The authors would like to acknowledge support from the Government of Canada's interdepartmental Program of Energy Research and Development, PERD 113, Petroleum Conversion for Cleaner Air. N.E.H would like to acknowledge her Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Visiting Fellowship.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

H 2 S의 최적 측정을 달성하기 위해,이 방법은 학장 스위치 역세과 황 화학 발광 검출기 (SCD)를 채용한다. 디메틸 폴리실록산 컬럼은 제 차원 GC 컬럼으로 사용하고, 그들은 PLOT 컬럼을 오염시키지 않도록 시료에 존재하는 중질 탄화수소의 이동을 지연시키는 역할을한다. 이 효과는 멋진 (50 ° C) 초기 분리에 의해 강화된다. 빛 가스는 첫 번째 차원의 칼럼을 통해 전달하고 더 분리를위한 마?...

건강 및 안전 규정과 경제가 석유 품질의 기능이기 때문에 원유의 정확한 분석은 석유와 가스 산업에 필수적이다. 원유 샘플의 수송을 보호하기 위해, 분리 또는 누출의 경우에 구현되는 안전 규정을 개발 조 샘플의 특성을 결정할 필요가있다. 특히, 황화수소의 정량화 (H 2 S)이 때문에 기상에서의 높은 독성에 중요하다; 100 ppm의 낮은 노출은 치명적인 (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7783064.html) 1,2 될 수 있습니다. 조 질의 샘플에 용해 H 2 S는 일반적으로 3,4- 부식되는 것으로 간주되고, 오일 5-7을 치료하기 위해 사용 된 촉매를 비활성화 할 수있다. 원유 스트림으로부터 H 2 S 제거하여 이상적이지만, 방법없이 H 2 S를 용해, 제거가 치료의 성공 여부를 평가하기 위해 측정하기 곤란하다. 이러한 이유로,이 프로토콜은 disso을 측정하기 위해 개발 된lved H 등 캐나다의 오일 샌드 원유 무거운 원유 샘플 2 S. 표준 방법의 수는 점화기 또는 석유 계 연료 샘플에서 H 2 S의 정량화를 위해 존재하지만, 어느 것도 일반적으로 캐나다 오일 샌드로부터 추출 중질 원유와 함께 사용 검증되지 않았다. H 2 S 및 머 캅탄은 범용 오일 제품 (UOP) 메소드 (163) (8)에 의해 적정 방법을 이용하여 결정되지만,이 방법은 적정 곡선의 수동 판독 한 결과 사용자 해석 바이어스 앓고. 석유 (IP) (570)에있어서의 연구소 연료 유 샘플 (9), 및 간단하고 이동성으로부터 이점을 가열 전문 H 2 S 분석기를 사용하지만 무거운 샘플 10과 정확성이 부족하다. 재료 시험 (ASTM)의 미국 사회는 방법 D5623은 H에게 빛 석유 액체 2 S를 측정하기 위해 극저온 냉각 및 황 선택적 검출을 가스 크로마토 그래피 (GC)를 사용(11, 12). 이 표준은 따라서이 명세서에서 논의되는 프로토콜에 대한 기준으로 사용하고, 중질 원유에 적용될 수도 주위 분리를 사용할 수 있도록 개선 될 수있다. GC는 원유 샘플의 분석을 위해 많이 사용되는 기법이다. 샘플을 고온에서 기화 유입되고, 분리는 기체상에서 발생한다. 그것은 쉽게 입구 가열시 액체 시료로부터 해방 될 때 기체 상 분리, H 2 S의 GC 분석에 이상적이다. GC 방법은 생성 및 사용 온도 프로그램에 따라 다른 샘플에 대한 맞춤형 열 구현 및 다차원 크로마토 13-15 이용 될 수있다. GC를 사용하여 H 2 S의 측정을위한 최근의 발전이있어왔다. 다차원 GC 및 학장 스위칭을 이용하여 H 2 S 및 기타 광 황화합물 측정 광과 중간 증류 물에서 입증 루옹 외., 그러나 본 방법은 갖고 있지아직 중질 원유 (16)에 적용되었다. 디 산조 등., GC를 사용하여 가솔린 2 S 그러나 그것은 또한 무거운 원유에 사용하고, 17 냉각 부 주위가 필요하지 않은 또한 정량화 H. 여기에 제시된 방법은 10 분 (루옹) 및 40 분 (디 산조)와 비교하여, 5 분간의 완료 분석 시간,이 이전의 방법에 비해 상당한 시간 절약을 보여준다. 불행하게도, 정확성을 비교하는 우리의 실험실에서 이러한 방법의 구현으로 인해 장비 및 시간 제한 할 수 없었습니다. 다차원 GC는 사용자가 두 열의 선택성보다는 하나의 열을 활용할 수있다. 기존 GC에서 분리 한 열을 발생합니다. 다차원 GC의 경우, 샘플은 분리 및 선택성을 향상 개의 상이한 컬럼상에서 분리된다. 학장 스위치 이차원 열 구성을 채용하는 데 사용되는 하나의 장치이다. 이 스위치는 무서운에 외부 밸브를 사용두 개의 출구 포트 중 하나에 18 ~ 20 스위치의 입구로부터 CT 기류. 첫번째 컬럼으로부터 유출 물은 어느 한 방향으로 지향 될 수있다; 이 경우, 빛 유황 가스는 다공성 층 열린 관에 제 1 분리에서 &quot;마음 컷&quot;21 (H)의 분리를위한 우수한 것으로 밝혀졌다 차 분리를위한 (PLOT) 열 다른 빛 유황 가스에서 2 S (http://www.chem.agilent.com/cag/cabu/pdf/gaspro.pdf) 22-24. 