作者非常感谢来自美国林务局森林健康保护评估监测和特科技发展计划提供支持的开发，修改和应用在这里描述识别树木，抗性和敏感的山毛榉介壳虫的协议提供资金。我们也感谢霍顿植物园，柯特兰，俄亥俄州，为我们的美国榉木抗性筛选程序的继续合作和支持。

1植物材料:成熟的领域树木，盆栽苗木，盆栽或移植<ol><li>现场测试中，选择显示比例虫蛀或疾病进行检测的可能的阻力的迹象成熟健康的美国山毛榉树。明显地容易树木也将需要确定被用作对照（ 图1）。 </li><li>为了测试盆栽苗或移植物，收集和在科赫和凯里，2004或在凯里等人 ，2013描述的接穗嫁接描述发芽山毛榉。 </li><li>育苗移植或在盆栽土壤混合修订，47克微量营养素，477克缓释肥料15N-3.9P-9.9K，700克粗珍珠岩和每2.8立方米75克硫酸铝。英尺袋。如果在生长季节后需要，植物施肥每周用可溶性17N-1.3P-14.1K在200 ppm的氮。 </li><li>在生长季节，保持在阴凉处室内植物。让植物外面在秋天之前，移动它们进入休眠状态要控制温度储存设施（〜4℃）从十一月至四月。 </li></ol>榉木秤鸡蛋2个。收藏<ol><li>在一个BBD出没的展台，检查严重感染的树木（通过他们的"粉刷"的出现， 图1A易于识别）用一只手放大镜来确认鸡蛋，通常从丰富七月中旬到八月中旬的存在。 </li><li>使用画笔轻轻刷成人介壳虫，鸡蛋等杂物的白色蜡状团块，成塑料密封1加仑收集袋（ 图1B）。从至少三个不同的树木收集至少12米外。 </li><li>如果需要，在密封的收集袋长达两个星期的鸡蛋存放在4°C。带的湿的聚乙烯泡沫的袋子，以防止鸡蛋从晒出的内部的小片（2.5厘米见方）。 </li><li>从成年人（0.60毫米）和debri分开规模鸡蛋（0.15×0.25毫米）秒，用一段短的2&#39;PVC管和一个耦合到支持一块方形的250微米的尼龙筛（ 图2）构建一个筛子。 </li><li>清空成人，蜡，鸡蛋，并从收集袋碎片的混合物到筛子并用一个小漆刷轻轻地鼓励卵穿过网眼进入下面的玻璃培养皿中。应避免塑料培养皿中，因为它们容纳更多的静电，从而难以移动的鸡蛋。鸡蛋之前和筛分后示于图3。 </li><li>纯化的蛋可以存储在培养皿中，在4℃下至少一周。为了防止鸡蛋变干，大盘潮湿的一块泡沫的盖子，用封口膜密封。 </li></ol> 3，卵子活力测定<ol><li>评估卵存活率，使用10毫升注射器，以涂上薄薄的凡士林的环围绕60mm的玻璃培养皿的底部（ 图4A中的圆周</stroNG&gt;）。 </li><li>转让约100个​​鸡蛋到环的中心，将盖子上的培养皿中，并用封口膜密封。允许所述密封培养皿，以保持原状在室温下放置2周，3周的时间，如果已存储的蛋在4℃下开始测定之前。 </li><li>孵化的若虫会卡在凡士林，并且可以很容易地计算，并且空的鸡蛋很容易从未孵化的卵通过它们的颜色和光泽（ 图4B）不同。除以若虫的数量通过的空鸡蛋加余下的全蛋的总和计算存活率。良好的生存力应该在75％到90％孵出的卵范围。 </li></ol> 4，规模性的现场大型成熟的山毛榉树的筛选<ol><li>对于定量检测，计数出500个卵用解剖显微镜和使用小刮勺跨predampened，开孔10×15×1.3厘米聚乙烯泡​​沫塑料的矩形的中心轻轻地撒它们。至抑制泡沫，润湿它，然后挤压出尽可能多的水可能。对于定性试验，500鸡蛋可以算出来，放在一个小玻璃小瓶和一个"填充"行画，可用于测量约500个卵额外的批次。 </li><li>将泡沫垫到测试树鸡蛋一边对树皮面对的问题。用绳，带，细绳，或涂塑丝硬件握住垫到位。塑料或金属基材料，应使用而非天然纤维材料，这些材料由野生动物更易于清理。 </li><li>线的顶部和预切割23×30厘米的一块透蒸汽防水屋保鲜用乙硅氧烷基粘合剂的两侧，并将其放置在泡沫测试焊盘。请按殿裹边的树来创建一个防水密封。将尼龙绳或塑料涂层的硬线周围的树和房子包起来，使其保持在一定的地方，而粘台（ 图5）。 </li><li>放置至少两测试焊盘上的每个测试树，最好是在树干的两侧。在每个站点，放置测试点上至少有2棵敏感（有明显的天然鳞片虫蛀）作为对照。在此之前放置在测试片上的控制树，取出用坚定的毛刷任何自然发生介壳虫或鸡蛋。 注意:泡沫垫用鸡蛋，也可放置在树上的饲养规模鸡蛋，这可以是特别有帮助的地区为患电平为低的目的。 </li></ol> 5，规模性盆栽幼苗或移植物的筛选<ol><li>为了进行测试，选择1厘米（卡尺5厘米以上的土壤线）是足够高的至少有2个独立的测试焊盘放置在它们的最小直径盆栽树木。必要时，以腾出空间供试片修剪小偏科。 </li><li>用解剖显微镜来计算出150鸡蛋和撒在预切割和挫伤2.5×7.6×1.3厘米开孔polyethy溶解乙炔泡沫垫。 </li><li>加盖泡沫垫与苗对树皮鸡蛋的一面，用涂塑丝。缠绕在幼苗只是泡沫上面有个小平米的房子保鲜膜和醋酸基有机硅密封（ 见图6A）。 </li><li>包括已知的易感苗家庭或移植作为对照。 </li></ol> 6，数据采集注意:将所述泡沫垫和鸡蛋在测试树后约52至57周后，数据可以被收集。重要的是，不这样做，大人也开始产卵，使他们的繁殖能力才能确定之后。在一些树木耐它是很平常看到少数的成年人建立，但没有再生产发生。 <ol><li>小心地取下泡沫垫和计数的使用手镜或放大镜（10倍），在树皮上建立成人介壳虫的数量。 </li><li>当泡沫垫被去除，它是非uncommon一些成人和最蛋同一簇的泡沫要被拉断树（参见图7）。使用解剖显微镜，算上卵块，而仍然附着在泡沫垫成年人。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Houston, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+technique+to+artificially+infest+beech+bark+with+the+scale,+Cryptococcus+fagisuga+(Lindinger).">A technique to artificially infest beech bark with the scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga (Lindinger).