وأيد هذا العمل من قبل المعاهد الوطنية للصحة منحة NIDDK (K01DK092320) وتمويل بدء التشغيل من قسم طب الأطفال في جامعة تكساس مدرسة ماكغفرن الطبية.

<ol>
	<li>Vize, P. D., Seufert, D. W., Carroll, T. J., Wallingford, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Model+systems+for+the+study+of+kidney+development:+Use+of+the+pronephros+in+the+analysis+of+organ+induction+and+patterning.">Model systems for the study of kidney development: Use of the pronephros in the analysis of organ induction and patterning.</a> Dev. Biol. 188 (2), 189-204 (1997).</li><li>Brandli, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+a+molecular+anatomy+of+the+Xenopus+pronephric+kidney.">Towards a molecular anatomy of the Xenopus pronephric kidney.</a> Int. J. Dev. Biol. 43 (5), 381-395 (1999).</li><li>Hensey, C., Dolan, V., Brady, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Xenopus+pronephros+as+a+model+system+for+the+study+of+kidney+development+and+pathophysiology.">The Xenopus pronephros as a model system for the study of kidney development and pathophysiology.</a> Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 17, 73-74 (2002).</li><li>Carroll, T., Vize, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergism+between+Pax-8+and+lim-1+in+embryonic+kidney+development.">Synergism between Pax-8 and lim-1 in embryonic kidney development.</a> Dev. Biol. 214 (1), 46-59 (1999).</li><li>Zhou, X., Vize, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proximo-distal+specialization+of+epithelial+transport+processes+within+the+Xenopus+pronephric+tubules.">Proximo-distal specialization of epithelial transport processes within the Xenopus pronephric tubules.</a> Dev. Biol. 271 (2), 322-338 (2004).</li><li>Raciti, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organization+of+the+pronephric+kidney+revealed+by+large-scale+gene+expression+mapping.">Organization of the pronephric kidney revealed by large-scale gene expression mapping.</a> Genome Biol. 9 (5), 84 (2008).</li><li>Moody, S. A., Kline, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Segregation+of+fate+during+cleavage+of+frog+(Xenopus+laevis)+blastomeres.">Segregation of fate during cleavage of frog (Xenopus laevis) blastomeres.</a> Anat. Embryol. Berl. 182 (4), 347-362 (1990).</li><li>Moody, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fates+of+the+blastomeres+of+the+16-cell+stage+of+Xenopus+embryo.">Fates of the blastomeres of the 16-cell stage of Xenopus embryo.</a> Dev. Biol. 119 (2), 560-578 (1987).</li><li>Moody, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fates+of+the+blastomeres+of+the+32-cell+stage+of+Xenopus+embryo.">Fates of the blastomeres of the 32-cell stage of Xenopus embryo.</a> Dev. Biol. 122 (2), 300-319 (1987).</li><li>Bauer, D. V., Huang, S., Moody, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cleavage+stage+origin+of+Spemann's+Organizer:+Analysis+of+the+movements+of+blastomere+clones+before+and+during+gastrulation+in+Xenopus.">The cleavage stage origin of Spemann's Organizer: Analysis of the movements of blastomere clones before and during gastrulation in Xenopus.</a> Dev. 120 (5), 1179-1189 (1994).</li><li>Karpinka, J. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Xenbase,+the+Xenopus+model+organism+database;+new+virtualized+system,+data+types+and+genomes.">Xenbase, the Xenopus model organism database; new virtualized system, data types and genomes.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 43, 756-763 (2015).</li><li>Davidson, L. A., Marsden, M., Keller, R., Desimone, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrin+alpha5beta1+and+fibronectin+regulate+polarized+cell+protrusions+required+for+Xenopus+convergence+and+extension.">Integrin alpha5beta1 and fibronectin regulate polarized cell protrusions required for Xenopus convergence and extension.</a> Curr. Biol. 16 (9), 833-844 (2006).</li><li>Wallingford, J. B., Carroll, T. J., Vize, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precocious+expression+of+the+Wilms'+tumor+gene+xWT1+inhibits+embryonic+kidney+development+in+Xenopus+laevis.">Precocious expression of the Wilms' tumor gene xWT1 inhibits embryonic kidney development in Xenopus laevis.</a> Dev. Biol. 202, 103-112 (1998).</li><li>Sive, H. L., Grainger, R. M., Harland, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Early Development of Xenopus laevis. A Laboratory Manual. , (2000).</li><li>Miller, R. K., Lee, M., McCrea, P. D., Kloc, M., Kubiak, J. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Xenopus+pronephros:+A+kidney+model+making+leaps+toward+understanding+tubule+development.">The Xenopus pronephros: A kidney model making leaps toward understanding tubule development.</a> Xenopus Development. , 215-238 (2014).</li><li>Lienkamp, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vertebrate+kidney+tubules+elongate+using+a+planar+cell+polarity-dependent+rosette-based+mechanism+of+convergent+extension.">Vertebrate kidney tubules elongate using a planar cell polarity-dependent rosette-based mechanism of convergent extension.