我们承认安妮B.斯​​腾森，伊丽莎白五安徒生，贝琳达二Bringtoft和动物管理员在实验医学，腓特烈校园，健康与医疗科学学院，丹麦哥本哈根大学的系的娴熟援助。雅各Lønholdt是感谢在拍摄过程他出色的技术援助。本研究是在部分地由LIFEPHARM中心体内药理学与哥本哈根大学的支持。

所显示的程序，是根据食品，农业和渔业部根据批准的丹麦动物实验督察协议执行。 1，采血从侧隐或跗骨静脉<ol><li>执行此过程无需麻醉和一名调查员，人们处理的豚鼠，一个采集样品的帮助。 </li><li>剃后腿跗区域与一个电动剃须刀，直到该脉是可见的。确保该区域足够大，以避免毛皮与穿刺部位干涉。 </li><li>放置在温水中洗澡的后腿轻轻揉搓小腿，使血管更加扩张和明显。 </li><li>用一块干净的毛巾将脚消毒穿刺部位用纱布或棉签蘸70％的酒精。 </li><li>抑制豚鼠和延伸后腿向下，同时施加温和的压力正上方膝关节吨o为瘀。 </li><li>使用21G针头或柳叶刀刺破静脉。收集血液，例如 ，通过使用一个集合或毛细管。轻轻地操纵腿部，以帮助血液流动。 </li><li>发布瘀，一旦样品已经获得。申请一块纱布或药​​棉轻轻压在穿刺部位，直到出血停止。 </li><li>返回动物的笼子和显示器5-10分钟，以确保止血。 </li></ol>从耳静脉2采血<ol><li>无需麻醉单独或最好是执行此过程有一个同事的帮助。 </li><li>用消毒纱布或棉签蘸70％的酒精耳朵的背水面。 </li><li>适用于光压到耳朵的基极提供淤滞。 </li><li>使用21G针头或柳叶刀穿刺静脉，并采集血液。 </li><li>发布瘀，一旦样品已经获得，应用纱布或脱脂棉与GEntle压力，穿刺部位，直到出血停止。 </li><li>返回动物的笼子和显示器5-10分钟，以确保止血。 </li></ol> 3，血液采样，从颈静脉<ol><li>开展利用一个额外的调查员的帮助下这个程序; 1处理的豚鼠和一个收集样品。 </li><li>麻醉豚鼠用合适的麻醉剂，此过程的整个期间。噻环乙胺的混合物（0.93毫克/千克），zolazepam（0.93毫克/千克），甲苯噻嗪（1.49毫克/千克）和布托啡诺（0.06毫克/千克），都可以使用。 </li><li>将麻醉豚鼠在它的后面，轻轻地缩回前肢尾端。 </li><li>刮和消毒（ 例如 ，用70％酒精）的颈部腹侧部。 </li><li>外套与肝素或EDTA之前于采样，以减少凝血的风险的注射器。 </li><li>触诊锁骨，并插入一个25克（或23 G）针安装在1毫升注射器AP近因1厘米横向中线在肩关节的水平。保持在注射器中略微向上和内侧角而施加一轻微的负压。避免损坏底层结构为颈内静脉位于比较肤浅。倾斜豚鼠的脖子微微向后，以提供静脉淤滞增加。 </li><li>释放时获得的血液样品时，前腿和减轻瘀针缩回之前。使用干燥的纱布或药棉，以温和的压力施加到穿刺部位。 </li><li>返回动物恢复笼和监控，以确保止血和麻醉恢复期。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>DeOgburn, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+increased+dietary+cholesterol+with+carbohydrate+restriction+on+hepatic+lipid+metabolism+in+Guinea+pigs.">Effects of increased dietary cholesterol with carbohydrate restriction on hepatic lipid metabolism in Guinea pigs.</a> Comp.Med. 62 (2), 109-115 (2012).</li><li>Fernandez, M., Volek, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guinea+pigs+a+suitable+animal+model+to+study+lipoprotein+metabolism,+atherosclerosis+and+inflammation.">Guinea pigs a suitable animal model to study lipoprotein metabolism, atherosclerosis and inflammation.</a> Nutr Metab (Lond). 3 (17), (2006).</li><li>Frikke-Schmidt, H., Tveden-Nyborg, P., Birck, M. M., Lykkesfeldt, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+dietary+fat+and+cholesterol+exacerbates+chronic+vitamin+C+deficiency+in+guinea+pigs.">High dietary fat and cholesterol exacerbates chronic vitamin C deficiency in guinea pigs.</a> Br J Nutr. 105 (1), 54-61 (2011).</li><li>Hem, A., Smith, A. J., Solberg, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Saphenous+vein+puncture+for+blood+sampling+of+the+mouse,+rat,+hamster,+gerbil,+guinea+pig,+ferret+and+mink.">Saphenous vein puncture for blood sampling of the mouse, rat, hamster, gerbil, guinea pig, ferret and mink.</a> Lab Anim. 32 (4), 364-368 (1998).</li><li>Parasuraman, S., Raveendran, R., Kesavan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+sample+collection+in+small+laboratory+animals.">Blood sample collection in small laboratory animals.</a> J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 1 (2), 87-93 (2010).</li><li>Guillen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FELASA+guidelines+and+recommendations.">FELASA guidelines and recommendations.</a> J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 51 (3), 311-321 (2012).</li><li>Ye, P., Cheah, I. K., Halliwell, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+fat+diets+and+pathology+in+the+guinea+pig+Atherosclerosis+or+liver+damage.">High fat diets and pathology in the guinea pig Atherosclerosis or liver damage.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1832 (2), 355-364 (2013).