</a> U.S. Forest Service. , (1982).</li><li>Houston, D. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternate+year+beechnut+production+and+its+influence+on+bear+and+marten+populations.">Alternate year beechnut production and its influence on bear and marten populations.</a> Beech Bark Disease: Proceedings of the Beech Bark Disease Symposium. , 79-87 (2005).</li><li>Koch, J. L., Carey, D. W., Mason, M. E., Nelson, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+beech+scale+resistance+in+full-+and+half-sib+families.">Assessment of beech scale resistance in full- and half-sib families.</a> Can. J. For. Res. 40, 265-272 (2010).</li><li>Koch, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beech+bark+disease:+The+oldest+&#8220;new&#8221;+threat+to+American+beech+in+the+United+States.">Beech bark disease: The oldest &#8220;new&#8221; threat to American beech in the United States.</a> Outlooks Pest Manag. 21, 64-68 (2010).</li><li>Koch, J. L., Mason, M. E., Carey, D. W., Palmieri, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Screening+for+resistance+to+beech+bark+disease:+improvements+and+results+from+seedlings+and+grafted+field+selections.">Screening for resistance to beech bark disease: improvements and results from seedlings and grafted field selections.</a> Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Genetics of Host-Parasite Interactions in Forestry. , (2012).</li><li>Leak, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fifty+year+impacts+of+the+beech+bark+disease+in+the+Bartlett+Experimental+Forest,+New+Hampshire.">Fifty year impacts of the beech bark disease in the Bartlett Experimental Forest, New Hampshire.</a> Northern J. Appl. For. 23, 141-143 (2006).</li><li>Koch, J. L., Carey, D. W., Yaussy, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+cross-pollinations+with+American+beech+trees+that+are+resistant+to+beech+bark+disease.">Controlled cross-pollinations with American beech trees that are resistant to beech bark disease.</a> Proceedings of the 14th Central Hardwood Forest Conference. , 358-364 (2004).</li><li>Carey, D. W., Mason, M. E., Bloese, P., Koch, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hot+callusing+for+propagation+of+American+beech+by+grafting.">Hot callusing for propagation of American beech by grafting.</a> HortSci. 48, 620-624 (2013).</li><li>Koch, J. L., Carey, W. W., Evans, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genetics+of+resistance+of+American+beech+to+beech+bark+disease:+knowledge+through+2004.">The genetics of resistance of American beech to beech bark disease: knowledge through 2004.</a> Beech Bark Disease: Proceedings of the Beech Bark Disease Symposium. , 98-105 (2005).</li></ol>