</a> Nat. Genet. 44 (12), 1382-1387 (2012).</li><li>Lyons, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Requirement+of+Wnt/&#946;-catenin+signaling+in+pronephric+kidney+development.">Requirement of Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling in pronephric kidney development.</a> Mech. Dev. 126 (3-4), 142-159 (2009).</li><li>Miller, R. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pronephric+tubulogenesis+requires+Daam1-mediated+planar+cell+polarity+signaling.">Pronephric tubulogenesis requires Daam1-mediated planar cell polarity signaling.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22, 1654-1667 (2011).</li><li>Vize, P. D., Jones, E. A., Pfister, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+Xenopus+pronephric+system.">Development of the Xenopus pronephric system.</a> Dev. Biol. 171 (2), 531-540 (1995).</li><li>Miller, R. K., Lee, M., McCrea, P. D., Kloc, M., Kubiak, J. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+12:+The+Xenopus+Pronephros:+A+Kidney+Model+Making+Leaps+toward+Understanding+Tubule+Development.">Chapter 12: The Xenopus Pronephros: A Kidney Model Making Leaps toward Understanding Tubule Development.</a> Xenopus Development. , (2014).</li><li>Taira, M., Otani, H., Jamrich, M., Dawid, I. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+the+LIM+class+homeobox+gene+Xlim-1+in+pronephros+and+CNS+cell+lineages+of+Xenopus+embryos+is+affected+by+retinoic+acid+and+exogastrulation.">Expression of the LIM class homeobox gene Xlim-1 in pronephros and CNS cell lineages of Xenopus embryos is affected by retinoic acid and exogastrulation.</a> Development. 120, 1525-1536 (1994).</li><li>Weber, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+and+function+of+the+tissue-specific+transcription+factor+HNF1+alpha+(LFB1)+during+Xenopus+development.">Regulation and function of the tissue-specific transcription factor HNF1 alpha (LFB1) during Xenopus development.</a> Int. Dev. Biol. 40 (1), 297-304 (1996).</li><li>Carroll, T. J., Vize, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergism+between+Pax-8+and+lim-1+in+embryonic+kidney+development.">Synergism between Pax-8 and lim-1 in embryonic kidney development.</a> Dev. Biol. 214 (1), 46-59 (1999).</li><li>Etkin, L. D., Pearman, B., Ansah-Yiadom, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Replication+of+injected+DNA+templates+in+Xenopus+embryos.">Replication of injected DNA templates in Xenopus embryos.</a> Exp. Cell Res. 169 (2), 468-477 (1987).</li><li>Vize, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chloride+conductance+channel+ClC-K+is+a+specific+marker+for+the+Xenopus+pronephric+distal+tubule+and+duct.">The chloride conductance channel ClC-K is a specific marker for the Xenopus pronephric distal tubule and duct.</a> Gene Expr. Patterns. 3 (3), 347-350 (2003).</li><li>Uochi, T. S., Takahashi, S., Ninomiya, H., Fukui, A., Asashima, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Na+,+K+-ATPase+alpha+subunit+requires+gastrulation+in+the+Xenopus+embryo.">The Na+, K+-ATPase alpha subunit requires gastrulation in the Xenopus embryo.</a> Dev. Growth Differ. 39 (5), 571-580 (1997).</li><li>Nieuwkoop, P. D., Faber, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Normal table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin): A systematical &amp; chronological survey of the development from the fertilized egg till the end of metamorphosis. , (1994).</li><li>Ubbels, G. A., Hara, K., Koster, C. H., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+a+functional+role+of+the+cytoskeleton+in+determination+of+the+dorsoventral+axis+in+Xenopus+laevis+eggs.">Evidence for a functional role of the cytoskeleton in determination of the dorsoventral axis in Xenopus laevis eggs.</a> J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 77, 15-37 (1983).</li><li>Huang, S., Johnson, K. E., Wang, H. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blastomeres+show+differential+fate+changes+in+8-cell+Xenopus+laevis+embryos+that+are+rotated+90+degrees+before+the+first+cleavage.">Blastomeres show differential fate changes in 8-cell Xenopus laevis embryos that are rotated 90 degrees before the first cleavage.</a> Dev. Growth Differ. 40 (2), 189-198 (1998).</li><li>Colman, A., Drummond, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+stability+and+movement+of+mRNA+in+Xenopus+oocytes+and+embryos.">The stability and movement of mRNA in Xenopus oocytes and embryos.</a> J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 97, 197-209 (1986).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

استهداف سليفة الكلوة تطوير الأجنة القيطم تعتمد على تحديد وحقن قسيم أرومي الصحيح. حقن قسيم أرومي V2 الأجنة 8 خلايا يستهدف سليفة الكلوة اليسرى (18). هذا يترك سليفة الكلوة اليمنى المقابل باعتبارها الرقابة الداخلية. إذا morpholino ضربة قاضية أو يستخدم overexpression RNA لتغيي...