</li><li>Tveden-Nyborg, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+vitamin+C+deficiency+during+pregnancy+persistently+impairs+hippocampal+neurogenesis+in+offspring+of+guinea+pigs.">Maternal vitamin C deficiency during pregnancy persistently impairs hippocampal neurogenesis in offspring of guinea pigs.</a> PLoS One. 7 (10), 12-18391 (2012).</li><li>Schjoldager, J. G., Tveden-Nyborg, P., Lykkesfeldt, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+maternal+vitamin+C+deficiency+overrides+preferential+fetal+ascorbate+transport+but+does+not+influence+perinatal+survival+in+guinea+pigs.">Prolonged maternal vitamin C deficiency overrides preferential fetal ascorbate transport but does not influence perinatal survival in guinea pigs.</a> Br J Nutr. 110 (9), 1573-1579 (2013).</li><li>Greulich, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secretory+products+of+guinea+pig+epicardial+fat+induce+insulin+resistance+and+impair+primary+adult+rat+cardiomyocyte+function.">Secretory products of guinea pig epicardial fat induce insulin resistance and impair primary adult rat cardiomyocyte function.</a> J Cell Mol Med. 15 (11), 2399-2410 (2011).</li><li>Swifka, J., Weiss, J., Addicks, K., Eckel, J., Rosen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epicardial+fat+from+guinea+pig+a+model+to+study+the+paracrine+network+of+interactions+between+epicardial+fat+and+myocardium.">Epicardial fat from guinea pig a model to study the paracrine network of interactions between epicardial fat and myocardium.</a> Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 22 (2), 107-114 (2008).</li><li>Pilny, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+hematology+of+rodent+species.">Clinical hematology of rodent species.</a> Vet.Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 11 (3), 523-vii (2008).</li><li>Franco, N. H., Olsson, I. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scientists+and+the+3Rs:+attitudes+to+animal+use+in+biomedical+research+and+the+effect+of+mandatory+training+in+laboratory+animal+science.">Scientists and the 3Rs: attitudes to animal use in biomedical research and the effect of mandatory training in laboratory animal science.</a> Lab Anim. 48 (1), 50-60 (2014).</li><li>Van, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=eAssessing+the+application+of+the+3Rs+a+survey+among+animal+welfare+officers+in+The+Netherlands.">eAssessing the application of the 3Rs a survey among animal welfare officers in The Netherlands.</a> Lab Anim. 47 (3), 210-219 (2013).</li><li>Sloan, R. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+doses+of+ketamine-xylazine+anesthesia+reduce+cardiac+ischemia-reperfusion+injury+in+guinea+pigs.">High doses of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia reduce cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury in guinea pigs.</a> J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 50 (3), 349-354 (2011).</li><li>Jacobson, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+anaesthetic+regimen+for+surgical+procedures+in+guinea+pigs.">A novel anaesthetic regimen for surgical procedures in guinea pigs.</a> Lab Anim. 35 (3), 271-276 (2001).</li><li>Saha, J. K., Xia, J., Grondin, J. M., Engle, S. K., Jakubowski, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+hyperglycemia+induced+by+ketamine+xylazine+anesthesia+in+rats+mechanisms+and+implications+for+preclinical+models.">Acute hyperglycemia induced by ketamine xylazine anesthesia in rats mechanisms and implications for preclinical models.</a> Exp Biol Med(Maywood). 230 (10), 777-784 (2005).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。所有的程序批准了丹麦的动物实验法，这是按照欧洲公约ETS 123局。

