The authors would like to acknowledge support from the Government of Canada's interdepartmental Program of Energy Research and Development, PERD 113, Petroleum Conversion for Cleaner Air. N.E.H would like to acknowledge her Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Visiting Fellowship.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Um eine optimale Messung der H 2 S zu erreichen, verwendet dieses Verfahren einen Deans Schalter, Rückspülung und einem Schwefel Chemilumineszenzdetektors (SCD). Ein Dimethylpolysiloxan Spalte als die erste Dimension GC-Säule verwendet wird, und dient dazu, die Bewegung der schwereren Kohlenwasserstoffe in der Probe vorhandenen zu verzögern, so dass sie nicht über die PLOT-Säule kontaminieren. Dieser Effekt wird durch einem kühlen (50 ° C) anfängliche Trennung verbessert. Licht Gase durch die erste D...

Eine genaue Analyse von Rohöl ist für die Öl- und Gasindustrie, wie Gesundheits- und Sicherheitsvorschriften und Wirtschaft sind Funktionen der Ölqualität. Um Transporter von Rohproben zu schützen, ist es notwendig, die Eigenschaften von rohen Proben zu bestimmen, um Sicherheitsbestimmungen zu entwickeln, um in dem Fall einer Freigabe oder Spill implementiert werden. Insbesondere ist die Quantifizierung von Schwefelwasserstoff (H 2 S) wichtig ist, aufgrund seiner hohen Toxizität in der Gasphase; Expositionen so niedrig wie 100 ppm kann tödlich (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7783064.html) 1,2 sein. Gelöste H 2 S in rohen Proben wird im allgemeinen als korrosiv 3,4 zu sein, und kann Katalysatoren eingesetzt, um das Öl 5-7 behandeln deaktivieren. Entfernung von H 2 S aus Rohöl Ströme ideal ist, aber ohne ein Verfahren zur Messung gelösten H 2 S, ist es schwierig, den Erfolg der Entfernung Behandlungen zu beurteilen. Aus diesen Gründen wurde dieses Protokoll entwickelt, um disso messenlved H 2 S in schwerem Rohöl Proben wie kanadischen Ölsande Rohöle. Eine Reihe von Standardmethoden zur Quantifizierung von H 2 S gibt es in leichter Petroleum oder Kraftstoff auf der Basis Proben, aber keine haben für die Verwendung mit den schwereren Rohölen häufigsten von den kanadischen Ölsanden extrahiert validiert. H 2 S und Mercaptane mit einer Titration Technik, die von Universal Oil Products (UOP) Methode 163 8 bestimmt, aber dieses Verfahren leidet benutzer Interpretation Voreingenommenheit, die von der manuellen Lesen von Titrationskurven führt. Institute of Petroleum (IP) Methode 570 verwendet ein Spezial H 2 S-Analysator, der Heizölproben 9, und profitiert von der Einfachheit und Portabilität heizt, aber es fehlt die Genauigkeit mit schwereren Proben 10. Die American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D5623-Methode verwendet Gaschromatographie (GC) mit Tieftemperaturkühlung und Schwefel selektiven Nachweis von H 2 S zu messen, in die hellen Erdölflüssigkeiten11,12. Diese Norm könnte verbessert werden, um eine Raumtrennung zu verwenden und auch zu schwereren Rohölen angewendet werden, daher ist es als Grundlage für die hierin diskutierten Protokoll verwendet wurde. GC ist eine stark verbreitete Technik für die Analyse von Proben Erdöl. Proben werden in einer Heißeinlass verdampft und Trennungen in der Gasphase auftreten. Die Gasphasentrennung macht GC ideal für die Analyse von H 2 S, da es leicht aus der flüssigen Probe während der Erwärmung in der Einlass befreit. GC-Verfahren erzeugt werden kann und für verschiedene Proben zugeschnitten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturprogramme benutzt, Spalten implementiert, und die Verwendung von mehrdimensionaler Chromatographie 13-15. Es gab eine Anzahl von jüngsten Entwicklungen zur Messung von H 2 S unter Verwendung von GC. Luong et al. Gezeigt, H 2 S und andere leichte Schwefelverbindung Messung in Leicht- und Mitteldestillaten mit multidimensionalen GC und Deans Schalt, aber das Verfahren ist noch nichtnoch schwerere Rohöle 16 angewendet. Di Sanzo et al. Quantifiziert H 2 S in Benzin unter Verwendung von GC, aber es hat auch nicht an schwereren Rohölen verwendet und erfordert unter Umgebungskühl 17. Das Verfahren hier präsentierten zeigt erhebliche Zeitersparnis gegenüber diesen bisherigen Verfahren, mit einer abgeschlossenen Analysezeit