作者宣称，他们有没有竞争的财务权益。

需要这种测定法的成功关键步骤包括对所述蛋的可行性测试和在每个站点测试使用容易控制的，并与盆栽材料。同样重要的是使用每树或幼苗多个测试垫。我们发现，无论是在现场，并于盆栽多控制测试中，错误的一个常见来源可以是键盘故障。例如，在现场，即使我们的覆盖测试垫与房子的包裹，以防止多余的水分，水向下流动阀杆可以偏向于树的一侧，并且产生一个测试垫的损失的修改。 </p...

山毛榉树皮病（BBD）自19世纪90年代后期3引入了入侵的山毛榉介壳虫， 隐球菌fagisuga，在新斯科舍省的加拿大省已在北美地区于美国山毛榉产生了不利影响。当山毛榉介壳虫其插入喂食管芯到树皮制作的小裂缝，提供入口感染的Neonectria种真菌（Neonectria ditissima或Neonectria faginata）中的一本昆虫病情复杂启动。由于真菌菌丝体生长，大面积的组织可能会死，最终完全环剥树。从疾病的伤害削弱了树，使它容易出现抢购的大风4。在疾病的第一波死亡率水平已报道高达50％5。幸存的树木往往严重变形，溃疡形成降低了树的值作为木材产品。0;这种树有一个倾向根萌这导致了"山毛榉树丛"，以防止其他更理想的物种建立，减少了支架6的经济和生态价值的形成。虽然山毛榉树皮病是不是很可能导致美国山毛榉灭绝，它改变立场的组成和健康导致食物和栖息地减少对野生动物的7,8。 在受BBD多年看台上，有报道称，依然无任何疾病症状的树木。人工接种试验表明，这些树是耐介壳虫2。如果没有规模虫蛀，有一个Neonectria感染的机会很少，尽量减少真菌的影响。大规模死亡的美国榉木，由于Neonectria感染在没有事先规模为患从未据报道，所以抗阻为BBD山毛榉介壳虫结果。 对BBD的管理最近的研究集中在识别，繁殖，饲养，并保留美国山毛榉树与阻力山毛榉介壳虫的。遗传研究表明，抗介壳虫是可以遗传的，耐树木的精心选育可能会导致在一个世代9显著改善。这一发现得益于在美国的州和国家森林经理努力建立抵抗美国榉木的区域种子园提供遗传多样性BBD性种子的来源进行恢复种植10,11。研究还表明立场遗传学造林操纵去除易感树木和保留性的树木可能会导致林分改造9,12。 &lt;/ P&gt; BBD通过树木改良活动，或通过开展造林处方管理需要来选择和山毛榉规模性和易感树木区分的能力。这里介绍的方法已经改编自一个方法首先由戴维·休斯顿引入人工接种苗木榉规模鸡蛋1。该方法可以作为一种筛选工具，以确定数量性状基因座（QTL）与电阻或在遗传研究抗性和易感盆栽幼苗或接枝分株区分相关联。另外，它可用于筛选成熟的树木在现场以确定种子园的发展，或保留在现场耐树木。易感树木可以识别并删除，以减少疾病的影响。

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a technique to screen american beech for resistance to the beech scale insect (cryptococcus fagisuga lind.)