相比于小鼠和大鼠，豚鼠是可怕的性质，必须将球接近并为了减少应力正确处理。但从动物福利的角度，谨慎行事，自然是一个优先事项;然而，这也将减少对所收集的数据，例如焦虑相关的效应的风险。增加血液中糖皮质激素的水平和葡萄糖12。同样，每天处理会，观察者的动物，以正常的程序，并且可以用于进一步降低应力。在一个特定的血液采样技术的实用技能应该先观察有?...

豚鼠是一种宝贵而有效的实验动物模型，由于一些生物相似于人类如维生素C，相当于血浆脂蛋白代谢酶和脂蛋白的配置文件，以及共享的相似性与人类胎盘和膳食供应的要求产前发展1-3,7,8。这使豚鼠一个有吸引力的和合适的模型用于研究饮食有关的疾病，如非酒精性脂肪肝疾病，心血管疾病和维生素C缺乏推定的效果，而且还例如效应的影响。上显影产妇饮食干预后代。 反复采血，常常需要在长期和短期的体内研究。由于种属特异性的解剖结构差异的抽样技术的调制是必要的，以便获取在豚鼠的血液样本相比其他啮齿类动物模型<sup&gt; 4,5。这包括变异在静脉和动脉的过程中，也即豚鼠没有尾巴，因而具有不同的要求和选择两个采样和处理。从隐或跗静脉取样，引起最小的不适和压力中的动物，并且不需要麻醉3,9。这种技术允许重复的少量血液（100-400微升）， 如样品。来确定血浆中的生化标志物。如果甚至更小的样本大小是足够的（50-100微升），这可以很容易地通过穿孔的耳静脉取。这种技术也可以进行有意识的动物，测定血糖10,11时是有用的，例如。从颈静脉取样允许收集更大量的血液（1-2毫升），但需要麻醉。 在这里，我们提出了四种不同的采血技术无论是有意识或麻醉的豚鼠。在procedures均为非终端程序提供的样品体积和样品的数量不超过在实验室动物6采血准则。正是在良好的科学的利益和动物福利，压力应保持在最低限度。因此，只有训练有素和有能力的个人应当履行动物的程序。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Electric shaver</td><td>Wella (Contura), Denmark</td><td>273207</td><td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td></tr><tr><td>Syringes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>B.Braun-Omnifix-F, Germany</td><td>9161406V</td><td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td></tr><tr><td>Needles</td><td>BD Microlance, Spain</td><td>301156</td><td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td></tr><tr><td>Microvette collection tube&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sarstedt, D-51588N&amp;uuml;mbrecht, Germany</td><td>201,288,100</td><td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td></tr><tr><td>Accu-Check analyzer</td><td>Roche A/S Diagnostics, Denmark</td><td></td><td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td></tr><tr><td>Heparin 5000 IE/ml</td><td>LEO Pharma, Denmark</td><td></td><td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td></tr><tr><td>Anesthesia</td><td>Zoletil 50, Chemvet, Denmark</td><td></td><td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td></tr><tr><td>Anesthesia</td><td>Narcoxyl vet 20 mg/ml, Intervet, Denmark</td><td></td><td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td></tr><tr><td>Anesthesia</td><td>Torbugesic vet 10 mg/ml, Scanvet, Denmark</td><td></td><td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td></tr><tr><td>Neutral eye ointment</td><td></td><td></td><td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td></tr><tr><td>Gauze or a cotton swab&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td></tr><tr><td>Disinfectant (70% alcohol)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Alternative product may be used. Multiple suppliers</td></tr></tbody></table>