الكلى الجنينية القيطم، وسليفة الكلوة، هو نموذج جيد لدراسة تطور أمراض الكلى و. تكوين الجنين من الخارج، كبيرة الحجم، يمكن أن تنتج بأعداد كبيرة، والتلاعب بها بسهولة من خلال حقن مكروي أو العمليات الجراحية. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم حفظها الجينات التي تحكم تطور الكلى في الثدييات والبرمائيات. الكلى الثدييات التقدم من خلال ثلاث مراحل: سليفة الكلوة، mesonephros، والكلوة التالية 1، في حين البرمائيات الجنينية لديها سليفة الكلوة والبرمائيات الكبار لديهم الكلوة التالية. وحدة التصفية الأساسية لهذه الأشكال الكلى هي كليون، وكل من الثدييات والبرمائيات تتطلب نفس شلالات الإشارات والأحداث الاستقرائية للخضوع لتكون الكلية 2 و 3. وسليفة الكلوة القيطم يحتوي على كليون واحد يتألف من الداني والمتوسط ​​والبعيد، وربط الأنابيب، والكبة (مشابهة لالكبيبة الثدييات) 1 و4-6 (الشكل 1 </strأونج&gt;). في واحد، كبير كليون موجودة في سليفة الكلوة القيطم يجعلها مناسبة كنموذج بسيط لدراسة الجينات المسؤولة عن عمليات التنمية الكلى والأمراض. وقد وضعت خرائط مصير خلية للأجنة القيطم في وقت مبكر، وتتوفر على الانترنت في Xenbase 7-11 بحرية. هنا، نحن تصف تقنية ل microinjection من استشفاف النسب لاستهداف سليفة الكلوة القيطم النامية، على الرغم من أن نفس الأسلوب يمكن تكييفها لاستهداف الأنسجة الأخرى مثل القلب أو العينين. استشفاف النسب هي تسميات (بما في ذلك الأصباغ الحيوية، dextrans fluorescently المسمى، والانزيمات التي يمكن اكتشافها الكيميائيه النسيجيه، ومرنا ترميز البروتينات الفلورية) التي يمكن حقنها إلى قسيم أرومي في وقت مبكر، والسماح للتصور من سلالة تلك الخلية خلال التنمية. يستخدم هذا البروتوكول MEM-طلب تقديم العروض مرنا، غشاء ترميز استهدف الحمراء بروتين فلوري 12، والتتبع النسب. التكنولوجيا حقن مكروي المستهدفةniques لعن Blastomeres الفردية في الأجنة 4- و8 خلايا وصفها هنا يمكن أن تستخدم للحقن مع morpholinos لاسقاط التعبير الجيني، أو مع RNA خارجي لبإفراط عن الجين من الفائدة. عن طريق حقن في بطني، قسيم أرومي النباتي، في المقام الأول سيتم استهدفت سليفة الكلوة من الجنين، وترك سليفة الكلوة المقابل كعنصر تحكم التنموية. شارك في حقن التتبع يتحقق من أن قسيم أرومي الصحيح تم حقن، والعروض التي أنسجة في الجنين نشأت من قسيم أرومي حقن، والتحقق من استهداف سليفة الكلوة. المناعية للسليفة الكلوة يسمح تصور مدى تم استهداف الأنابيب سليفة الكلوة. ويمكن بعد ذلك Overexpression وضربة قاضية الآثار أن سجل ضد الجانب المقابل للجنين، والتي هي بمثابة السيطرة التنموية، ويمكن استخدامها لحساب مؤشر سليفة الكلوة 13. توافر خرائط مصير خلية يسمح هذا الأسلوب حقن مكروي المستهدفة لاستخدامها لاستهداف الأنسجة أوراسكوم تليكوم القابضةإيه من سليفة الكلوة، وشارك في حقن التتبع الفلورسنت يسمح للحقن مكروي الموجه إلى كل الأنسجة ليتم التحقق منها قبل التحليل. خلال حقن مكروي الجنين، ينبغي تنظيم درجة حرارة التنموية بإحكام، بالنظر إلى أن معدل التنمية القيطم يعتمد اعتمادا كبيرا عليها 14. يجب حضنت الأجنة في درجات الحرارة (14-16 درجة مئوية) لحقن 4- و8 خلايا وذلك لأن سرعة تطور الزمن إلى أسفل. في 22 درجة مئوية، والوقت اللازم لتطوير من المرحلة 1 (1 الخلية) إلى مرحلة 3 (4 خلايا) ما يقرب من 2 ساعة، بينما في 16 درجة مئوية وقت التطوير إلى مرحلة 3 ما يقرب من 4 ساعات. يستغرق حوالي 15 دقيقة من نهاية المباراة من جنين 4 خلايا إلى 8 خلايا (المرحلة 4) الجنين في 22 درجة مئوية، ولكن يستغرق حوالي 30 دقيقة في 16 درجة مئوية. وبالمثل، في 22 درجة مئوية، فإنه يأخذ فقط 30 دقيقة لجنين 8 خلايا للتقدم إلى جنين 16 خلية (المرحلة 5). ويزداد هذا الوقت إلى 45 دقيقة في 16 درجة مئوية. الrefore، من المفيد أن يتباطأ معدل نمو الأجنة لتمكين ما يكفي من الوقت لحقن في مرحلة 8 خلايا قبل التقدم الأجنة إلى مرحلة 16 خلية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، ودرجات حرارة النمو يمكن أن يكون منظم لتسريع أو إبطاء التطور الجنيني حتى وضعت الكلى تماما. البشرة من الشرغوف مرحلة الأجنة القيطم شفافة نسبيا، مما يسمح للتصوير السهل من سليفة الكلوة النامية دون تشريح أو إزالة الأنسجة 15. نظرا لشفافية النسبية للأجنة القيطم، ويعيش التصوير الخلية هو أيضا من الممكن 16،17. كامل جبل المناعية لتصور سليفة الكلوة من الممكن مع الأجسام المضادة ثبت أن تسمية القريبة والمتوسطة، القاصي وربط الأنابيب من مرحلة 38-40 الأجنة التي تسمح لتقييم التنمية سليفة الكلوة بعد استهداف التلاعب في التعبير الجيني في الأجنة القيطم 18-20.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S271-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>P217-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>M63-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>C79-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP310-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S311-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamycin solution, 50 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>E737-20ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Cysteine, 99%+</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>52-90-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP525-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mm x 15 mm Petri dish</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>FB0875712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Fridge II</td>
			<td>Boekel</td>
			<td>260009</td>