von 5 min im Vergleich zu 10 min (Luong) und 40 min (Di Sanzo). Leider Umsetzung dieser Verfahren in unserem Labor, um die Genauigkeit zu vergleichen war nicht möglich, da Ausrüstung und Zeitbeschränkungen. Multidimensionale GC ermöglicht es dem Benutzer, um die Selektivität der beiden Spalten, anstatt eine einzelne Spalte zu nutzen. Bei herkömmlichen GC tritt Trennung auf eine Spalte. Im Fall von mehrdimensionalen GC, wird die Probe auf zwei verschiedene Säulen getrennt, die Verbesserung der Trennung und Selektivität. Die Deans Schalter ein Gerät verwendet, um eine zweidimensionale Säulenkonfiguration eingesetzt werden. Der Switch verwendet eine externe Ventil in direct Gasstrom von einem Einlass am Schalter mit einem von zwei Ausgangsöffnungen 18-20. Abwasser aus der ersten Kolonne kann in beiden Richtungen geleitet werden; in diesem Fall sind die Lichtschwefelgase &quot;Herzschnitt&quot; 21 aus der ersten Trenn auf eine poröse Schicht offene röhrenförmige (PLOT) Spalte für Sekundärtrennung, die gezeigt hat, sehr gut für die Trennung von H zu sein, 2 S von anderen Lichtschwefelgase (http://www.chem.agilent.com/cag/cabu/pdf/gaspro.pdf) 22-24. Ein Schwefel Chemilumineszenzdetektor wird für den Nachweis verwendet, wodurch die Selektivität für Schwefel-Verbindungen und die Beseitigung möglicher Störungen von anderen leichten Gasen, die in die PLOT-Säule während der Herzschnitt übertragen worden sein kann. Kohlenwasserstoffe aus dem Rohöl Probe werden in der ersten Dimension Säule zurückgehalten und werden während einer Rückspülung Verfahrens entfernt; Dies schützt die PLOT-Säule von jeglicher Verunreinigung 25-27. Dieser Ansatz wurde auch erfolgreich zur analen realisiertlyse von Oxidationsinhibitoren in Transformatorenölen 28. Hierin wird eine zweidimensionale GC-Verfahren für die Analyse und Quantifizierung von gelöstem H 2 S in dem schweren Rohöl Proben verwendet. Das Verfahren wird dargestellt über einen großen Bereich von H 2 S-Konzentrationen anwendbar zu sein, und kann auch verwendet werden, um H 2 S zu messen, in der Gasphase Proben werden.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Deans switch</td><td>Agilent</td><td>G2855A</td><td>Or equivalent flow switching device</td></tr><tr><td>Restrictor tubing&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Agilent</td><td>160-2615-10</td><td>Fused silica, deactivated, 180 &amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>HP-PONA column</td><td>Agilent</td><td>19091S-001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GasPro column</td><td>Agilent</td><td>113-4332</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sulfur chemiluminescence detector, 355</td><td>Agilent/Sievers</td><td>G6603A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S calibration standard, in He</td><td>Air Liquide</td><td>Custom order</td><td>211 ppm H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S</td></tr><tr><td>CS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C184-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Toluene, HPLC grade</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>T290-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gas bag, 2 L</td><td>Calibrated Instruments, Inc.</td><td>GSB-P/2</td><td>Twist on/off nozzle</td></tr><tr><td>250 &amp;micro;l gas tight syringe</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>81130</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>500 ml amber glass bottle</td><td>Scientific Specialties</td><td>N73616</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Open top screw caps</td><td>Scientific Specialties</td><td>169628</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tegrabond disc for screw caps</td><td>Chromatographic Specialties</td><td>C889125C</td><td>25 mm, 10/90 MIL</td></tr><tr><td>1 ml gas tight syringe</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>81330</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2.5% H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S in He gas standard</td><td>Air Liquide</td><td>Custom order</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of h2s in crude oil and crude oil headspace using multidimensional gas chromatography, deans switching and sulfur-selective detection

Ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung des gelösten Schwefelwasserstoff in Rohölproben nachgewiesen wird mit Hilfe der Gaschromatographie. Um Störungen wirksam zu eliminieren, wird ein zweidimensionales Säulenkonfiguration verwendet, wobei ein Deans Schalter verwendet werden, um Schwefelwasserstoff aus der ersten in die zweite Kolonne (heart-cutting) übertragen. Flüssiges Roh-Proben zunächst auf einem Dimethylpolysiloxan-Säule getrennt und leichte Gase sind herz geschnitten und auf einem gebundenen porösen Schicht offene rohrförmige (PLOT) Spalte, in der Lage zu Schwefelwasserstoff von anderen Lichtschwefelspezies abzutrennen getrennt. Schwefelwasserstoff wird dann mit einer Schwefel Chemilumineszenzdetektors detektiert, indem eine zusätzliche Ebene der Selektivität. Nach der Trennung und Detektion von Schwefelwasserstoff, wird das System rückgespült, um die hochsiedende Kohlenwasserstoffe in den rohen Proben vorhanden entfernen und chromatographische Integrität bewahren. Gelösten Schwefelwasserstoff in flüssiger Proben 1,1 bis 500 p quantifiziertpm, was zeigt eine breite Anwendbarkeit auf eine Reihe von Proben. Das Verfahren wurde auch erfolgreich für die Analyse von Gasproben aus Rohöl Kopfraum und Prozessgassäcke von 0,7 bis 9.700 ppm Schwefelwasserstoff angewendet, mit der Messung.

Um eine zuverlässige Quantifizierung von H 2 S sowohl für flüssige und gasförmige Proben zu erhalten, ist die richtige Kalibrierung erforderlich. Zur Kalibrierung Spritzen und Probeninjektionen, sollte das H 2 S peak nicht mit benachbarten Peaks überlappend sein und sollte ein reproduzierbares Peak-Fläche aufweisen. 3 zeigt eine Injektion einer Gasprobe in dem das Gas für diese Methode zu konzentriert. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Gaskonzentration von mehr als 500 ppm unt...

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Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

A multidimensional gas chromatography method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in liquid crude oil samples is presented. A Deans switch is used to heart-cut light sulfur gases for separation on a secondary column and detection on a sulfur chemiluminescence detector.

Messung der H<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; S in Rohöl und Rohölheadspace Mit Multidimensional Gaschromatographie, Deans Schalt und schwefelselektiven Detektion

A method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in crude oil samples is demonstrated using gas chromatography. In order to effectively eliminate ...

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Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

19.1K Aufrufe.  Natural Resources Canada. A multidimensional gas chromatography method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in liquid crude oil samples is presented. A Deans switch is used to heart-cut light sulfur gases for separation on a secondary column and detection on a sulfur chemiluminescence detector. 

Serie: Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

Characterizing Bacterial Volatiles using Secondary Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (SESI-MS)

Secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) is a method developed for the rapid detection of volatile compounds, without the need for sample pretreatment. The method was first described by Fenn and colleagues1 and has been applied to the detection of illicit drugs2 and explosives3-4, the characterization of skin volatiles5, and the analysis of breath6-7.
SESI ionization occurs by proton transfer reactions between the electrospray solution and the volatile analyte, and is therefore suitable for the analysis of hetero-organic molecules, just as in traditional electrospray ionization (ESI). However, unlike standard ESI, the proton transfer process of SESI occurs in the vapor phase rather than in solution (Fig. 1), and therefore SESI is best suited for detecting organic volatiles and aerosols.
We are expanding the use of SESI-MS to the detection of bacterial volatiles as a method for bacterial identification and characterization8. We have demonstrated that SESI-MS volatile fingerprinting, combined with a statistical analysis method, can be used to differentiate bacterial genera, species, and mixed cultures in a variety of growth media.8 Here we provide the steps for obtaining bacterial volatile fingerprints using SESI-MS, including the instrumental parameters that should be optimized to ensure robust bacterial identification and characterization.

Characterizing Bacterial Volatiles using Secondary Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry SESI-MS

Secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) enables the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) without the need for any sample pretreatment. This protocol provides instructions for the rapid (within minutes) characterization of bacterial VOCs using SESI-MS.

Charakterisierung Bakterielle Flüchtige mit Secondary Elektrospray-Ionisation-Massenspektrometrie (SESI-MS)

Secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) is a method developed for the rapid detection of volatile compounds, without the need for ...