황 화학 발광 검출기는 황 화합물에 대한 선택성을 제공하고 심장 절단시 플롯를 컬럼으로 이동되었을 수있는 다른 빛 가스로부터 가능한 간섭을 제거, 검출에 사용된다. 원유 샘플에서 탄화수소 제 차원 컬럼 상에 보유되고, 백 플러시 과정에서 제거된다; 이 모든 오염 25-27에서 플롯 열을 보호합니다. 이 접근법은 성공적 항문에 구현 된변압기 오일 (28)의 산화 억제제의이 Analysis. 여기서, 이차원 GC 방법은 무거운 원유 샘플의 분석 용해 H 2 S의 정량에 이용된다. 방법 H 2 S 농도의 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 적용하는 것으로하고, 또한 H에게 기상 샘플 2 S를 측정하는데 사용될 수있다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Deans switch</td><td>Agilent</td><td>G2855A</td><td>Or equivalent flow switching device</td></tr><tr><td>Restrictor tubing&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Agilent</td><td>160-2615-10</td><td>Fused silica, deactivated, 180 &amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>HP-PONA column</td><td>Agilent</td><td>19091S-001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GasPro column</td><td>Agilent</td><td>113-4332</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sulfur chemiluminescence detector, 355</td><td>Agilent/Sievers</td><td>G6603A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S calibration standard, in He</td><td>Air Liquide</td><td>Custom order</td><td>211 ppm H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S</td></tr><tr><td>CS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C184-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Toluene, HPLC grade</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>T290-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gas bag, 2 L</td><td>Calibrated Instruments, Inc.</td><td>GSB-P/2</td><td>Twist on/off nozzle</td></tr><tr><td>250 &amp;micro;l gas tight syringe</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>81130</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>500 ml amber glass bottle</td><td>Scientific Specialties</td><td>N73616</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Open top screw caps</td><td>Scientific Specialties</td><td>169628</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tegrabond disc for screw caps</td><td>Chromatographic Specialties</td><td>C889125C</td><td>25 mm, 10/90 MIL</td></tr><tr><td>1 ml gas tight syringe</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>81330</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2.5% H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S in He gas standard</td><td>Air Liquide</td><td>Custom order</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of h2s in crude oil and crude oil headspace using multidimensional gas chromatography, deans switching and sulfur-selective detection