			<td>Benchtop incubator for embryos.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gap43-RFP plasmid</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For making tracer RNA. Ref: Davidson et al., 2006.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhodamine dextran, 10,000 M.W.</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1817</td>
			<td>Tracer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular biology grade, USP sterile purified water</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>46-000-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7&#34; Drummond replacement tubes</td>
			<td>Drummond</td>
			<td>3-000-203-G/XL</td>
			<td>Microinjection needles.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>P-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>11252-30</td>
			<td>For breaking microinjection needle tip.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanoject II</td>
			<td>Drummond</td>
			<td>3-000-204</td>
			<td>Microinjector.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral oil, heavy</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>CAS 8042-47-5</td>
			<td>Oil for needles.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27G monoject hypodermic needle</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>8881200508</td>
			<td>For loading mineral oil into microinjection needle.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Luer-Lok syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309646</td>
			<td>For loading mineral oil into microinjection needle.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm x 15 mm Petri dish</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>FB0875713A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>800 micron polyester mesh</td>
			<td>Small Parts</td>
			<td>CMY-0800-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-711-7M</td>
			<td>For transferring embryos. Cut off the tip so that the embryos are easily taken up by the pipette.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well cell culture plate</td>
			<td>Nest Biotechnology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP308-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>67-42-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP531-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mm x 45 mm screw thread vial</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>03-339-25B</td>
			<td>For fixing, staining, and storing embryos.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well cell culture plate</td>
			<td>Nest Biotechnology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzocaine</td>
			<td>Spectrum</td>
			<td>BE130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP2818-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>A412-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) 1X powder</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP661-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumen</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP1600-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP151-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D mini rocker, model 135</td>
			<td>Denville Scientific</td>
			<td>57281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat serum, New Zealand origin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>16210064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium azide</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S227I-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monoclonal 3G8 antibody</td>
			<td>European Xenopus Resource Centre</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Primary antibody to label proximal tubules.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monoclonal 4A6 antibody</td>
			<td>European Xenopus Resource Centre</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Primary antibody to label distal tubule and duct.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-RFP pAb, purified IgG/rabbit</td>
			<td>MBL</td>
			<td>PM005</td>
			<td>Primary antibody to label Gap43-RFP tracer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11001</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody to label distal tubule and duct.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 555 goat anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A21428</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody to label Gap43-RFP tracer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9 cavity spot plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>7220-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzyl benzoate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>105862500</td>
			<td>Optional - for clearing embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>A396-500</td>
			<td>Optional - for clearing embryos</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