Forschung

Biotechnik

Quantitative Detection of Trace Explosive Vapors by Programmed Temperature Desorption Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector

The direct liquid deposition of solution standards onto sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes is used for the quantitative analysis of trace explosive vapor samples. The direct liquid deposition method yields a higher fidelity between the analysis of vapor samples and the analysis of solution standards than using separate injection methods for vapors and solutions, i.e., samples collected on vapor collection tubes and standards prepared in solution vials. Additionally, the method can account for instrumentation losses, which makes it ideal for minimizing variability and quantitative trace chemical detection. Gas chromatography with an electron capture detector is an instrumentation configuration sensitive to nitro-energetics, such as TNT and RDX, due to their relatively high electron affinity. However, vapor quantitation of these compounds is difficult without viable vapor standards. Thus, we eliminate the requirement for vapor standards by combining the sensitivity of the instrumentation with a direct liquid deposition protocol to analyze trace explosive vapor samples.

Trace explosive vapors of TNT and RDX collected on sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes were analyzed using a programmed temperature desorption system coupled to GC with an electron capture detector. The instrumental analysis is combined with direct liquid deposition method to reduce sample variability and account for instrumentation drift and losses.

Quantitative Erfassung von Trace Explosive Dämpfe durch Temperatur-programmierte Desorption Gaschromatographie-Electron Capture Detector

The direct liquid deposition of solution standards onto sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes is used for the quantitative analysis of trace explosive ...

Chemie

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Different sulfur isotope compositions of authigenic pyrite typically result from the sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SO4-AOM) and organiclastic sulfate reduction (OSR) in marine sediments. However, unravelling the complex pyritization sequence is a challenge because of the coexistence of different sequentially formed pyrite phases. This manuscript describes a sample preparation procedure that enables the use of secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) to obtain in situ &#948;34S values of various pyrite generations. This allows researchers to constrain how SO4-AOM affects pyritization in methane-bearing sediments. SIMS analysis revealed an extreme range in &#948;34S values, spanning from -41.6 to +114.8&#8240;, which is much wider than the range of &#948;34S values obtained by the traditional bulk sulfur isotope analysis of the same samples. Pyrite in the shallow sediment mainly consists of 34S-depleted framboids, suggesting early diagenetic formation by OSR. Deeper in the sediment, more pyrite occurs as overgrowths and euhedral crystals, which display much higher SIMS &#948;34S values than the framboids. Such 34S-enriched pyrite is related to enhanced SO4-AOM at the sulfate-methane transition zone, postdating OSR. High-resolution in situ SIMS sulfur isotope analyses allow for the reconstruction of the pyritization processes, which cannot be resolved by bulk sulfur isotope analysis.

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Analyses of the sulfur isotopic composition (&#948;34S) of pyrite from methane-bearing sediments have typically focused on bulk samples. Here, we applied secondary ion mass spectroscopy to analyze the &#948;34S values of various pyrite generations to understand the diagenetic history of pyritization.

Vorbereitung der Authigenic Pyrit aus Methan-Bearing Sedimenten In Situ Schwefel Isotopenanalyse mit SIMS

Different sulfur isotope compositions of authigenic pyrite typically result from the sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SO4-AOM) and ...

Umwelt

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The composition of heavy crude oils and shale oils varies substantially depending on the origin of the mixture. In particular they contain an increased amount of nitrogen containing compounds compared to the conventionally used sweet crude oils. As nitrogen compounds have an influence on the operation of thermal processes occurring in coker units and steam crackers, and as some species are considered as environmentally hazardous, a detailed analysis of the reactions involving nitrogen containing compounds under pyrolysis conditions provides valuable information. Therefore a novel method has been developed and validated with a feedstock containing a high nitrogen content, i.e., a shale oil. First, the feed was characterized offline by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC &#215; GC) coupled with a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD). In a second step the on-line analysis method was developed and tested on a steam cracking pilot plant by feeding pyridine dissolved in heptane. The former being a representative compound for one of the most abundant classes of compounds present in shale oil. The composition of the reactor effluent was determined via an in-house developed automated sampling system followed by immediate injection of the sample on a GC &#215; GC coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS), flame ionization detector (FID) and NCD. A novel method for quantitative analysis of nitrogen containing compounds using NCD and 2-chloropyridine as an internal standard has been developed and demonstrated.

A method combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with nitrogen chemiluminescence detection has been developed and applied to on-line analysis of nitrogen containing compounds in a complex hydrocarbon matrix.

On-line-Analyse von stickstoffhaltige Verbindungen in komplexen Kohlenwasserstoff Matrixes

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The ...

