威康信托基金会提供开放式访问牛津大学的资助。罗伯特执事牛津OXION组由威康信托基金赠款WT084655MA资助，是一个成员。

1。穴居 1。仪器各种容器设计的尝试（例如一个金属壶，可以很容易地清洗的，但老鼠都不愿意进入）。最终，它被发现的塑料溜子长度（房屋淌着连接）轻微升高的一端，以防止意外（非刻意）的食物颗粒的位移和密封在另一端，是一个高效的仪器。巴路士现在从塑料溜子，直径68毫米，切成20厘米长（ 图1）。一端是密封用12毫米的中密度纤维板（MDF）插头。 （MDF工作建议时，呼吸防护）。清洗的目的和防水，防水胶乳香化合物可应用于中密度纤维板的内外表面以及服务到穴居管胶水。机螺丝（5厘米长的）用于提升其他尾of的管离地面3厘米。两洞钻挖洞管的开口端的1厘米在一个90 °的螺丝插入的角度，拧紧4。 洞穴的直径可能是至关重要的;施密德，Holmes 等 19观察到，在野生小鼠"洞穴清理"主要是从洞穴大小相似，以人工的。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2607/2607fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1。鼠标在挖洞管。 2。程序<ol><li> 习惯 穴居通常是自发的，但有一定的学习元素。学习过程是提高社会便利。因此设立一个完整的洞穴到以后要测试一种治疗的小鼠之家笼过夜。每个洞穴是充满了200克的正常饮食供应的食物颗粒。 （这是指到T他密集压缩的饮食类型，如果"扩大"的饮食中使用的洞穴，将举行不少于200克）。实验者应考虑选择一个穴居基板等因素。 如果老鼠对食物配给（例如，激励他们运行并发迷宫学习任务），非食用物质可以使用​​，例如粘土球，用于线在室内盆栽的土壤表面;豌豆瓦（小石头〜1厘米直径）和沙子。豌豆碎石和沙子，食物颗粒较重的三倍，是有益的食物颗粒的替代品，如果老鼠挖洞很大力，避免"天花板效应"。 </li><li> 基线 挖洞测试，以同样的方式48小时外，将建议治疗后的测试运行（最好是两个）基准。下午4点左右，如果老鼠是一个0700-1900小时黑暗的光周期内测试是最佳开始。这是一个敏感的时刻进行测试，因为它们不是在这个时候通常清醒和穴居启动更慢，如果他们在黑暗阶段，因此非常活跃。两个小时后开始，是一个"快照"测量挖洞重量的食品;洞穴成皮重容器是空，颗粒替换到这是入笼的洞穴和权衡。如果鼠标是在洞穴，只需轻轻倒入称量容器和内容，并取代在笼子里的鼠标。然后在两个小时挖洞的重量是由减法计算，从原来的200克。最后的读数是第二天早晨。小鼠出尔反尔睡眠（经常在洞穴），不再积极挖洞，时间不是非常重要。使用2小时测量二审为基准性能的平衡，形成群体。穴居与实践17增加，基线也有助于小鼠，以达到更稳定的渐近渐近性能，从而揭示了治疗效果更好。 </li><li> 测试 测试，治疗后管理的老鼠挖洞测试在基线阶段完全一样。如果挖洞测试是长期使用，建议至少48小时单独的测试，以防止由于过度暴露于程序的性能下降。 </li><li> 请注意 不要替换进入洞穴笼地板上挖洞食品。即使鼠标没有任何挖洞，进行称重过程，你会如果挖洞发生了称重造成的干扰，往往刺激的行为，并已钻地基板的小鼠往往会开始挖洞后，重新焕发了生机称重过程。 </li></ol> 2。预期成果 C57〜BL / 6小鼠通常洞穴在首两小时，约70克，200克附近过夜。海马损毁老鼠经常洞穴少于5克11（ 图2）。朊病毒疾病抑制挖洞1,2，脂多糖管理20。穴居可以检测朊病毒疾病（痒病）在10-12周注射后病变脑组织匀浆，而只在22个星期13出现的临床症状。 （ 图3）。穴居已被证明是敏感的应变和钾离子通道亚基10的差异 15淘汰。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2607/2607fig2.jpg" alt="图2" /> 图2。钻地控制和海马损毁小鼠在两小时内的食物颗粒（中位数和四分位数范围）的重量。后者挖洞显著比对照组少（P = 0.0001）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2607/2607fig3.jpg" alt="图3" /> 图3的重量。钻地通过控制和绵羊痒病感染的小鼠过夜的食物颗粒（手段）。穴居增加（含实践），在注射后都从每周7至10组，但在痒病组与组之间的差异12穴居下降，从一周变得统计学意义（超过平均值的两个标准误差）。 3。讨论我们已经测试在其他物种中的啮齿动物-鼠，沙鼠，仓鼠和埃及8刺小鼠挖洞。但后者可诱发大量地面基材，如碎石或沙子的洞穴，但挖洞的食物颗粒要少得多，即使与地面材料的丰富经验。这种从小鼠的差异的原因尚不清楚。已经做了这项工作后，它被发现埃及刺的小鼠，其实并不在野外洞穴，他们可能会占据洞穴沙鼠，还其自然公顷的表面bitat往往是坚硬的岩石。最近在内罗毕举行的观察表明，内属Acomys，威尔逊的多刺的鼠标（Acomys wilsoni）和波斯富街的黑刺鼠（Acomys percivali），在野外的洞穴，在实验室挖洞。 4。嵌套 1。仪器这个测试是在个别的笼子里，为穴居使用相同的是合适的。正常的被褥应包括地板深度为0.5厘米。 （深度的变化，非常深刻的被褥，可能影响鸟巢的建设）。每个网箱是提供一个"Nestlet"，按下棉絮（Ancare）5厘米见方的。 2。程序小鼠是单独放置到约一小时的嵌套笼前的黑暗阶段，并评估结果第二天早上。