technique to target microinjection to the developing xenopus kidney

الكلى الجنينية من القيطم المورق (ضفدع)، وسليفة الكلوة، يتكون من كليون واحد، ويمكن استخدامها كنموذج لأمراض الكلى. الأجنة القيطم كبيرة، وتطوير خارجيا، ويمكن التلاعب بها بسهولة عن طريق حقن مكروي أو العمليات الجراحية. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، تم إنشاء خرائط مصير لأجنة القيطم مبكرة. حقن مكروي المستهدفة في قسيم أرومي الفردية التي من شأنها أن تؤدي إلى عضو أو نسيج من الفائدة في نهاية المطاف يمكن استخدامها لبإفراط بشكل انتقائي أو هدم التعبير الجيني داخل هذه المنطقة المحظورة، والحد من الآثار الثانوية في بقية الجنين النامي. في هذا البروتوكول، ونحن تصف كيفية الاستفادة من إنشاء خرائط مصير القيطم لاستهداف القيطم الكلى تطوير (وسليفة الكلوة)، من خلال حقن مكروي إلى قسيم أرومي معين من الأجنة 4- و8 خلايا. حقن استشفاف النسب يسمح بالتحقق من استهداف معين من الحقن.بعد الأجنة قد وضعت لمرحلة 38-40، كلها جبل المناعية يستخدم لتصور تنمية سليفة الكلوة، ومساهمة من قبل خلايا تستهدف سليفة الكلوة يمكن تقييمها. يمكن تكييفها نفس الأسلوب لاستهداف أنواع الأنسجة الأخرى بالإضافة إلى سليفة الكلوة.

إبر دقيقة جدا من 4- و8 خلايا الأجنة القيطم مع MEM-طلب تقديم العروض مرنا تظهر مستويات مختلفة من استهداف للسليفة الكلوة. ويبين الشكل 4 المرحلة 40 الأجنة مع MEM-طلب تقديم العروض أنماط التعبير مرنا الصحيحة. تم حقن الأجنة في قسيم أرومي البطني الأي...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney at JoVE.com

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Here, we present a protocol to use fate maps and lineage tracers to target injections into individual blastomeres that give rise to the kidney of Xenopus laevis embryos.

تقنية لاستهداف حقن مكروي إلى البلدان النامية<em&gt; القيطم</em&gt; الكلى

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus ...

technique-to-target-microinjection-to-the-developing-xenopus-kidney

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

11.1K Views.  University of Texas McGovern Medical School. Here, we present a protocol to use fate maps and lineage tracers to target injections into individual blastomeres that give rise to the kidney of Xenopus laevis embryos. 

Video: Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

Amphibian eggs have been widely used to study embryonic development. Early embryonic development is driven by maternally stored factors accumulated during oogenesis. In order to study roles of such maternal factors in early embryonic development, it is desirable to manipulate their functions from the very beginning of embryonic development. Conventional ways of gene interference are achieved by injection of antisense oligonucleotides (oligos) or mRNA into fertilized eggs, enabling under- or over-expression of specific proteins, respectively. However, these methods normally require more than several hours until protein expression is affected, and, hence, the interference of gene functions is not effective during early embryonic stages. Here, we introduce an experimental system in which expression levels of maternal proteins can be altered before fertilization. Xenopus laevis oocytes obtained from ovaries are defolliculated by incubating with enzymes. Antisense oligos or mRNAs are injected into defolliculated oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage. These oocytes are in vitro matured to eggs at the metaphase II (MII) stage, followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). By this way, up to 10% of ICSI embryos can reach the swimming tadpole stage, thus allowing functional tests of specific gene knockdown or overexpression. This approach can be a useful way to study roles of maternally stored factors in early embryonic development.

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

We describe methods of manipulating Xenopus laevis immature oocytes, in vitro maturation of oocytes to eggs, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. This protocol allows degradation of some maternal proteins and overexpression of genes of interest at fertilization, and hence is valuable to study roles of specific factors in early embryonic development.

التلاعب و<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; نضوج<em&gt; القيطم المورق</em&gt; البويضات، تلاه سهم داخل الهيولى حقن الحيوانات المنوية، لدراسة التطور الجنيني

Amphibian eggs have been widely used to study embryonic development. Early embryonic development is driven by maternally stored factors accumulated during ...

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the large size of their cells in early embryos, make Xenopus laevis a useful model for visualising GFP-tagged ligands. Synthetic mRNAs are efficiently translated after injection into early stage Xenopus embryos, and injections can be targeted to a single cell. When combined with a lineage tracer such as membrane tethered RFP, the injected cell (and its descendants) that are producing the overexpressed protein can easily be followed. This protocol describes a method for the production of fluorescently tagged Wnt and Shh ligands from injected mRNA. The methods involve the micro dissection of ectodermal explants (animal caps) and the analysis of ligand diffusion in multiple samples. By using confocal imaging, information about ligand secretion and diffusion over a field of cells can be obtained. Statistical analyses of confocal images provide quantitative data on the shape of ligand gradients. These methods may be useful to researchers who want to test the effects of factors that may regulate the shape of morphogen gradients.

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

The manuscript here provides a simple set of methods for analysing the secretion and diffusion of fluorescently tagged ligands in Xenopus. This provides a context for testing the ability of other proteins to modify ligand distribution and allowing experiments that may give insight into mechanisms regulating morphogen gradients.