원유 샘플의 용존 황화수소의 분석 방법은 가스 크로마토 그래피를 이용하여 설명된다. 간섭을 효과적으로 제거하기 위해, 이차원 컬럼 구성은 두 번째 열 (심장 - 절단) 내지 제으로부터 황화수소를 전송하는데 이용 학장 스위치로 사용된다. 액체 원유 샘플을 먼저 디메틸 열을 분리, 가벼운 가스는 심장 컷과 추가로 다른 빛 황 종에서 황화수소를 분리 할 수​​있는 결합 다공성 층 열린 관 (PLOT) 컬럼에 구분됩니다. 황화수소이어서 선택성의 추가 층을 추가하는, 화학 발광 황 검출기로 검출된다. 분리 및 황화수소의 검출 이후에, 시스템은 샘플에 존재하는 조 고비 점 탄화수소를 제거하기 위해 크로마토 그래피 및 무결성을 유지하기 위해 백 플러싱된다. 용해 된 황화수소는 1.1에서 500 페이지에 액체 샘플에서 정량화 된PM은, 시료의 넓은 범위의 적용 성을 입증. 방법은 또한 성공적 0.7 9,700 ppm의 황화수소로 측정하여, 원유 헤드 스페이스와 처리 가스 주머니로부터 기체 샘플의 분석에 적용되었다.

액체와 가스 모두 샘플 H 2 S의 신뢰성 정량화를 얻기 위해, 적절한 교정이 필요하다. 교정 주사 및 샘플 주사제, H 2 S 피크는 이웃 피크 중첩되지 않아야하고 재현성 피크 면적을 가져야한다. (3) 가스가이 방법 역시 농축 가스 시료의 주입을 보여준다. 그것은 250 μL 주사기를 사용하여보다 큰 500 ppm으로의 가스 농도 검출기를 오버로드 한 것으로 나타났습?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection at JoVE.com

Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

A multidimensional gas chromatography method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in liquid crude oil samples is presented. A Deans switch is used to heart-cut light sulfur gases for separation on a secondary column and detection on a sulfur chemiluminescence detector.

H의 측정<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; 원유 및 다차원 가스 크로마토 그래피를 이용하여 원유 헤드 스페이스에서 S는 학장은 전환과 황 선택적 검출

A method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in crude oil samples is demonstrated using gas chromatography. In order to effectively eliminate ...

measurement-h2s-crude-oil-crude-oil-headspace-using-multidimensional

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

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Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

19.1K 조회수.  Natural Resources Canada. A multidimensional gas chromatography method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in liquid crude oil samples is presented. A Deans switch is used to heart-cut light sulfur gases for separation on a secondary column and detection on a sulfur chemiluminescence detector. 

비디오: Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

Quantitative Detection of Trace Explosive Vapors by Programmed Temperature Desorption Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector

The direct liquid deposition of solution standards onto sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes is used for the quantitative analysis of trace explosive vapor samples. The direct liquid deposition method yields a higher fidelity between the analysis of vapor samples and the analysis of solution standards than using separate injection methods for vapors and solutions, i.e., samples collected on vapor collection tubes and standards prepared in solution vials. Additionally, the method can account for instrumentation losses, which makes it ideal for minimizing variability and quantitative trace chemical detection. Gas chromatography with an electron capture detector is an instrumentation configuration sensitive to nitro-energetics, such as TNT and RDX, due to their relatively high electron affinity. However, vapor quantitation of these compounds is difficult without viable vapor standards. Thus, we eliminate the requirement for vapor standards by combining the sensitivity of the instrumentation with a direct liquid deposition protocol to analyze trace explosive vapor samples.