山毛榉树皮病（BBD）的结果在高水平的初始死亡率，留下幸存者的树木被大大削弱和变形。本病是由喂养侵入山毛榉介壳虫， 隐球菌fagisuga，它由Neonectria种真菌中的一种创造切入点感染活动启动。如果没有规模为患，对于真菌感染的机会很少。使用规模鸡蛋人为侵扰的严重影响BBD看台的健康树木证明，这些树是耐病情复杂1的介壳虫部分。在这里，我们提出，我们已经开发的基础上，由休斯敦2人为侵扰的技术，它可以用于筛查的领域和更小的盆栽苗木移植和规模性树木的协议。规模性树木识别是对BBD的管理，通过树的重要组成部分改进方案和造林操纵。

图6显示了抗苗（C）和两个易感苗（D，E）表现出不同程度的敏感性。一个什么样的易感成熟的树看起来像59周人工接虫试验成立后的一个例子如图5B所示。当泡沫被剥离的树，它是不寻常的介壳虫及其卵簇保持粘在泡沫如示于图7，这就是为什么它是必不可少的，以收集从树和泡沫衬垫的数据。 图8?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Technique to Screen American Beech for Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind. at JoVE.com

A Technique to Screen American Beech for Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.

山毛榉树皮病是由喂养，在树皮真菌创建入口点的山毛榉介壳虫活动启动。树木能够抵抗介壳虫也是疾病的抵抗力。在这里，我们提出，我们已经发展到筛选山毛榉规模抵抗个别山毛榉树的协议。

一种技术，屏幕美国榉木为抵抗山毛榉介壳虫（<em&gt;隐球菌fagisuga</em&gt;林德。）

Beech bark disease (BBD) results in high levels of initial mortality, leaving behind survivor trees that are greatly weakened and deformed.&#160;The ...

a-technique-to-screen-american-beech-for-resistance-to-beech-scale

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

A Technique to Screen American Beech for Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.)

9.5K 次观看.  US Forest Service. 山毛榉树皮病是由喂养，在树皮真菌创建入口点的山毛榉介壳虫活动启动。树木能够抵抗介壳虫也是疾病的抵抗力。在这里，我们提出，我们已经发展到筛选山毛榉规模抵抗个别山毛榉树的协议。 

视频: A Technique to Screen American Beech for Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms. Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear young, feed, or hide from natural enemies or harsh environmental conditions outside of the tree. Organisms that persist within the phloem habitat are difficult to observe given their location under bark. We provide a technique to preserve intact phloem and prepare it for experimentation with invertebrates and microorganisms. The apparatus is called a &#8216;phloem sandwich&#8217; and allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms. This technique has resulted in a better understanding of the feeding behaviors, life-history traits, reproduction, development, and interactions of organisms within tree phloem. The strengths of this technique include the use of inexpensive materials, variability in sandwich size, flexibility to re-open the sandwich or introduce multiple organisms through drilled holes, and the preservation and maintenance of phloem integrity. The phloem sandwich is an excellent educational tool for scientific discovery in both K-12 science courses and university research laboratories.

We provide a technique to preserve intact tree phloem and prepare it for observation. We create an apparatus called a phloem sandwich that allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms that inhabit phloem tissues.

技术树内组织学习节肢动物和微生物群落

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

科研

环境科学

Building Double-decker Traps for Early Detection of Emerald Ash Borer

Emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire), the most destructive forest insect to have invaded North America, has killed hundreds of millions of forest and landscape ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees. Several artificial trap designs to attract and capture EAB beetles have been developed to detect, delineate, and monitor infestations. Double-decker (DD) traps consist of two corrugated plastic prisms, one green and one purple, attached to a 3 m tall polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe supported by a t-post. The green prism at the top of the PVC pipe is baited with cis-3-hexenol, a compound produced by ash foliage. Surfaces of both prisms are coated with sticky insect glue to capture adult EAB beetles. Double-decker traps should be placed near ash trees but in open areas, exposed to sun. Double-decker trap construction and placement are presented here, along with a summary of field experiments demonstrating the efficacy of DD traps in capturing EAB beetles. In a recent study in sites with relatively low EAB densities, double-decker traps captured significantly more EAB than green or purple prism traps or green funnel traps, all of which are designed to be suspended from a branch in the canopy of ash trees. A greater percentage of double decker traps were positive, i.e., captured at least one EAB, than the prism traps or funnel traps that were hung in ash tree canopies.

Effective traps to attract and capture the emerald ash borer (EAB) are a key element of detecting and managing this invasive pest. Double-decker traps, placed in full sun near ash trees, incorporate visual and olfactory cues and were more likely to capture EAB than other trap designs in field trials.

建筑双层疏水阀早期检测翡翠灰螟

Emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire), the most destructive forest insect to have invaded North America, has killed hundreds of millions ...