باستخدام تحليل متحد البؤر من<em&gt; القيطم المورق</em&gt; بالتحقيق المغيرون من WNT وShh على محدثة التخلق التدرجات

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the ...

Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression

Using chicken embryos it is possible to test directly the effects of either growth factors or specific inhibitors of signaling pathways on gene expression and activation of signal transduction pathways. This technique allows the delivery of signaling molecules at precisely defined developmental stages for specific times. After this embryos can be harvested and gene expression examined, for example by in situ hybridization, or activation of signal transduction pathways observed with immunostaining.
In this video heparin beads soaked in FGF18 or AG 1-X2 beads soaked in U0126, a MEK inhibitor, are grafted into the limb bud in ovo. This shows that FGF18 induces expression of MyoD and ERK phosphorylation and both endogenous and FGF18 induced MyoD expression is inhibited by U0126. Beads soaked in a retinoic acid antagonist can potentiate premature MyoD induction by FGF18.
This approach can be used with a wide range of different growth factors and inhibitors and is easily adapted to other tissues in the developing embryo.

By grafting beads soaked in growth factors or specific inhibitors of signaling pathways into developing embryos it is possible to directly test their effects in vivo. In this protocol beads are grafted into the limb bud to determine the effects of these molecules on gene expression and signal transduction.

مسمار الخرز في تطوير الدجاج أطراف الجنين لتحديد مسارات نقل الإشارة التي تؤثر على التعبير الجيني

Using chicken embryos it is possible to test directly the effects of either growth factors or specific inhibitors of signaling pathways on gene expression ...

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

Understanding the genetic programs underlying neural development is an important goal of developmental and stem cell biology. In the amphibian blastula, cells from the roof of the blastocoel are pluripotent. These cells can be isolated, and programmed to generate various tissues through manipulation of genes expression or induction by morphogens. In this manuscript protocols are described for the use of Xenopus laevis blastocoel roof explants as an assay system to investigate key in vivo and in vitro features of early neural development. These protocols allow the investigation of fate acquisition, cell migration behaviors, and cell autonomous and non-autonomous properties. The blastocoel roof explants can be cultured in a serum-free defined medium and grafted into host embryos. This transplantation into an embryo allows the investigation of the long-term lineage commitment, the inductive properties, and the behavior of transplanted cells in vivo. These assays can be exploited to investigate molecular mechanisms, cellular processes and gene regulatory networks underlying neural development. In the context of regenerative medicine, these assays provide a means to generate neural-derived cell types in vitro that could be used in drug screening.

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

In Xenopus embryos, cells from the roof of the blastocoel are pluripotent and can be programmed to generate various tissues. Here, we describe protocols to use amphibian blastocoel roof explants as an assay system to investigate key in vivo and in vitro features of early neural development.

الخلايا الجذعية مثل<em&gt; القيطم</em&gt; الجنينية إإكسبلنتس إلى الدراسة في وقت مبكر العصبية التنموية الميزات<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; و<em&gt; في فيفو</em

Understanding the genetic programs underlying neural development is an important goal of developmental and stem cell biology. In the amphibian blastula, ...

Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis

Simple model organisms are instrumental for in vivo studies of developmental and cellular differentiation processes. Currently, the evolutionary distance to man of conventional invertebrate model systems and the complexity of genomes in vertebrates are critical challenges to modeling human normal and pathological conditions. The chordate Ciona intestinalis is an invertebrate chordate that emerged from a common ancestor with the vertebrates and may represent features at the interface between invertebrates and vertebrates. A common body plan with much simpler cellular and genomic composition should unveil gene regulatory network (GRN) links and functional genomics readouts explaining phenomena in the vertebrate condition. The compact genome of Ciona, a fixed embryonic lineage with few divisions and large cells, combined with versatile community tools foster efficient gene functional analyses in this organism. Here, we present several crucial methods for this promising model organism, which belongs to the closest sister group to vertebrates. We present protocols for transient transgenesis by electroporation, along with microinjection-mediated gene knockdown, which together provide the means to study gene function and genomic regulatory elements. We extend our protocols to provide information on how community databases are utilized for in silico design of gene regulatory or gene functional experiments. An example study demonstrates how novel information can be gained on the interplay, and its quantification, of selected neural factors conserved between Ciona and man. Furthermore, we show examples of differential subcellular localization in embryonic cells, following DNA electroporation in Ciona zygotes. Finally, we discuss the potential of these protocols to be adapted for tissue specific gene interference with emerging gene editing methods. The in vivo approaches in Ciona overcome major shortcomings of classical model organisms in the quest of unraveling conserved mechanisms in the chordate developmental program, relevant to stem cell research, drug discovery, and subsequent clinical application.

Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis

We present transient transgenesis and gene knockdown in Ciona intestinalis, a chordate sister group to vertebrates, using microinjection and electroporation techniques. Such methods facilitate functional genomics in this simple invertebrate that features rudimentary characteristics of vertebrates, including notochord and head sensory epithelia, and many orthologs of human disease associated genes.

حقن مكروي الجنين و Electroporation في حبلي<em&gt; Ciona المعوية</em

Simple model organisms are instrumental for in vivo studies of developmental and cellular differentiation processes. Currently, the evolutionary distance ...

A 5-mC Dot Blot Assay Quantifying the DNA Methylation Level of Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation In Vitro

The dedifferentiation of hyaline chondrocytes into fibroblastic chondrocytes often accompanies monolayer expansion of chondrocytes in vitro. The global DNA methylation level of chondrocytes is considered to be a suitable biomarker for the loss of the chondrocyte phenotype. However, results based on different experimental methods can be inconsistent. Therefore, it is important to establish a precise, simple, and rapid method to quantify global DNA methylation levels during chondrocyte dedifferentiation.
Current genome-wide methylation analysis techniques largely rely on bisulfite genomic sequencing. Due to DNA degradation during bisulfite conversion, these methods typically require a large sample volume. Other methods used to quantify global DNA methylation levels include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, HPLC requires complete digestion of genomic DNA. Additionally, the prohibitively high cost of HPLC instruments limits HPLC&#39;s wider application.
In this study, genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from human chondrocytes cultured with varying number of passages. The gDNA methylation level was detected using a methylation-specific dot blot assay. In this dot blot approach, a gDNA mixture containing the methylated DNA to be detected was spotted directly onto an N+ membrane as a dot inside a previously drawn circular template pattern. Compared with other gel electrophoresis-based blotting approaches and other complex blotting procedures, the dot blot method saves significant time. In addition, dot blots can detect overall DNA methylation level using a commercially available 5-mC antibody. We found that the DNA methylation level differed between the monolayer subcultures, and therefore could play a key role in chondrocyte dedifferentiation. The 5-mC dot blot is a reliable, simple, and rapid method to detect the general DNA methylation level to evaluate chondrocyte phenotype.

A 5-mC Dot Blot Assay Quantifying the DNA Methylation Level of Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation In Vitro

We present a method to quantify DNA methylation based on the 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) dot blot. We determined the 5-mC levels during chondrocyte dedifferentiation. This simple technique could be used to quickly determine the chondrocyte phenotype in ACI treatment.

A 5-ماك دوت بلوت الفحص تحديد مستوى الحمض النووي ميثيلاتيون من تشوندروسيت التفرق<em&gt; في المختبر</em

The dedifferentiation of hyaline chondrocytes into fibroblastic chondrocytes often accompanies monolayer expansion of chondrocytes in vitro. The global ...

Precise Cellular Ablation Approach for Modeling Acute Kidney Injury in Developing Zebrafish

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common medical condition with a high mortality rate. With the repair abilities of the kidney, it is possible to restore adequate kidney function after supportive treatment. However, a better understanding of how nephron cell death and repair occur on the cellular level is required to minimize cell death and to enhance the regenerative process. The zebrafish pronephros is a good model system to accomplish this goal because it contains anatomical segments that are similar to the mammalian nephron. Previously, the most common model used to study kidney injury in fish was the pharmacological gentamicin model. However, this model does not allow for precise spatiotemporal control of injury, and hence it is difficult to study cellular and molecular processes involved in kidney repair. To overcome this limitation, this work presents a method through which, in contrast to the gentamicin approach, a specific Green Fuorescent Protein (GFP)-expressing nephron segment can be photoablated using a violet laser light (405 nm). This novel model of AKI provides many advantages that other methods of epithelial injury lack. Its main advantages are the ability to &#34;dial&#34; the level of injury and the precise spatiotemporal control in the robust in vivo animal model. This new method has the potential to significantly advance the level of understanding of kidney injury and repair mechanisms.

This work presents a new in vivo model of segmental kidney injury using kidney GFP transgenic zebrafish. The model allows for the induction of the targeted ablation of kidney epithelial cells to show the cellular mechanisms of nephron injury and repair.

دقة الخلوية طريقة الاجتثاث لنمذجة إصابة الكلى الحادة في تطوير الزرد

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common medical condition with a high mortality rate. With the repair abilities of the kidney, it is possible to restore ...

Generation of Genetically Modified Mice through the Microinjection of Oocytes

The use of genetically modified mice has significantly contributed to studies on both physiological and pathological in vivo processes. The pronuclear injection of DNA expression constructs into fertilized oocytes remains the most commonly used technique to generate transgenic mice for overexpression. With the introduction of CRISPR technology for gene targeting, pronuclear injection into fertilized oocytes has been extended to the generation of both knockout and knockin mice. This work describes the preparation of DNA for injection and the generation of CRISPR guides for gene targeting, with a particular emphasis on quality control. The genotyping procedures required for the identification of potential founders are critical. Innovative genotyping strategies that take advantage of the "multiplexing" capabilities of CRISPR are presented herein. Surgical procedures are also outlined. Together, the steps of the protocol will allow for the generation of genetically modified mice and for the subsequent establishment of mouse colonies for a plethora of research fields, including immunology, neuroscience, cancer, physiology, development, and others.