Trace explosive vapors of TNT and RDX collected on sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes were analyzed using a programmed temperature desorption system coupled to GC with an electron capture detector. The instrumental analysis is combined with direct liquid deposition method to reduce sample variability and account for instrumentation drift and losses.

프로그램 된 온도 탈착 가스 크로마토 그래피 - 전자 캡처 검출기에 의해 추적 폭발성 증기의 양이 감지

The direct liquid deposition of solution standards onto sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes is used for the quantitative analysis of trace explosive ...

연구

화학

Light-driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation

Oxidoreductases belong to the most-applied industrial enzymes. Nevertheless, they need external electrons whose supply is often costly and challenging. Recycling of the electron donors NADH or NADPH requires the use of additional enzymes and sacrificial substrates. Interestingly, several oxidoreductases accept hydrogen peroxide as electron donor. While being inexpensive, this reagent often reduces the stability of enzymes. A solution to this problem is the in situ generation of the cofactor. The continuous supply of the cofactor at low concentration drives the reaction without impairing enzyme stability. This paper demonstrates a method for the light-catalyzed in situ generation of hydrogen peroxide with the example of the heme-dependent fatty acid decarboxylase OleTJE. The fatty acid decarboxylase OleTJE was discovered due to its unique ability to produce long-chain 1-alkenes from fatty acids, a hitherto unknown enzymatic reaction. 1-alkenes are widely used additives for plasticizers and lubricants. OleTJE has been shown to accept electrons from hydrogen peroxide for the oxidative decarboxylation. While addition of hydrogen peroxide damages the enzyme and results in low yields, in situ generation of the cofactor circumvents this problem. The photobiocatalytic system shows clear advantages regarding enzyme activity and yield, resulting in a simple and efficient system for fatty acid decarboxylation.

We describe a protocol for the light-catalyzed generation of hydrogen peroxide &#8212; a cofactor for oxidative transformations.

라이트 기반 효소 탈 카르 복 실화

Oxidoreductases belong to the most-applied industrial enzymes. Nevertheless, they need external electrons whose supply is often costly and challenging. ...

Chemical Analysis of Water-accommodated Fractions of Crude Oil Spills Using TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system requires the careful preparation of the sample in order to accurately replicate the natural formation of the water-accommodated fraction that occurs in nature. Low-energy water-accommodated fractions (LEWAF) are carefully prepared by mixing crude oil and water at a set ratio. Aspirator bottles are then irradiated, and at set time points, the water is sampled and extracted using standard techniques. A second challenge is the representative characterization of the sample, which must take into consideration the chemical changes that occur over time. A targeted analysis of the aromatic fraction of the LEWAF can be performed using an atmospheric-pressure laser ionization source coupled to a custom-built trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;Fourier transform&#8211;ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (TIMS-FT-ICR MS). The TIMS-FT-ICR MS analysis provides high-resolution ion mobility and ultrahigh-resolution MS analysis, which further allow the identification of isomeric components by their collision cross-sections (CCS) and chemical formula. Results show that as the oil-water mixture is exposed to light, there is significant photo-solubilization of the surface oil into the water. Over time, the chemical transformation of the solubilized molecules takes place, with a decrease in the number of identifications of nitrogen- and sulfur-bearing species in favor of those with a greater oxygen content than were typically observed in the base oil.

The low-energy water-accommodated fraction (LEWAF) of crude oil is a challenging system to analyze, because over time, this complex mixture undergoes chemical transformations. This protocol illustrates methods for the preparation of the LEWAF sample and for performing photo-irradiation and chemical analysis by trapped ion mobility spectrometry&#8211;FT-ICR MS.

원유의 물 수용 분수의 화학 분석은 TIMS-FT-ICR MS를 사용하여 유출

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system ...

