profiles.

מתרגם הריבוכמה אהדה לטיהור (מלכודת) כדי לחקור את התפתחות השורש של הספר הבסיסי בקנה מידה ספציפי לסוג תא

In this article, we give hands-on instructions to obtain translatome data from different Arabidopsis thaliana root cell types via the translating ribosome ...

Developmental Biology

Imaging Spatial Reorganization of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Using the Tobacco Transient Expression System

Visualization of dynamic signaling events in live cells has been a challenge. We expanded an established transient expression system, the biomolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) assay in tobacco epidermal cells, from testing protein-protein interaction to monitoring spatial distribution of signal transduction in plant cells. In this protocol, we used the BiFC assay to show that the interaction and the signaling between the Arabidopsis MAPKKK YODA and MAPK6 occur at the plasma membrane. When the scaffold protein BASL was co-expressed, the YODA-MAPK interaction redistributed and spatially co-polarized with CFP-BASL. This modified tobacco expression system allows for quick examination of signaling localization and dynamic changes (less than 4 days) and can accommodate multiple of fluorescent protein colors (at least three). We also presented detailed methods to quantify protein distribution (asymmetric spatial localization, or &#34;polarization&#34;) in tobacco cells. This advanced tobacco expression system has a potential to be used widely for quick testing of dynamic signaling events in live plant cells.

At the subcellular level, signaling events are dynamically modulated by developmental and environmental cues. Here we describe a protocol that employs the tobacco transient expression system to monitor dynamic protein-protein interaction and to disclose spatial organization of signal transduction in plant cells.

הדמית ארגון מחדש מרחבית של מסלול איתות MAPK שימוש במערכת הביטוי החולפת הטבק

Visualization of dynamic signaling events in live cells has been a challenge. We expanded an established transient expression system, the biomolecular ...

Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy of Plant Roots Growing on the Surface of a Gel

One of the key questions in understanding plant development is how single cells behave in a larger context of the tissue. Therefore, it requires the observation of the whole organ with a high spatial- as well as temporal resolution over prolonged periods of time, which may cause photo-toxic effects. This protocol shows a plant sample preparation method for light-sheet microscopy, which is characterized by mounting the plant vertically on the surface of a gel. The plant is mounted in such a way that the roots are submerged in a liquid medium while the leaves remain in the air. In order to ensure photosynthetic activity of the plant, a custom-made lighting system illuminates the leaves. To keep the roots in darkness the water surface is covered with sheets of black plastic foil. This method allows long-term imaging of plant organ development in standardized conditions.

This protocol shows a plant sample preparation method for light-sheet microscopy. The setup is characterized by mounting the plant vertically on the surface of a gel and letting it grow in controlled bright conditions. This allows long-term observation of plant organ development in standardized conditions.

מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי גיליון אור של שורשי הצמח גדל על פני השטח של ג&#39;ל

One of the key questions in understanding plant development is how single cells behave in a larger context of the tissue. Therefore, it requires the ...

Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes

Demonstrated here is a detailed protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of maize inbred lines using morphogenic genes Baby boom (Bbm) and Wuschel2 (Wus2). Bbm is regulated by the maize phospholipid transferase gene (Pltp) promoter, and Wus2 is under the control of a maize auxin-inducible (Axig1) promoter. An Agrobacterium strain carrying these morphogenic genes on transfer DNA (T-DNA) and extra copies of Agrobacterium virulence (vir) genes are used to infect maize immature embryo explants. Somatic embryos form on the scutella of infected embryos and can be selected by herbicide resistance and germinated into plants. A heat-activated cre/loxP recombination system built into the DNA construct allows for removal of morphogenic genes from the maize genome during an early stage of the transformation process. Transformation frequencies of approximately 14%, 4%, and 4% (numbers of independent transgenic events per 100 infected embryos) can be achieved for W22, B73, and Mo17, respectively, using this protocol.

Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes

Plant morphogenic genes can be used to improve genetic transformation of recalcitrant genotypes. Described here is an Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation (QuickCorn) protocol for three important public maize inbred lines.

Agrobacterium-תיווך המעבר העובר בלתי בוגר של הסרבן מתוך תירס שורות באמצעות גנים מורפולגניים

Demonstrated here is a detailed protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of maize inbred lines using morphogenic genes Baby boom (Bbm) ...

השראת שורשים שעירים בתיווך אגרובקטריום והתחדשות בצמחים

Hairy Root Transformation and Regeneration in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus

Hairy root transformation represents a versatile tool for plant biotechnology in various species. Infection by an Agrobacterium strain carrying a Root-inducing (Ri) plasmid induces the formation of hairy roots at the wounding site after the transfer of T-DNA from the Ri plasmid into the plant genome. The protocol describes in detail the procedure of the injection-based hairy root induction in Brassica napus DH12075 and Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0. The hairy roots may be used to analyze a transgene of interest or processed for the generation of transgenic plants. Regeneration medium containing cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (5 mg/L) and auxin 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (8 mg/L) successfully elicits shoot formation in both species. The protocol covers the genotyping and selection of regenerants and T1 plants to obtain plants carrying a transgene of interest and free of T-DNA from the Ri plasmid. An alternative process leading to the formation of a composite plant is also depicted. In this case, hairy roots are kept on the shoot (instead of the natural roots), which enables the study of a transgene in hairy root cultures in the context of the whole plant.

Author Spotlight: אופטימיזציה של פרוטוקולי טרנספורמציה שעירים מבוססי שורשים לשיפור היעילות ב-Brassicaceae

The protocol describes hairy root induction using Arabidopsis primary inflorescence stems and Brassica napus hypocotyls. The hairy roots can be cultured and used as explants to regenerate transgenic plants.

מערכת עין מתנהל שורש לרוחב ב

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