挖洞，出于同样的原因，时机是不是很关键。 3。评分巢是一个规模5点（ 图4-8），并评估untorn Nestlet量也重达5。 <ol><li> Nestlet是基本上不变（&gt; 90％完好）。 </li><li> Nestlet是部分撕裂（50-90％，保持不变）。 </li><li> Nestlet大多是切丝，但往往没有识别巢网站:&lt;50％的Nestlet保持不变，但&lt;90％是在笼楼面面积的四分之一，即棉花不聚集成巢，但周围的笼子里蔓延。注:材料有时会在广泛定义的巢区，但关键的定义是50-90％已被撕碎。 </li><li>识别，但平巢:&gt; 90％的Nestlet撕毁，物质聚集成一个巢内笼楼面面积的四分之一，但窝平坦，墙壁高于鼠标车身高度（蜷缩于第它的副作用）其周长小于50％。 </li><li> （附近）完美ÑEST:&gt; 90％的Nestlet被撕裂了，鸟巢是一个火山口与墙壁高于其周长超过50％的鼠标车身高度。 </li></ol>如果标准不同意分裂的区别。例如一个完美巢unshredded0.7克一块得分4.5。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2607/2607fig4.jpg" alt="图4" /> 图4。鸟巢得分1 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2607/2607fig5.jpg" alt="图5" /> 图5。鸟巢得分2 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2607/2607fig6.jpg" alt="图6" /> 图6。鸟巢3分<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2607/2607fig7.jpg" alt="图7" /> 图7。鸟巢得分4 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2607/2607fig8.jpg" alt="图8" /> 图8。鸟巢SCORE 5 4。预期成果男性和女性的巢穴，他们的目的是体温调节，以及与生殖相关。 C57BL / 6小鼠，巢分数为男性和女性在同一范围内，虽然我们没有做一个控制在一个单一的实验比较。最C57BL / 6小鼠巢建设得分4-5，但是当海马损毁的中位数的得分将围绕1-2个; 3分是不可能被超越（ 图 9 ）。嵌套也被证明是大约10-12周1,2,16敏感的朊病 ​​毒疾病。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2607/2607fig9.jpg" alt="图9" /> 图9。鸟巢分数（中位数和四分位数范围）为对照组小鼠和小鼠的背，腹和完整的海马病变。只有完整的损毁小鼠抑制嵌套，所以选择性脊的影响和ventr人地区出现亚阈值，但添加剂。 5。囤积 1。仪器一个"基地"系列连接丝网制成的管子，在远端放置的食物颗粒，并暂时由一个木制的插头近端永久密封。这是用来防止老鼠进入管适应大本营前occurred7。 仪器（ 图10）可以以不同的方式，只要坚持的基本原则。我们一排8个木箱组成，每个30 × 13 × 15厘米的透明有机玻璃盖。每提供一瓶水，并在后面的洞囤积管推装。管是黑色塑料，长10厘米，直径40毫米制成，加入到一个丝网管，长45厘米，4厘米直径的，形成了总长度为50厘米。网格由13毫米的正方形，与MIS对齐网格在网格较小的孔和防止食物颗粒下降通过双辊。如果6平方毫米的网状，这是一个更好的材料一卷就足够了。管，放置的食物颗粒，末端是封闭的。近端是一个可移动的木制插头与密封。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2607/2607fig10.jpg" alt="图10" /> 在囤积管小鼠图10。 2。程序<ol><li>通常情况下，囤积是非常变量的第一次，有些小鼠可能不会囤积在所有。囤积居奇，喜欢挖洞，提高与实践。因此，实验设计允许，基线会议是最好的治疗前管理。显然，这是不实际的，如果自变量是天生的，作为一个（非条件）突变小鼠或测试时，不同的小鼠品系。 </li><li>鼠标是投入早在一天的每个方块habituate它。框提供了一个纸板隧道，其中有一批真正的家笼中至少一晚，也是一个慷慨的部分弄脏被褥，使它像"家"的感觉。访问囤积管是防止晚上，直到用木棍塞。 100克食物颗粒（囤积管末端放置的小型和大型的混合物）（浇在另一端举行垂直管）。为了确保测试开始前，鼠标轻度饥饿，家中没有提供食物。 </li><li>正如黑暗期开始前，取出木塞让鼠标进入囤积管。第二天早晨，（再次，时机是不是很关键的）收集和权衡所有的食物已囤积到大本营中的颗粒。 </li></ol> 6。预期成果使用雌性C57BL / 6小鼠，囤积的中位数金额将围绕50-70克。海马病变强烈抑制hoarding11，而前额叶皮层的病变只有微弱的影响12（ 图11）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2607/2607fig11.jpg" alt="图11" /> 图11。囤积食物颗粒重量控制和内侧前额叶皮层损毁小鼠（中位数和四分位数范围）。虽然中位数差异很大，在控制高可变性意味着远，结果是从统计学意义（P = 0.3）。