The Hawaii Protocol for Scientific Monitoring of Coffee Berry Borer: a Model for Coffee Agroecosystems Worldwide

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at capturing and quantifying the dynamics and impact of this invasive insect pest as well as the development of its host plant across a heterogeneous landscape. The cornerstone of this comprehensive monitoring system is timely georeferenced data collection on CBB movement, coffee berry infestation, mortality by the fungus Beauveria bassiana, and coffee plant phenology via a mobile electronic data recording application. This electronic data collection system allows field records to be georeferenced through built-in global positioning systems, and is backed by a network of weather stations and records of farm management practices. Comprehensive monitoring of CBB and host plant dynamics is an essential part of an area-wide project in Hawaii to aggregate landscape-level data for research to improve management practices. Coffee agroecosystems in other parts of the world that experience highly variable environmental and socioeconomic factors will also benefit from implementing this protocol, in that it will drive the development of customized integrated pest management (IPM) to manage CBB populations.

Comprehensive monitoring of coffee berry borer and host plant dynamics is essential for aggregating landscape-level data to improve management of this invasive pest. Here, we present a protocol for scientific monitoring of coffee berry borer movement, infestation, mortality, coffee plant phenology, weather, and farm management via a mobile electronic data recording application.

夏威夷咖啡莓科学监测协议: 全球咖啡农田模型

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at ...

Evaluating Dryocosmus Kuriphilus-induced Damage on Castanea Sativa

Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu has become a major pest for Castaneasativa since its arrival in Europe. Its galling activity results in the formation of different gall types and prevents the development of normal shoots. Repeated and uncontrolled attacks cause, besides the production of galls and the attendant gall-related reduction in leaf area, progressive corruption of the branch architecture, including the death of branch parts, and an increase in dormant bud activation. Thus far, there have been few attempts to quantify branch architecture damage. Further, the different methods for assessing infestation degree (MAID) that have been developed focus only on the galls' presence and abundance.
Using the leaf area to sapwood area relationship as a green biomass indicator, we developed in a previous study a damage composite index (DCI) that takes into account the most important branch architectural features, allowing for realistic damage assessment during the entire epidemic process. 
The aim of this study is to present this novel method and highlight differences in the damage description with respect to other broadly used indices. Results show how the DCI depicts branch damage better, especially during the epidemic peak, compared to MAID, which tend to underestimate it. We conclude by suggesting how to properly evaluate the overall impact of the pest by means of our composite damage index, the infestation degree using classic methods, and crown transparency evaluations.

Evaluating Dryocosmus Kuriphilus-induced Damage on Castanea Sativa

It is common practice to assess the damage caused by Dryocosmus kuriphilus by considering the abundance of galls alone rather than by also taking related branch corruption into consideration. We propose a composite damage index that takes into account the most important branch features, thus enabling more realistic damage assessment.

栗瘿栗瘿致锥害的评价

Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu has become a major pest for Castaneasativa since its arrival in Europe. Its galling activity results in the formation of ...

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density requires a method with high detection probability and a known sampling area. While most described methods provide a qualitative or semi-quantitative estimate adequate for describing species presence, richness, and diversity, few provide an adequately consistent detection probability and known or consistent sampling areas to provide an index or estimate with adequate precision to detect differences in abundance across environmental, spatial, or temporal variables. We describe how to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate and quantify them. As we demonstrate, this method can be used at a landscape scale to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods with adequate precision to test for and describe how spatial, temporal, environmental, and ecological variables influence arthropod richness and abundance. This method allowed us to detect differences in density, richness, and diversity of leaf-dwelling arthropods among 5 genera of trees commonly found in southeastern deciduous forests.

We describe how to quantify leaf dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate for quantification.

定量叶类节肢动物的方法

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density ...

Methodology to Test Control Agents and Insecticides Against the Coffee Berry Borer Hypothenemus hampei

Prior to recommending insecticides to treat the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei, it is valuable to know the mortality and repellency of these insecticides against adult insects or their impact on reproductive output. However, currently available methods assess adult mortality only, limiting the selection of novel insecticides with a different mode of action. In this work, different experimental methods were examined to identify the diverse effects on the CBB under laboratory conditions. For this, green coffee fruits (GFs) were collected and disinfected by immersion in sodium hypochlorite solution followed by UV light irradiation. In parallel, CBB adults from a colony were disinfected by immersion in sodium hypochlorite solution. To assess fruit protection (preinfestation), the fruits were placed in plastic boxes, and the insecticides were applied. Then, the CBB adults were released at a rate of two CBBs per GF. The GFs were left under controlled conditions to evaluate CBB infestation and survival after 1, 7, 15, and 21 days. To evaluate insecticide efficacy after CBB infestation (postinfestation), CBB adults were released to the GFs in a 2:1 ratio for 3 h at 21 &#176;C. Infested fruits showing CBB adults with their abdomens partially exposed were selected and placed in 96-well racks, and the CBBs boring into the fruits were treated directly. After 20 days, the fruits were dissected, and the CBB biological stages inside each fruit were recorded. The GFs served as substrates that mimic natural conditions to evaluate toxic, chemical, and biological insecticides against the CBB.