환경과학

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Different sulfur isotope compositions of authigenic pyrite typically result from the sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SO4-AOM) and organiclastic sulfate reduction (OSR) in marine sediments. However, unravelling the complex pyritization sequence is a challenge because of the coexistence of different sequentially formed pyrite phases. This manuscript describes a sample preparation procedure that enables the use of secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) to obtain in situ &#948;34S values of various pyrite generations. This allows researchers to constrain how SO4-AOM affects pyritization in methane-bearing sediments. SIMS analysis revealed an extreme range in &#948;34S values, spanning from -41.6 to +114.8&#8240;, which is much wider than the range of &#948;34S values obtained by the traditional bulk sulfur isotope analysis of the same samples. Pyrite in the shallow sediment mainly consists of 34S-depleted framboids, suggesting early diagenetic formation by OSR. Deeper in the sediment, more pyrite occurs as overgrowths and euhedral crystals, which display much higher SIMS &#948;34S values than the framboids. Such 34S-enriched pyrite is related to enhanced SO4-AOM at the sulfate-methane transition zone, postdating OSR. High-resolution in situ SIMS sulfur isotope analyses allow for the reconstruction of the pyritization processes, which cannot be resolved by bulk sulfur isotope analysis.

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Analyses of the sulfur isotopic composition (&#948;34S) of pyrite from methane-bearing sediments have typically focused on bulk samples. Here, we applied secondary ion mass spectroscopy to analyze the &#948;34S values of various pyrite generations to understand the diagenetic history of pyritization.

제자리에서 유황 동위 원소 분석 심즈를 사용 하 여 메탄 베어링 퇴적 물에서 Authigenic 황의 준비

Different sulfur isotope compositions of authigenic pyrite typically result from the sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SO4-AOM) and ...

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The composition of heavy crude oils and shale oils varies substantially depending on the origin of the mixture. In particular they contain an increased amount of nitrogen containing compounds compared to the conventionally used sweet crude oils. As nitrogen compounds have an influence on the operation of thermal processes occurring in coker units and steam crackers, and as some species are considered as environmentally hazardous, a detailed analysis of the reactions involving nitrogen containing compounds under pyrolysis conditions provides valuable information. Therefore a novel method has been developed and validated with a feedstock containing a high nitrogen content, i.e., a shale oil. First, the feed was characterized offline by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC &#215; GC) coupled with a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD). In a second step the on-line analysis method was developed and tested on a steam cracking pilot plant by feeding pyridine dissolved in heptane. The former being a representative compound for one of the most abundant classes of compounds present in shale oil. The composition of the reactor effluent was determined via an in-house developed automated sampling system followed by immediate injection of the sample on a GC &#215; GC coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS), flame ionization detector (FID) and NCD. A novel method for quantitative analysis of nitrogen containing compounds using NCD and 2-chloropyridine as an internal standard has been developed and demonstrated.

A method combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with nitrogen chemiluminescence detection has been developed and applied to on-line analysis of nitrogen containing compounds in a complex hydrocarbon matrix.

복잡한 탄화수소 행렬에 질소 함유 화합물의 온라인 분석

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The ...

Seawater Sampling and Collection

This video documents methods for collecting coastal marine water samples and processing them for various downstream applications including biomass concentration, nucleic acid purification, cell abundance, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For today's demonstration samples were collected from the deck of the HMS John Strickland operating in Saanich Inlet. An A-frame derrick, with a multi-purpose winch and cable system, is used in combination with Niskin or Go-Flo water sampling bottles. Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are also used to sample the underlying water mass. To minimize outgassing, trace gas samples are collected first.  Then, nutrients, water chemistry, and cell counts are determined. Finally, waters are collected for biomass filtration. The set-up and collection time for a single cast is ~1.5 hours at a maximum depth of 215 meters. Therefore, a total of 6 hours is generally needed to complete the collection series described here.

This video documents methods for collecting coastal marine water samples and processing them for various downstream applications including biomass concentration, nucleic acid purification, cell abundance, nutrient and trace gas analyses.

해수 샘플링 및 수집

This video documents methods for collecting coastal marine water samples and processing them for various downstream applications including biomass ...