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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Burrows+and+burrow+cleaning+behaviour+of+house+mice.">Burrows and burrow cleaning behaviour of house mice.</a> Am. Mid. Nat. 146, 53-62 (2001).</li><li>Teeling, J. L., Felton, L. M., Deacon, R. M. J., Cunningham, C., Rawlins, J. N. P., Perry, V. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sub-pyrogenic+systemic+inflammation+impacts+on+brain+and+behavior,+independent+of+cytokines.">Sub-pyrogenic systemic inflammation impacts on brain and behavior, independent of cytokines.</a> Brain Behav. Immun. 21, 836-850 (2007).</li></ol>

没有利益冲突的声明。

<html>这些测试是非常简单的运行的，但效果大小是非常大，使他们极为敏感，处理，应变的差异，等他们符合罗素和伯奇的3 个 RS"18"精致"的方面。事实上，良好的性能测试，像穴居，似乎表明动物的健康情况大致良好。因此，这可能是一个很好的测试评估动物福利。 啮齿类实验动物的丰富环境的重要性是众所公认这些天。提供排料现在是标准的做法在许多动物的房子，这是很容易做到。的热情，使老鼠挖洞，挖洞一个潜在的优秀富集，但不幸的是一种"自我重载"的洞穴，这将是一个切实可行的办法提供这个尚未开发的。无论小鼠发现囤积丰富没有尚未确定。 _content"&gt;一个缺点是，这些试验产生的数据是一般非参数（高斯分布），因此适当的非参数统计，需要对它们进行分析，如采用Mann - Whitney U为两两比较测试，克鲁斯卡尔瓦利斯多组数据的方差分析，如果使用重复测量设计，因为没有合适的ANOVA检验非参数数据，结果可以转化，例如平方根或日志程序，使它们符合一个比较正常的分布。 仪器测量可略有不同，那些在文本中指定的（美国实验者有用），但应避免的巨大差异。然而，在某些情况下，其他实验者可能会发现不同的建设工作比这里描述的更好。 所有的行为测量，小鼠应测试，看看如果他们的活动水平是正常的的，不活动将明显有detrimental效果物种典型行为。当绵羊痒病感染的小鼠显示受损挖洞和筑巢，它们的活动水平是正常的（在一个开放的领域仪器测试）。事实上，一段时间多动症的发生，约2-4周后，这些物种典型行为是首先受损2。 由海马病变产生强劲的减值上挖洞，筑巢和囤积，所有这一切都是种典型的行为，在空间学习和memory9补充的损伤等行之有效的这些病变的影响。他们似乎被等同于公元14特有的日常生活活动障碍。 这些物种的典型测试可能被证明是用于治疗阿尔茨海默氏症和其他神经退行性疾病的14的临床前筛选的伟大。在许多人的大脑疾​​病的损失或减少能力执行正常的前夕ryday任务是其他疾病的功能，如认知功能障碍的重要。特别是，这种损失可能需要照顾者的参与和巨大的社会经济负担，这样往往规定。