non-terminal blood sampling techniques in guinea pigs

豚鼠拥有多种生物相似性和人类进行验证实验动物模型1-3。然而，使用豚鼠的目前代表的研究和描述性数据相对窄的区域上的特定方法是相应稀少。豚鼠的解剖学特征是从其他啮齿类动物模型略有不同，因此抽样技术调制，以适应物种特异性差异， 如 ，相对于小鼠和大鼠中，有必要获得足够的和高质量的样本。由于长期和短期的体内研究往往需要反复采血技术的选择，应很好地考虑，以减少动物的紧张和不适，也能保证生存，以及符合样本容量和可访问性的要求。静脉血液样本可在多个豚鼠如网而得到。中，隐和颈脉，每片含有利有弊技术4,5。在这里，我们提出了四种不同的采血技术无论是有意识或麻醉的豚鼠。该程序是所有的非终端程序提供的样品体积和样品的数量不超过在实验室动物6采血准则。所有描述的方法已经被彻底的测试和应用重复体内血液取样研究在我们的研究设施。

四种不同的方法来在任一有意识或麻醉的豚鼠非末端体内采血技术已经提出了图1示出了在豚鼠和可能的穿刺部位的横向隐和跗静脉的过程。耳静脉上的豚鼠耳的背侧表面可见被示于图2中这些静脉，可用于血液采样时只需要非常小的体积。豚鼠的颈静脉采血的位置显示在图3。颈静脉的课程由按建议的穿刺点最上面的箭头指向的箭头所示。 <p class="jove...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-Terminal Blood Sampling Techniques in Guinea Pigs at JoVE.com

Non-Terminal Blood Sampling Techniques in Guinea Pigs

虽然已知的模型，豚鼠目前代表在实验动物科学的细分市场，有限的数据可在大多数程序的执行。在这里，我们介绍四种不同的方式在体内血液采样技术的非终端无论是有意识或麻醉的豚鼠。

豚鼠非终端采血技术

Guinea pigs possess several biological similarities to humans and are validated experimental animal models1-3. However, the use of guinea pigs currently ...

non-terminal-blood-sampling-techniques-in-guinea-pigs

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

37.3K 次观看.  University of Copenhagen. 虽然已知的模型，豚鼠目前代表在实验动物科学的细分市场，有限的数据可在大多数程序的执行。在这里，我们介绍四种不同的方式在体内血液采样技术的非终端无论是有意识或麻醉的豚鼠。 

视频: Non-Terminal Blood Sampling Techniques in Guinea Pigs

Drawing Blood from Rats through the Saphenous Vein and by Cardiac Puncture

Drawing blood from rodents is necessary for a large number of both in vitro and in vivo studies. Sites of blood draws are numerous in rodents: retro-orbital sinus, jugular vein, maxillary vein, saphenous vein, heart. Each technique has its advantages and disadvantages, and some are not approved any more in some countries (e.g., retro-orbital draws in Holland). A discussion of different techniques for drawing blood are available 1-3.
Here, we present two techniques for drawing blood from rats, each with its specific applications.
Blood draw from the saphenous vein, provided it is done properly, induces minimal distress in animals and does not require anesthesia. This technique allows repeated draws of small amounts of blood, such as needed for pharmacokinetic studies 4,5, determining plasma chemistry, or blood counts 6.
Cardiac puncture allows the collection of large amounts of blood from a single animal (up to 10 ml of blood can be drawn from a 150 g rat). This technique is therefore very useful as a terminal procedure when drawing blood from the saphenous would not provide a large enough sample. We use cardiac puncture when we need sufficient amounts of serum from a specific strain of rats to grow T lymphocyte lines in vitro 4-9.

Blood draws are necessary in a large number of studies, for example to study the pharmacokinetics profile of a compound. Here, we demonstrate how to draw blood from rats using two techniques: blood draw from the saphenous vein or by cardiac puncture.