Methodology to Test Control Agents and Insecticides Against the Coffee Berry Borer Hypothenemus hampei

A method using green coffee fruits (GFs) was developed to test the toxicity of insecticides against the coffee berry borer (CBB). Insecticides or toxic substances were applied to disinfected GFs before or after CBB infestation. Insect mortality, repellency, and reproductive capacity, in addition to other parameters, were evaluated.

针对咖啡浆果螟子下皮测试控制剂和杀虫剂 的方法

Prior to recommending insecticides to treat the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei, it is valuable to know the mortality and repellency of these ...

Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance

Pest resistance to pesticides is an increasing problem because pesticides are an integral part of high-yielding production agriculture. When few products are labeled for an individual pest within a particular crop system, chemical control options are limited. Therefore, the same product(s) are used repeatedly and continual selection pressure is placed on the target pest. There are both financial and environmental costs associated with the development of resistant populations. The cost of pesticide resistance has been estimated at approximately $ 1.5 billion annually in the United States. This paper will describe protocols, currently used to monitor arthropod (specifically insects) populations for the development of resistance. The adult vial test is used to measure the toxicity to contact insecticides and a modification of this test is used for plant-systemic insecticides. In these bioassays, insects are exposed to technical grade insecticide and responses (mortality) recorded at a specific post-exposure interval. The mortality data are subjected to Log Dose probit analysis to generate estimates of a lethal concentration that provides mortality to 50% (LC50) of the target populations and a series of confidence limits (CL's) as estimates of data variability. When these data are collected for a range of insecticide-susceptible populations, the LC50 can be used as baseline data for future monitoring purposes. After populations have been exposed to products, the results can be compared to a previously determined LC50 using the same methodology.

This manuscript demonstrates and discusses techniques used to survey pesticide susceptibility and detect resistance to contact and systemic pesticides in arthropod pests.

生物测定对杀虫剂的抗药性监测

Pest resistance to pesticides is an increasing problem because pesticides are an integral part of high-yielding production agriculture. When few products ...

生物学

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is avoided when the herbivore is able to select other plants2. Antibiosis is the degree to which the plant affects the fitness of the herbivore feeding on it1.Tolerance is the degree to which the plant can withstand or repair damage caused by the herbivore, without compromising the herbivore's growth and reproduction1. The durability of herbivore resistance in an agricultural setting depends to a great extent on the resistance mechanism favored during crop breeding efforts3.
We demonstrate a no-choice experiment designed to estimate the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp. Several species of African grasses of the genus Brachiaria are valuable forage and pasture plants in the Neotropics, but they can be severely challenged by several native species of spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)4.To assess their resistance to spittlebugs, plants are vegetatively-propagated by stem cuttings and allowed to grow for approximately one month, allowing the growth of superficial roots on which spittlebugs can feed. At that point, each test plant is individually challenged with six spittlebug eggs near hatching. Infestations are allowed to progress for one month before evaluating plant damage and insect survival. Scoring plant damage provides an estimate of tolerance while scoring insect survival provides an estimate of antibiosis. This protocol has facilitated our plant breeding objective to enhance spittlebug resistance in commercial brachiariagrases5.

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

This video explains mechanisms of host plant resistance to herbivory and demonstrates a no-choice test that estimates the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp.

表征草食动物的耐药机制:Spittlebugs臂形 SPP。为例

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is ...