assessing burrowing, nest construction, and hoarding in mice

在执行"日常生活活动能力（ADL）能力的恶化是阿尔茨海默氏病的早期征兆（公元）。可能的治疗AD的临床前行为筛查目前主要集中在认知测试，这往往需要昂贵的设备和大量的实验者时间。然而，人类的情节记忆（在AD方面受影响最严重的内存），是不同的啮齿动物的内存，这似乎在很大程度上非偶发。因此，目前AD在啮齿类动物中的新的AD治疗方法的筛选，本质上是不可能取得成功。临床前筛选的新方法将特征ADL小鼠。巧合的是，几个这样的实验最近已经开发在牛津大学，这里的三个最敏感和最良好的特点。 穴居是第一次在牛津 13 。它的发展需要制定一个鼠标囤积范式。大多数发布ED啮齿动物囤积范式需要一个遥远的食物来源，以挂钩连接通过家庭笼。这将涉及修改主页笼以及鼠标证明连接通道和食物来源。因此，它被认为是否有可能把笼子内的食物来源。结果发现，如果一个容器放置在地板上，第二天早上被掏空。食物颗粒，但是，只需存放在一个堆在货柜入口，而不是放置在一个独立的地方离的容器，可以预料，如果老鼠被真正囤积他们。仔细检查发现小鼠挖（"穴居"）的动作，没有携带自己的嘴巴颗粒到选定的地方，因为他们如果真正囤积。 粮食颗粒不挖洞的一个必不可少的基板;小鼠空管充满砂，砾石，甚至从自己的笼子弄脏被褥。更多以上，他们将空管，即使被放在一个空旁边，8 。 文献中存在的几个嵌套协议。本牛津简化了程序，有一个明确的巢质量 5的计分制。 后来发展的小鼠，而不是囤积回到真正的家笼，适应生活中的"大本营"的一个囤积仪器的一个囤积范式。这家基地被连接到一个管网，其中包含的食物来源的末端。这样的安排被证明取得了良好的囤地行为，只要小鼠适应生活中的"大本营"白天只允许在夜间进入囤积管。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Burrowing, Nest Construction, and Hoarding in Mice at JoVE.com

Assessing Burrowing, Nest Construction, and Hoarding in Mice

挖洞，筑巢和囤积是种典型的活动，在实验室小鼠容易执行。本文介绍了如何能轻松，廉价地评估。这些协议是极其敏感的的小鼠品系，脑损伤和疾病。此外，它们构成了"丰富环境"的老鼠，并体现"3个RS"18"精致"的方面。

评估挖洞，在小鼠的鸟巢建设和囤积

Deterioration in the ability to perform "Activities of daily living" (ADL) is an early sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preclinical behavioural screening ...

assessing-burrowing-nest-construction-and-hoarding-in-mice

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

31.9K 次观看.  University of Oxford. 挖洞，筑巢和囤积是种典型的活动，在实验室小鼠容易执行。本文介绍了如何能轻松，廉价地评估。这些协议是极其敏感的的小鼠品系，脑损伤和疾病。此外，它们构成了"丰富环境"的老鼠，并体现"3个RS"18"精致"的方面。