从老鼠血液通过大隐静脉和心脏穿刺“

Drawing blood from rodents is necessary for a large number of both in vitro and in vivo studies. Sites of blood draws are numerous in rodents: ...

科研

生物学

Optimized Interferon-gamma ELISpot Assay to Measure T Cell Responses in the Guinea Pig Model after Vaccination

The guinea pig has played a pivotal role as a relevant small animal model in the development of vaccines for infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, influenza, diphtheria, and viral hemorrhagic fevers. We have demonstrated that plasmid-DNA (pDNA) vaccine delivery into the skin elicits robust humoral responses in the guinea pig. However, the use of this animal to model immune responses was somewhat limited in the past due to the lack of available reagents and protocols to study T cell responses. T cells play a pivotal role in both immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic mechanisms. Understanding T cell responses is crucial for the development of infectious disease and oncology vaccines and accommodating delivery devices. Here we describe an interferon-gamma (IFN-&#947;) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay for guinea pig peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The assay enables researchers to characterize vaccine-specific T-cell responses in this important rodent model. The ability to assay cells isolated from the peripheral blood provides the opportunity to track immunogenicity in individual animals.

The development of the interferon-gamma ELISpot assay for guinea pig PBMCs allows the characterization of T-cell responses in this highly relevant model for studying infectious diseases. We have applied the assay to measure T cell responses associated with intradermal delivery of DNA vaccines.

优化干扰素伽隆弹性体检测在几内亚猪模型接种疫苗后 t 细胞反应

The guinea pig has played a pivotal role as a relevant small animal model in the development of vaccines for infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, ...

免疫与感染

Subclavian Vein Puncture As an Alternative Method of Blood Sample Collection in Rats

Blood collection with enough blood volume is essential in animal experiments. Blood collection from the tail vein of rats is popular and less stressful compared to other more aggressive methods such as retro-orbital plexus sample collection. However, this blood collection method is sometimes limited by an unsatisfactory success rate. Here, we introduce a method for blood collection through the subclavian vein puncture. The subclavian vein is located just under the clavicle and this vein is large enough to fulfill the volume requirements of blood collection. Our results show that this method is safe and applicable for blood collection sampling with the required blood volume. Blood collection through the subclavian vein puncture could serve as an alternative blood collection method in case of failed tail vein blood sampling in rats.

Here, we present a protocol to collect blood samples from the rat subclavian vein.

锁骨下静脉穿刺作为大鼠采血的一种替代方法

Blood collection with enough blood volume is essential in animal experiments. Blood collection from the tail vein of rats is popular and less stressful ...

医学

A Revised Surgical Approach to Induce Endolymphatic Hydrops in the Guinea Pig

Endolymphatic hydrops is an enlargement of scala media that is most often associated with Meniere&#39;s disease, though the pathophysiologic mechanism(s) remain unclear. In order to adequately study the attributes of endolymphatic hydrops, such as the origins of low-frequency hearing loss, a reliable model is needed. The guinea pig is a&#160;good model because it hears in the low-frequency regions that are putatively affected by endolymphatic hydrops. Previous research has demonstrated that endolymphatic hydrops can be induced surgically via intradural or extradural approaches that involve drilling on the endolymphatic duct and sac. However, whether it was possible to create an endolymphatic hydrops model using an extradural approach that avoided dangerous drilling on the endolymphatic duct and sac was unknown. The objective of this study was to demonstrate a revised extradural approach to induce experimental endolymphatic hydrops at 30 days post-operatively by obliterating the endolymphatic sac and injuring the endolymphatic duct with a fine pick. The sample size consisted of seven guinea pigs. Functional measurements of hearing were made and temporal bones were subsequently harvested for histologic analysis. The approach had a success rate of 86% in achieving endolymphatic hydrops. The risk of cerebrospinal fluid leak was minimal. No perioperative deaths or injuries to the posterior semicircular canal occurred in the sample. The presented method demonstrates a safe and reliable way to induce endolymphatic hydrops at a relatively quick time point of 30 days. The clinical implications are that the presented method provides a reliable model to further explore the origins of low-frequency hearing loss that can be associated endolymphatic hydrops.