생물학

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>수성 샘플에서 메탄을 측정하기 위한 실용적이고 저렴한 설정

Measuring Dissolved Methane in Aquatic Ecosystems Using An Optical Spectroscopy Gas Analyzer

Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and pools in ecosystems are becoming increasingly common in ecological studies due to their relevance to climate change. With it, the need for analytical platforms adaptable to measuring different pools and fluxes within research groups also grows. This study aims to develop a procedure to use portable optical spectroscopy-based gas analyzers, originally designed and marketed for gas flux measurements, to measure GHG concentrations in aqueous samples. The protocol involves the traditional headspace equilibration technique followed by the injection of a headspace gas subsample into a chamber connected through a closed loop to the inlet and outlet ports of the gas analyzer. The chamber is fabricated from a generic mason jar and simple laboratory supplies, and it is an ideal solution for samples that may require pre-injection dilution. Methane concentrations measured with the chamber are tightly correlated (r2 &#62; 0.98) with concentrations determined separately through gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) on subsamples from the same vials. The procedure is particularly relevant for field studies in remote areas where chromatography equipment and supplies are not readily available, offering a practical, cheaper, and more efficient solution for measuring methane and other dissolved greenhouse gas concentrations in aquatic systems.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>광학 분광학 가스 분석기를 사용한 수생 생태계의 용존 메탄 측정

This study demonstrates an approach to measure methane gas concentrations in aqueous samples using portable optical analyzers coupled to an injection chamber in a closed loop. The results are similar to conventional gas chromatography, presenting a practical and low-cost alternative particularly suitable for remote field studies.

광학 분광학 가스 분석기를 사용한 수생 생태계의 용존 메탄 측정

Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and pools in ecosystems are becoming increasingly common in ecological studies due to their relevance to climate ...

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in complex mixtures. It is often used to analyze gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, bio-diesel and the organic fraction of bio-crude/bio-oil. In most of those analyses, the first dimension of separation is non-polar, followed by a polar separation. The aqueous fractions of bio-crude and other aqueous samples from biofuels production have been examined with similar column combinations. However, sample preparation techniques such as derivatization, solvent extraction, and solid-phase extraction were necessary prior to analysis. In this study, aqueous fractions obtained from the hydrothermal liquefaction of algae were characterized by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry without prior sample preparation techniques using a polar separation in the first dimension followed by a non-polar separation in the second. Two-dimensional plots from this analysis were compared with those obtained from the more traditional column configuration. Results from qualitative characterization of the aqueous fractions of algal bio-crude are discussed in detail. The advantages of using a polar separation followed by a non-polar separation for characterization of organics in aqueous samples by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry are highlighted.

A two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method is described for characterization of the aqueous fraction of bio-crude produced from hydrothermal liquefaction of algae. This protocol can also be employed to analyze the aqueous fraction of liquid products from fast pyrolysis, catalytic fast pyrolysis, catalytic deoxygenation and hydro-treating.

비행 시간 형 질량 분석과 2D 가스 크로마토 그래피를 사용하여 조류의 열수 액화에서 수성 분수의 질적 특성

Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in ...

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원유의 물 수용 분수의 화학 분석은 TIMS-FT-ICR MS를 사용하여 유출

제자리에서 유황 동위 원소 분석 심즈를 사용 하 여 메탄 베어링 퇴적 물에서 Authigenic 황의 준비

복잡한 탄화수소 행렬에 질소 함유 화합물의 온라인 분석

해수 샘플링 및 수집

광학 분광학 가스 분석기를 사용한 수생 생태계의 용존 메탄 측정

광학 분광학 가스 분석기를 사용한 수생 생태계의 용존 메탄 측정

광학 분광학 가스 분석기를 사용한 수생 생태계의 용존 메탄 측정

비행 시간 형 질량 분석과 2D 가스 크로마토 그래피를 사용하여 조류의 열수 액화에서 수성 분수의 질적 특성