视频: Assessing Burrowing, Nest Construction, and Hoarding in Mice

Marble Burying and Nestlet Shredding as Tests of Repetitive, Compulsive-like Behaviors in Mice

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are serious and debilitating psychiatric conditions and each constitutes a significant public health concern, particularly in children. Both of these conditions are highlighted by the repeated expression of meaningless behaviors. Individuals with OCD often show checking, frequent hand washing, and counting. Children with ASDs also engage in repetitive tapping, arm or hand flapping, and rocking. These behaviors can vary widely in intensity and frequency of expression. More intense forms of repetitive behaviors can even result in injury (e.g.&#160;excessive grooming, hand washing, and self-stimulation). These behaviors are therefore very disruptive and make normal social discourse difficult. Treatment options for repetitive behaviors in OCD and ASDs are somewhat limited and there is great interest in developing more effective therapies for each condition. Numerous animal models for evaluating compulsive-like behaviors have been developed over the past three decades. Perhaps the animal models with the greatest validity and ease of use are the marble burying test and the nestlet shredding test. Both tests take advantage of the fact that the target behaviors occur spontaneously in mice. In the marble burying test, 20 marbles are arrayed on the surface of clean bedding. The number of marbles buried in a 30 min session is scored by investigators blind to the treatment or status of the subjects. In the nestlet shredding test, a nestlet comprised of pulped cotton fiber is preweighed and placed on top of cage bedding and the amount of the nestlet remaining intact after a 30 min test session is determined. Presently, we describe protocols for and show movie documentation of marble burying and nestlet shredding. Both tests are easily and accurately scored and each is sensitive to small changes in the expression of compulsive-like behaviors that result from genetic manipulations, disease, or head injury.

Disease, head injury, genetic modifications, and treatment of mice with drugs can have profound effects on behavior. Utilizing well-characterized and validated approaches such as marble burying and nestlet shredding, compulsive-like behaviors can be documented accurately in mice as models of human obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are serious and debilitating psychiatric conditions and each constitutes a ...

科研

行为学

Nest Building as an Indicator of Health and Welfare in Laboratory Mice

The minimization and alleviation of suffering has moral and scientific implications. In order to mitigate this negative experience one must be able to identify when an animal is actually in distress. Pain, illness, or distress cannot be managed if unrecognized. Evaluation of pain or illness typically involves the measurement of physiologic and behavioral indicators which are either invasive or not suitable for large scale assessment. The observation of nesting behavior shows promise as the basis of a species appropriate cage-side assessment tool for recognizing distress in mice. Here we demonstrate the utility of nest building behavior in laboratory mice as an ethologically relevant indicator of welfare. The methods presented can be successfully used to identify thermal stressors, aggressive cages, sickness, and pain. Observation of nest building behavior in mouse colonies provides a refinement to health and well-being assessment on a day to day basis.

We demonstrate the utility of nest building behavior in laboratory mice as an indicator of welfare. Nest scoring is a sensitive technique that is altered by temperature, illness, and aggression. The time to integrate into nest test (TINT) is a simple cage-side assessment that can detect postoperative pain.

The minimization and alleviation of  suffering has moral and scientific implications. In order to mitigate this  negative experience one must be able to ...

Assessment of Social Interaction Behaviors

Social interactions are a fundamental and adaptive component of the biology of numerous species. Social recognition is critical for the structure and stability of the networks and relationships that define societies. For animals, such as mice, recognition of conspecifics may be important for maintaining social hierarchy and for mate choice 1.
A variety of neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized by disruptions in social behavior and social recognition, including depression, autism spectrum disorders, bipolar disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and schizophrenia. Studies of humans as well as animal models (e.g., Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus) have identified genes involved in the regulation of social behavior 2. To assess sociability in animal models, several behavioral tests have been developed (reviewed in 3). Integrative research using animal models and appropriate tests for social behavior may lead to the development of improved treatments for social psychopathologies.
The three-chamber paradigm test known as Crawley's sociability and preference for social novelty protocol has been successfully employed to study social affiliation and social memory in several inbred and mutant mouse lines (e.g. 4-7). The main principle of this test is based on the free choice by a subject mouse to spend time in any of three box's compartments during two experimental sessions, including indirect contact with one or two mice with which it is unfamiliar. To quantitate social tendencies of the experimental mouse, the main tasks are to measure a) the time spent with a novel conspecific and b) preference for a novel vs. a familiar conspecific. Thus, the experimental design of this test allows evaluation of two critical but distinguishable aspects of social behavior, such as social affiliation/motivation, as well as social memory and novelty. "Sociability" in this case is defined as propensity to spend time with another mouse, as compared to time spent alone in an identical but empty chamber 7. "Preference for social novelty" is defined as propensity to spend time with a previously unencountered mouse rather than with a familiar mouse 7. This test provides robust results, which then must be carefully analyzed, interpreted and supported/confirmed by alternative sociability tests. In addition to specific applications, Crawley's sociability test can be included as an important component of general behavioral screen of mutant mice.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for examination of sociability in mice by using Crawley's sociability and preference for social novelty test. We describe the advantages and possible applications for this procedure, including critical details important for correct interpretation of the results.