Rapid Collection of Floral Fragrance Volatiles using a Headspace Volatile Collection Technique for GC-MS Thermal Desorption Sampling

Fragrances of many flower families have been sampled and the volatiles analyzed. Knowing the compounds that make up the fragrances can be an important step to conservation of flowers that are threatened or endangered. Because floral fragrance is critical for attracting pollinators, this method could be used to better understand or even enhance pollination. We present a protocol using a portable charcoal air filter and vacuum to collect floral fragrance volatiles, which are then analyzed by a GC-MS. By using this method, fragrance volatiles can be sampled using a non-destructive method with a machine that is easily transported. This methodology uses a rapid sampling procedure, cutting sampling time down from 2-3 hours to approximately 10 minutes. Using GC-MS, the fragrance compounds can be identified individually, based on authentic standards. The steps used for collecting fragrance and control data are presented, from material setup to collecting the data output.

Here, we present a protocol for collecting the floral fragrance volatiles from blooming flowers, using a non-destructive sampling procedure.

Schnelle Sammlung von floralen Duftflüchtigen mit einer Headspace Volatile Collection Technique für GC-MS Thermal Desorption Sampling

Fragrances of many flower families have been sampled and the volatiles analyzed. Knowing the compounds that make up the fragrances can be an important ...

Biochemie

A Practical and Low-Cost Setup to Measure Methane in Aqueous Samples

Measuring Dissolved Methane in Aquatic Ecosystems Using An Optical Spectroscopy Gas Analyzer

Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and pools in ecosystems are becoming increasingly common in ecological studies due to their relevance to climate change. With it, the need for analytical platforms adaptable to measuring different pools and fluxes within research groups also grows. This study aims to develop a procedure to use portable optical spectroscopy-based gas analyzers, originally designed and marketed for gas flux measurements, to measure GHG concentrations in aqueous samples. The protocol involves the traditional headspace equilibration technique followed by the injection of a headspace gas subsample into a chamber connected through a closed loop to the inlet and outlet ports of the gas analyzer. The chamber is fabricated from a generic mason jar and simple laboratory supplies, and it is an ideal solution for samples that may require pre-injection dilution. Methane concentrations measured with the chamber are tightly correlated (r2 &#62; 0.98) with concentrations determined separately through gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) on subsamples from the same vials. The procedure is particularly relevant for field studies in remote areas where chromatography equipment and supplies are not readily available, offering a practical, cheaper, and more efficient solution for measuring methane and other dissolved greenhouse gas concentrations in aquatic systems.

This study demonstrates an approach to measure methane gas concentrations in aqueous samples using portable optical analyzers coupled to an injection chamber in a closed loop. The results are similar to conventional gas chromatography, presenting a practical and low-cost alternative particularly suitable for remote field studies.

Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and pools in ecosystems are becoming increasingly common in ecological studies due to their relevance to climate ...

Sampling and Analysis of Animal Scent Signals

We have developed an effective methodology for sampling and analysis of odor signals, by using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, to understand how they may be used in animal communication. This technique allows the semi-quantitative analysis of the volatile components of odor secretions by enabling the separation and tentative identification of the components in the sample, followed by the analysis of peak area ratios to look for trends that could signify compounds that may be involved in signaling. The key strengths of this current approach are the range of sample types that can be analyzed; the lack of need for any complex sample preparation or extractions; the ability to separate and analyze the components of a mixture; the identification of the components detected; and the capability to provide semi-quantitative and potentially quantitative information on the components detected. The main limitation to the methodology relates to the samples themselves. Since the components of specific interest are volatile, and these could easily be lost, or their concentrations altered, it is important that the samples are stored and transported appropriately after their collection. This also means that sample storage and transport conditions are relatively costly. This method can be applied to a variety of samples (including urine, feces, hair and scent-gland odor secretions). These odors consist of complex mixtures, occurring in a range of matrices, and thus necessitate the use of techniques to separate the individual components and extract the compounds of biological interest.

We have developed an effective methodology for sampling and analysis of odor signals in order to understand how they may be used in animal communication. Particularly, we use headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze the volatile components of animal odors and scent-markings.

Probenahme und Analyse von Tierischen Duftsignalen

We have developed an effective methodology for sampling and analysis of odor signals, by using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas ...