Isolation and Selection of Entomopathogenic Fungi from Soil Samples and Evaluation of Fungal Virulence against Insect Pests

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are one of the microbial control agents for integrated pest management. To control local or invasive pests, it is important to isolate and select indigenous EPF. Therefore, the soil bait method combined with the insect bait (mealworm, Tenebrio molitor) system was used in this study with some modifications. The isolated EPF were then subjected to the virulence test against the agricultural pest Spodoptera litura. Furthermore, the potential EPF strains were subjected to morphological and molecular identifications. In addition, the conidia production and thermotolerance assay were performed for the promising EPF strains and compared; these data were further substituted into the formula of effective conidia number (ECN) for laboratory ranking. The soil bait-mealworm system and the ECN formula can be improved by replacing insect species and integrating more stress factors for the evaluation of commercialization and field application. This protocol provides a quick and efficient approach for EPF selection and will improve the research on biological control agents.

Here we present a protocol based on the&#160;mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)-bait system that was used for isolating and selecting entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) from soil samples. An effective conidia number (ECN) formula is used to select high stress tolerant EPF based on physiological characteristics for pest microbial control in the field.

土壤样本中昆虫病原真菌的分离与选择及真菌对害虫的毒力评价

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are one of the microbial control agents for integrated pest management. To control local or invasive pests, it is important ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>探索森林蛀木虫的昆虫病原真菌资源

Isolation, Behavioral Identification, and Pathogenicity Assessment of Entomopathogenic Fungi from a Forest Wood Borer

Forest wood borers (FWB) cause severe tree damage and economic losses worldwide. The release of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) during the FWB emergence period is considered an acceptable alternative to chemical control. However, EPF resources have been significantly less explored for FWBs, in contrast to agricultural insect pests. This paper presents a protocol for exploring EPF resources from FWBs using wild Monochamus alternatus populations as an example. In this protocol, the assignment of traps baited with M. alternatus attractants to different populations guaranteed the collection of adequate samples with natural infection symptoms, during the emergence periods of the beetle. Following finely dissecting integuments and placing them onto a selective medium, fungal species were isolated from each part of beetle bodies and identified based on both molecular and morphological traits.
Several fungal species were certified as parasitic EPFs via re-infection of healthy M. alternatus with spore suspensions. Their behavioral phenotypes on M. alternatus were observed using scanning electron microscopy and further compared with those on the Coleopteran model insect Tribolium castaneum. For EPFs that present consistent parasitism phenotypes on both beetle species, evaluation of their activities on T. castaneum provided valuable information on lethality for future study on M. alternatus. This protocol helped the discovery of EPF newly reported on M. alternatus populations in China, which could be applied as an efficient approach to explore more EPF resources from other FWBs.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦：野生 Monochamus alternatus 种群中昆虫病原真菌的评估，用于森林蛀木虫的生物防治应用

Here we present a protocol for obtaining entomopathogenic fungi from a forest wood borer and a substitutive way to evaluate their entomopathogenic activities using a Coleopteran model insect. This method is efficient and convenient for exploring entomopathogenic fungal resources from wood-boring insect pests in natural forests.

森林蛀木虫昆虫病原真菌的分离、行为鉴定和致病性评估

Forest wood borers (FWB) cause severe tree damage and economic losses worldwide. The release of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) during the FWB emergence ...

一种技术，屏幕美国榉木为抵抗山毛榉介壳虫（

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

技术树内组织学习节肢动物和微生物群落

建筑双层疏水阀早期检测翡翠灰螟

夏威夷咖啡莓科学监测协议: 全球咖啡农田模型

栗瘿栗瘿致锥害的评价

定量叶类节肢动物的方法

针对咖啡浆果螟子下皮测试控制剂和杀虫剂的方法

生物测定对杀虫剂的抗药性监测

表征草食动物的耐药机制:Spittlebugs臂形 SPP。为例

土壤样本中昆虫病原真菌的分离与选择及真菌对害虫的毒力评价

森林蛀木虫昆虫病原真菌的分离、行为鉴定和致病性评估

一种技术，屏幕美国榉木为抵抗山毛榉介壳虫（

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

技术树内组织学习节肢动物和微生物群落

建筑双层疏水阀早期检测翡翠灰螟

夏威夷咖啡莓科学监测协议: 全球咖啡农田模型

栗瘿栗瘿致锥害的评价

定量叶类节肢动物的方法

针对咖啡浆果螟子下皮测试控制剂和杀虫剂 的方法

生物测定对杀虫剂的抗药性监测

表征草食动物的耐药机制:Spittlebugs臂形 SPP。为例

土壤样本中昆虫病原真菌的分离与选择及真菌对害虫的毒力评价

森林蛀木虫昆虫病原真菌的分离、行为鉴定和致病性评估

针对咖啡浆果螟子下皮测试控制剂和杀虫剂的方法