社会交往行为的评估

Social interactions are a fundamental and adaptive component of the biology of numerous species. Social recognition is critical for the structure and ...

神经科学

A Behavioral Assay for Investigating the Role of Spatial Memory During Instinctive Defense in Mice

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often stereotyped actions elicited in response to innately aversive sensory stimuli, but their success requires enough flexibility for adapting to different spatial environments, which can change rapidly. Here, we describe a behavioral assay to evaluate the influence of learned spatial knowledge on defensive behaviors in mice. We have adapted the widely used Barnes maze spatial memory assay to investigate how mice navigate to a shelter during escape responses to innately aversive sensory stimuli in a novel environment, and how they adapt to acute changes in the environment. This new assay is an ethological paradigm that does not require training and exploits the natural exploration patterns and navigation strategies in mice. We propose that the set of protocols described here are a powerful means of studying goal-directed behaviors and stimulus-triggered navigation, which should be of interest to both the fields of instinctive behaviors and spatial memory.

This protocol describes a behavioral assay, based on the Barnes maze test, to study how instinctive defensive actions are modified by the knowledge of spatial environment.

一种研究空间记忆在小鼠本能防御中作用的行为分析法

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often ...

Systematic Assessment of Well-Being in Mice for Procedures Using General Anesthesia

In keeping with the 3R Principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) developed by Russel and Burch, scientific research should use alternatives to animal experimentation whenever possible. When there is no alternative to animal experimentation, the total number of laboratory animals used should be the minimum needed to obtain valuable data. Moreover, appropriate refinement measures should be applied to minimize pain, suffering, and distress accompanying the experimental procedure. The categories used to classify the degree of pain, suffering, and distress are non-recovery, mild, moderate, or severe (EU Directive 2010/63). To determine which categories apply in individual cases, it is crucial to use scientifically sound tools.
The well-being-assessment protocol presented here is designed for procedures during which general anesthesia is used. The protocol focuses on home cage activity, the Mouse Grimace Scale, and luxury behaviors such as burrowing and nest building behavior as indicators of well-being. It also uses the free exploratory paradigm for trait anxiety-related behavior. Fecal corticosterone metabolites as indicators of acute stress are measured over the 24-h post-anesthetic period.
The protocol provides scientifically solid information on the well-being of mice following general anesthesia. Due to its simplicity, the protocol can easily be adapted and integrated in a planned study. Although it does not provide a scale to classify distress in categories according to the EU Directive 2010/63, it can help researchers estimate the degree of severity of a procedure using scientifically sound data. It provides a way to improve the assessment of well-being in a scientific, animal-centered manner.

We developed a protocol to assess well-being in mice during procedures using general anesthesia. A series of behavioral parameters indicating levels of well-being as well as glucocorticoid metabolites were analyzed. The protocol can serve as a general aid to estimate the degree of severity in a scientific, animal-centered manner.

全身麻醉下小鼠幸福度的系统评价

In keeping with the 3R Principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) developed by Russel and Burch, scientific research should use alternatives to animal ...