This article demonstrates an extradural approach to obliterate the guinea pig endolymphatic sac and injure the endolymphatic duct with a fine pick in order to induce experimental endolymphatic hydrops.

几内亚猪诱导内部水解的修正手术方法

Endolymphatic hydrops is an enlargement of scala media that is most often associated with Meniere&#39;s disease, though the pathophysiologic mechanism(s) ...

神经科学

Continuous Blood Sampling in Small Animal Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Enables the Measurement of the Arterial Input Function

For quantitative analysis and bio-kinetic modeling of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) data, the determination of the temporal blood time-activity concentration also known as arterial input function (AIF) is a key point, especially for the characterization of animal disease models and the introduction of newly developed radiotracers. The knowledge of radiotracer availability in the blood helps to interpret PET/CT-derived data of tissue activity. For this purpose, online blood sampling during the PET/CT imaging is advisable to measure the AIF. In contrast to manual blood sampling and image-derived approaches, continuous online blood sampling has several advantages. Besides the minimized blood loss, there is an improved resolution and a superior accuracy for the blood activity measurement. However, the major drawback of online blood sampling is the costly and time-consuming preparation to catheterize the femoral vessels of the animal. Here, we describe an easy and complete workflow for catheterization and continuous blood sampling during small animal PET/CT imaging and compared it to manual blood sampling and an image-derived approach. Using this highly-standardized workflow, the determination of the fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) AIF is demonstrated. Further, this procedure can be applied to any radiotracer in combination with different animal models to create fundamental knowledge of tracer kinetic and model characteristics. This allows a more precise evaluation of the behavior of pharmaceuticals, both for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the preclinical research of oncological, neurodegenerative and myocardial diseases.

Here a protocol for continuous blood sampling during PET/CT imaging of rats to measure the arterial input function (AIF) is described. The catheterization, the calibration and setup of the system and the data analysis of the blood radioactivity are demonstrated. The generated data provide input parameters for subsequent bio-kinetic modeling.

小型动物正电子发射断层扫描/计算机断层扫描中的连续血液采样支持动脉输入函数的测量

For quantitative analysis and bio-kinetic modeling of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) data, the determination of the temporal ...

Sampling Blood from the Lateral Tail Vein of the Rat

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, proteins, and glucose, yet the composition of the blood is dynamically regulated and easily perturbed. One factor that can change the blood composition is the stress response triggered by the sampling procedure, which can contribute to variability in the measures of interest. Here we describe a procedure for blood sampling from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This procedure offers significant advantages over other more commonly used techniques. It permits rapid sampling with minimal pain or invasiveness, without anesthesia or analgesia. Additionally, it can be used to obtain large volume samples (upwards of 1 ml in some rats), and it may be used repeatedly across experimental days. By minimizing the stress response and pain resulting from blood sampling, measures can more accurately reflect the true basal state of the animal, with minimal influence from the sampling procedure itself.

Blood samples are useful for assessing biomarkers of physiological states or disease in vivo. Here we describe the methodology to sample blood from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This method provides rapid samples with minimal pain and invasiveness.

从大鼠的侧尾静脉血液取样

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, ...

Repetitive Blood Sampling from the Subclavian Vein of Conscious Rat

Rats are widely used in pharmacokinetics (PK) and toxicokinetic (TK) studies that need to collect a certain amount of blood at specific time points to detect drug exposure. The rat blood sampling method determines the quality of the plasma and further affects the precision of the test results. The subclavian vein blood collection method described in this protocol collects blood samples repeatedly in the conscious state of animals to meet the needs of PK and TK tests. The skills of restraint handling and appropriate procedure of needle incision ensure the success rate of blood collection. It is easy to operate while ensuring the quality of plasma and at the same time catering to animal welfare. However, this method requires skilled operation, and an improper one may cause animal weakness, pain, lameness, and even mortality. The current method has been used in the testing facility for a 4-week oral toxicity study in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with TK. The maximum amount of blood collected within 24 h did not exceed 20% of the animal's total blood. The animals' body weight was more than 200 g for males and females. The data showed that the animals' bodyweight increased steadily every week, and the clinical observation was normal after repetitive sample collection.