The microinjection of mouse oocytes is commonly used for both classic transgenesis (i.e., the random integration of transgenes) and CRISPR-mediated gene targeting. This protocol reviews the latest developments in microinjection, with a particular emphasis on quality control and genotyping strategies.

جيل من الفئران المعدلة وراثيا من خلال ميكروينجكتيون من البويضات

The use of genetically modified mice has significantly contributed to studies on both physiological and pathological in vivo processes. The pronuclear ...

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Damage

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational health hazard. Here, we demonstrate the exposure of primary stem cells from the mouse ocular surface to UV-C radiation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation is the readout of the extent of oxidative stress/damage. In an experimental in vitro setting, it is also essential to assess the percentage of dead cells generated due to oxidative stress. In this article, we will demonstrate the 2&#39;,7&#39;-Dichlorofluoresceindiacetate (DCFDA) staining of UV-C exposed mouse primary ocular surface stem cells and their quantification based on the fluorescent images of DCFDA staining. DCFDA staining directly corresponds to ROS generation. We also demonstrate the quantification of dead and live cells by simultaneous staining with propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst 3332 respectively and the percentage of DCFDA (ROS positive) and PI positive cells.

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C UV-C Damage

This protocol demonstrates the simultaneous detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), live cells, and dead cells in live primary cultures from mouse ocular surface cells. 2&#39;,7&#39;-Dichlorofluoresceindiacetate, propidium iodide, and Hoechst staining are used to assess the ROS, dead cells, and live cells, respectively, followed by imaging and analysis.

تقييم الضرر التأكسدي في الخلايا السطحية الرئيسية للفأرة /الخلايا الجذعية استجابة للأضرار فوق البنفسجية-C (UV-C)

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational ...

Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles

The primary visual projection of tadpoles of the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis serves as an excellent model system for studying mechanisms that regulate the development of neuronal connectivity. During establishment of the retino-tectal projection, optic axons extend from the eye and navigate through distinct regions of the brain to reach their target tissue, the optic tectum. Once optic axons enter the tectum, they elaborate terminal arbors that function to increase the number of synaptic connections they can make with target interneurons in the tectum. Here, we describe a method to express DNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), and gain- and loss-of-function gene constructs, in optic neurons (retinal ganglion cells) in Xenopus embryos. We explain how to microinject a combined DNA/lipofection reagent into eyebuds of one day old embryos such that exogenous genes are expressed in single or small numbers of optic neurons. By tagging genes with GFP or co-injecting with a GFP plasmid, terminal axonal arbors of individual optic neurons with altered molecular signaling can be imaged directly in brains of intact, living Xenopus tadpoles several days later, and their morphology can be quantified. This protocol allows for determination of cell-autonomous molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of optic axon arborization in vivo.

Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles

This protocol aims to demonstrate how to microinject a DNA/DOTAP mixture into eyebuds of one day old Xenopus laevis embryos, and how to image and reconstruct individual green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing optic axonal arbors in tectal midbrains of intact, living Xenopus tadpoles.

الحقن المجهري للحمض النووي في براعم العيون في أجنة Xenopus laevis والتصوير من GFP التعبير عن الأشجار Axonal البصرية في سليمة، وحيا Xenopus Tadpoles

The primary visual projection of tadpoles of the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis serves as an excellent model system for studying mechanisms that regulate the ...

تقنية لاستهداف حقن مكروي إلى البلدان النامية

Summary

Explore More Videos

Chapters in this video

التلاعب و

باستخدام تحليل متحد البؤر من

مسمار الخرز في تطوير الدجاج أطراف الجنين لتحديد مسارات نقل الإشارة التي تؤثر على التعبير الجيني

الخلايا الجذعية مثل

حقن مكروي الجنين و Electroporation في حبلي

A 5-ماك دوت بلوت الفحص تحديد مستوى الحمض النووي ميثيلاتيون من تشوندروسيت التفرق

دقة الخلوية طريقة الاجتثاث لنمذجة إصابة الكلى الحادة في تطوير الزرد

جيل من الفئران المعدلة وراثيا من خلال ميكروينجكتيون من البويضات

تقييم الضرر التأكسدي في الخلايا السطحية الرئيسية للفأرة /الخلايا الجذعية استجابة للأضرار فوق البنفسجية-C (UV-C)

الحقن المجهري للحمض النووي في براعم العيون في أجنة Xenopus laevis والتصوير من GFP التعبير عن الأشجار Axonal البصرية في سليمة، وحيا Xenopus Tadpoles