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

利用巴恩斯迷宫和困境中的破坏范式分析小鼠的空间学习和社会行为

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

Nest Building Behavior as an Early Indicator of Behavioral Deficits in Mice

Nest building is an innate behavior in male and female rodents, even when raised in laboratory settings. As such, many researchers provide rodents synthetic and/or natural materials (such as twine, tissue, cotton, paper, and hay) as a gauge of their overall well-being and as an ancillary assessment to predict the possible decline in cognition. Typically, changes in nesting behaviors, such as failure to create a nest, indicate a change in health or welfare. In addition, nesting behavior is sensitive to many environmental and physiological challenges, as well as many genetic mutations underlying pathological disease states. The following protocol describes a nesting behavior paradigm that explores the usage of four types of nesting material. In addition, the protocol utilizes intraclass correlations to demonstrate that inter-rater reliability is higher when nests are constructed out of shredded paper compared to other common nesting materials such as cotton squares, paper twists, and soft cob bedding. The chosen methodology and statistical considerations (i.e., intraclass correlation) for this assay may be of interest for those conducting experiments assessing the quality of living of mice.&#160;

Here, we present a protocol to quantify nest building behavior in mice, which is known to be impaired in several neurological disorders and diseases. This protocol examines the utility of four materials and offers the opportunity to quantify the rater agreement in scoring, improving the validity and reliability of the assay.

巢穴建筑行为作为小鼠行为缺陷的早期指标

Nest building is an innate behavior in male and female rodents, even when raised in laboratory settings. As such, many researchers provide rodents ...

Assessment of Mouse Judgment Bias through an Olfactory Digging Task

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This phenomenon has long been observed in humans, with individuals in positive states responding to ambiguity 'optimistically' and those in negative states instead showing 'pessimism'. Researchers aiming to assess animal affect have taken advantage of these differential responses, developing tasks to assess judgment bias as an indicator of affective state. These tasks are becoming increasingly popular across diverse species and fields of research. However, for laboratory mice, the most widely used vertebrates in research and a species heavily relied upon to model affective disorders, only one JB task has been successfully validated as sensitive to changes in affective state. Here, we provide a detailed description of this novel murine JB task, and evidence of its sensitivity to mouse affect. Though refinements are still necessary, assessment of mouse JB opens the door for answering both practical questions regarding mouse welfare, and fundamental questions about the impact of affective state in translational research.

This article provides a detailed description of a novel mouse judgment bias protocol. Evidence of this olfactory digging task's sensitivity to affective state is also demonstrated and its utility across diverse research fields is discussed.

通过嗅觉挖掘任务评估小鼠判断偏差

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>小鼠模型中自闭症谱系障碍的行为检测

Strategies for Assessing Autistic-Like Behaviors in Mice

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurobiologically complex condition with a heterogeneous genetic etiology. Clinically, ASD is diagnosed by social communication impairments and restrictive or repetitive behaviors, such as hand flapping or lining up objects. These behavioral patterns can be reliably observed in mouse models with ASD-linked genetic mutations, making them highly useful tools for studying the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms in ASD. Understanding how genetic changes affect the neurobiology and behaviors observed in ASD will facilitate the development of novel targeted therapeutic compounds to ameliorate core behavioral impairments. Our lab has employed several protocols encompassing well-described training and testing procedures that reflect a wide range of behavioral deficits related to ASD. Here, we detail two assays to study the core features of ASD in mouse models: self-grooming (a measure of repetitive behavior) and the three-chamber social interaction test (a measure of social interaction approach and preference for social novelty).

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>评估小鼠自闭症样行为的策略

Rodent models are valuable tools for studying core behaviors related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this article, we expound on two behavioral tests for modeling the core features of ASD in mice: self-grooming, which assesses repetitive behavior, and the three-chamber social interaction test, which documents social impairments.

评估小鼠自闭症样行为的策略

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurobiologically complex condition with a heterogeneous genetic etiology. Clinically, ASD is diagnosed by social ...

评估挖洞，在小鼠的鸟巢建设和囤积

摘要

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此视频中的章节

Marble Burying and Nestlet Shredding as Tests of Repetitive, Compulsive-like Behaviors in Mice

Nest Building as an Indicator of Health and Welfare in Laboratory Mice

社会交往行为的评估

一种研究空间记忆在小鼠本能防御中作用的行为分析法

全身麻醉下小鼠幸福度的系统评价

利用巴恩斯迷宫和困境中的破坏范式分析小鼠的空间学习和社会行为

巢穴建筑行为作为小鼠行为缺陷的早期指标

通过嗅觉挖掘任务评估小鼠判断偏差

评估小鼠自闭症样行为的策略

评估小鼠自闭症样行为的策略