Verhalten

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in complex mixtures. It is often used to analyze gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, bio-diesel and the organic fraction of bio-crude/bio-oil. In most of those analyses, the first dimension of separation is non-polar, followed by a polar separation. The aqueous fractions of bio-crude and other aqueous samples from biofuels production have been examined with similar column combinations. However, sample preparation techniques such as derivatization, solvent extraction, and solid-phase extraction were necessary prior to analysis. In this study, aqueous fractions obtained from the hydrothermal liquefaction of algae were characterized by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry without prior sample preparation techniques using a polar separation in the first dimension followed by a non-polar separation in the second. Two-dimensional plots from this analysis were compared with those obtained from the more traditional column configuration. Results from qualitative characterization of the aqueous fractions of algal bio-crude are discussed in detail. The advantages of using a polar separation followed by a non-polar separation for characterization of organics in aqueous samples by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry are highlighted.

A two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method is described for characterization of the aqueous fraction of bio-crude produced from hydrothermal liquefaction of algae. This protocol can also be employed to analyze the aqueous fraction of liquid products from fast pyrolysis, catalytic fast pyrolysis, catalytic deoxygenation and hydro-treating.

Qualitative Charakterisierung der wässrigen Fraktion von hydrothermale Verflüssigung von Algen mit Hilfe von 2D-Gaschromatographie mit Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in ...

Nitrogen Compound Characterization in Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography

Certain nitrogen-containing compounds can contribute to fuel instability during storage. Hence, detection and characterization of these compounds is crucial. There are significant challenges to overcome when measuring trace compounds in a complex matrix such as fuels. Background interferences and matrix effects can create limitations to routine analytical instrumentation, such as GC-MS. In order to facilitate specific and quantitative measurements of trace nitrogen compounds in fuels, a nitrogen-specific detector is ideal. In this method, a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD) is used to detect nitrogen compounds in fuels. NCD utilizes a nitrogen-specific reaction that does not involve the hydrocarbon background. Two-dimensional (GCxGC) gas chromatography is a powerful characterization technique as it provides superior separation capabilities to one-dimensional gas chromatography methods. When GCxGC is paired with a NCD, the problematic nitrogen compounds found in fuels can be extensively characterized without background interference. The method presented in this manuscript details the process for measuring different nitrogen-containing compound classes in fuels with little sample preparation. Overall, this GCxGC-NCD method has been shown to be a valuable tool to enhance the understanding of the chemical composition of nitrogen-containing compounds in fuels and their impact on fuel stability. The % RSD for this method is &#60;5% for intraday and &#60;10% for interday analyses; the LOD is 1.7 ppm and the LOQ is 5.5 ppm.

Here, we present a method utilizing two-dimensional gas chromatography and nitrogen chemiluminescence detection (GCxGC-NCD) to extensively characterize the different classes of nitrogen-containing compounds in diesel and jet fuels.

Stickstoff-Compound-Charakterisierung in Kraftstoffen durch mehrdimensionale Gaschromatographie

Certain nitrogen-containing compounds can contribute to fuel instability during storage. Hence, detection and characterization of these compounds is ...

Trimethylamin-Nachweis in der tierischen Medizin mittels Headspace-GC-MS

An Improved Technique for Trimethylamine Detection in Animal-Derived Medicine by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

Animal-derived medicines have distinctive characteristics and significant curative effects, but most of them have an obvious fishy odor, resulting in the poor compliance of clinical patients. Trimethylamine (TMA) is one of the key fishy odor components in animal-derived medicine. It is difficult to identify TMA accurately using the existing detection method due to the increased pressure in the headspace vial caused by the rapid acid-base reaction after the addition of lye, which causes TMA to escape from the headspace vial, stalling the research progress of the fishy odor of animal-derived medicine. In this study, we proposed a controlled detection method that introduced a paraffin layer as an isolation layer between acid and lye. The rate of TMA production could be effectively controlled by slowly liquefying the paraffin layer through thermostatic furnace heating. This method showed satisfactory linearity, precision experiments, and recoveries with good reproducibility and high sensitivity. It provided technical support for the deodorization of animal-derived medicine.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Eine verbesserte Technik zum Nachweis von Trimethylamin in der tierischen Medizin durch Headspace-Gaschromatographie-Tandem-Quadrupol-Massenspektrometrie  

Here, a headspace gas chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS/MS) method suitable for the determination of trimethylamine (TMA) in animal-derived medicines is described. The protocol includes sample pretreatment, headspace treatment, analysis conditions, methodological validation, and the determination of TMA in animal-derived medicines.

Eine verbesserte Technik zum Nachweis von Trimethylamin in der Tierarzneimittel mittels Headspace-Gaschromatographie-Tandem-Quadrupol-Massenspektrometrie

Animal-derived medicines have distinctive characteristics and significant curative effects, but most of them have an obvious fishy odor, resulting in the ...

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