The present protocol describes a simple and efficient method for collecting blood from the subclavian vein in rats. It enables rapid, timely, and easily identifiable sampling without anesthesia and obtains high-quality blood through repetitive sample collection.

意识大鼠锁骨下静脉的重复血液采样

Rats are widely used in pharmacokinetics (PK) and toxicokinetic (TK) studies that need to collect a certain amount of blood at specific time points to ...

Transdermal Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Mechanically Ventilated Piglets

Transdermal measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) has been used to evaluate kidney function in conscious animals. This technique is well established in rodents to study acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. However, GFR measurement using the transdermal system has not been validated in pigs, a species with a similar renal system to humans. Hence, we investigated the effect of sepsis on transdermal GFR in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated neonatal pigs. Polymicrobial sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The transdermal GFR measurement system consisting of a miniaturized fluorescence sensor was attached to the pig's shaved skin to determine the clearance of fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated sinistrin, an intravenously injected GFR tracer. Our results show that at 12 h post-CLP, serum creatinine increased with a decrease in GFR. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the utility of the transdermal GFR approach in determining renal function in mechanically ventilated, neonatal pigs.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the ideal marker for assessing kidney function. However, the standard measurement method using inulin injection with serial blood and urine analysis is impractical. This article delineates a practical method to measure GFR transdermally in piglets.

机械通气仔猪肾小球滤过率的透皮测量

Transdermal measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) has been used to evaluate kidney function in conscious animals. This technique is well ...

大鼠采血技术的比较研究

Modified Tail Vein and Penile Vein Puncture for Blood Sampling in the Rat Model

Blood samples are required in most experimental animal designs to assess various hematological parameters. This paper presents two procedures for blood collection in rats: the lateral tail vein puncture and the dorsal penile vein puncture, which offer significant advantages over other previously described techniques. This study shows that these two procedures allow for fast sampling (under 10 min) and yield sufficient blood volumes for most assays (202 &#956;L &#177; 67.7 &#956;L). The dorsal penile vein puncture must be done under anesthesia, whereas the lateral tail vein puncture can be done on a conscious, restrained animal.
Alternating these two techniques, therefore, enables blood draw in any situation. While it is always recommended for an operator to be assisted during a procedure to ensure animal welfare, these techniques require only a single operator, unlike most blood sampling methods that require two. Moreover, whereas these previously described methods (e.g., jugular stick, subclavian vein blood draw) require extensive prior training to avoid harm to or death of the animal, tail vein and dorsal penile vein puncture are rarely fatal. For all these reasons, and according to the context (e.g., for studies including male rats, during the perioperative or immediate postoperative period, for animals with thin tail veins), both techniques can be used alternately to enable repeated blood draws.

作者聚焦：大鼠的上下文依赖性采血方法 

Here, we present a protocol to offer rapid, easy, and reliable blood collection alternatives for the rat model. We describe three different blood sampling methods according to the context: tail vein puncture under anesthesia or on a conscious animal, and dorsal penile vein puncture under anesthesia.

改良尾静脉和静脉穿刺用于大鼠模型中的血液采样

Blood samples are required in most experimental animal designs to assess various hematological parameters. This paper presents two procedures for blood ...

豚鼠非终端采血技术

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此视频中的章节

从老鼠血液通过大隐静脉和心脏穿刺“

优化干扰素伽隆弹性体检测在几内亚猪模型接种疫苗后 t 细胞反应

锁骨下静脉穿刺作为大鼠采血的一种替代方法

几内亚猪诱导内部水解的修正手术方法

小型动物正电子发射断层扫描/计算机断层扫描中的连续血液采样支持动脉输入函数的测量

从大鼠的侧尾静脉血液取样

意识大鼠锁骨下静脉的重复血液采样

机械通气仔猪肾小球滤过率的透皮测量

改良尾静脉和静脉穿刺用于大鼠模型中的血液采样

改良尾静脉和静脉穿刺用于大鼠模型中的血液采样