5.8 : Law of Effect

B.F. Skinner, a prominent figure in behavioral psychology, introduced operant conditioning by emphasizing the role of consequences in shaping behavior. This theory builds upon the law of effect proposed by Edward Thorndike, which posits that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated. In contrast, those followed by unsatisfying outcomes are less likely to recur.

Edward Thorndike's foundational work involved studying learning in animals, particularly using puzzle boxes to investigate how cats learn to escape. In his experiments, a hungry cat was placed inside a box with a piece of fish outside as an incentive. Initially, the cat engaged in various random behaviors, such as scratching and meowing. Eventually, the cat accidentally stepped on a lever that opened the latch, allowing it to escape and reach the fish. Over successive trials, the cat exhibited fewer random movements and quickly learned to press the lever to open the door, demonstrating a clear learning process.

Thorndike formulated the law of effect based on these observations. He concluded that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences, such as obtaining food, are strengthened and more likely to be repeated. Conversely, behaviors followed by unpleasant outcomes are weakened and less likely to occur. This principle explains why a child praised for doing homework is more inclined to continue this behavior, whereas a child scolded for drawing on walls is less likely to repeat that action.

Building on Thorndike's law of effect, B.F. Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning, which focuses on the use of reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior. According to Skinner, behavior is influenced by its consequences, and these consequences can either reinforce or punish the behavior, thereby affecting the likelihood of its recurrence.

In the 1930s, B.F. Skinner developed the operant conditioning chamber, known as the Skinner box, to study behavior under controlled conditions. Initially, food pellets were delivered randomly to acclimate the rat, after which a lever was introduced. The rat learned that pressing the lever resulted in receiving food, demonstrating operant conditioning, where consequences influence behavior. To ensure precision, Skinner soundproofed the box and used mechanical recording devices to log responses and automate food delivery, eliminating human error. This innovation allowed for the precise study of reinforcement and punishment, influencing applications in education, therapy, and animal training by showing how behavior can be shaped through systematic reinforcement strategies.

B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning theory, grounded in Thorndike's law of effect, provides a robust framework for understanding how behavior is shaped by its consequences. By employing reinforcement and punishment effectively, desired behaviors can be promoted, and undesirable behaviors can be reduced, thereby facilitating behavior modification and learning.