Acknowledgment is made to the donors of the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund for support of this research (PRF# 54968-UR1). This work was also supported by the National Science Foundation (CHE-1760393). We gratefully acknowledge the NKU Center for the Integration of Science and Mathematics, NKU-STEM International Research Program and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry for financial and logistical support. We also thank the School of Chemical Sciences Mass Spectrometry Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for obtaining HRMS data.

CAUTION:
<ul>
	<li>Microwave reaction vials should be operated under 20 bar for the microwave reactor equipped with a 4 x 24MG5 rotor. If the reaction uses very volatile solvents, generates gas, or if solvents decompose, it is necessary to calculate the pressure at certain reaction temperatures to make sure the total pressure in the vial is less than 20 bar.</li>
	<li>Standard techniques in organic synthesis for glove box, flash chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are utilized in this protocol.</li>
	<li>Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should be used during the experiment. These include safety goggles, a lab coat, nitrile gloves, long pants and closed-toe shoes.</li>
	<li>Consult all Safety Data Sheets (SDS) prior to the use of the chemicals in this procedure, as some of the chemicals are hazardous, corrosive, toxic or flammable.</li>
	<li>All chemical waste should be disposed of properly in designated waste containers.</li>
</ul>
1. Reaction set up
<ol>
	<li>Use the following amounts of reagents for the example reaction in Figure 1 - the formation of 1-phenyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethanone (compound 1a) from acetophenone and 3-iodopyridine.</li>
	<li>Oven-dry microwave reaction vials equipped with stirring bars overnight. Purge argon vigorously into toluene for 30 min to degas the solvent prior to use.</li>
	<li>Preparation of reagents and supplies for glove box usage
	<ol>
		<li>Gather two 100 &#181;L syringes, four small spatulas, two glass pipets, two microwave seals, two microwave caps, two microwave stirring bars, at least four pieces of pre-folded weighing paper, four Kimwipes, four rubber bands, and two 100 mL beakers along with all the necessary reactants/solvents.</li>
		<li>Put the microwave vials, seals, and caps in one of the 100 mL beakers, then cover the beaker with a Kimwipe and wrap a rubber band around the beaker to keep the Kimwipe in place.</li>
		<li>Place the beaker and the rest of the items from step 1.3.1 into the transport box and take it into the glove box workstation.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Transport the reagents and supplies in step 1.3 into the glove box.
	<ol>
		<li>Inside the purged glove box, weigh 115 mg of NaOtBu (molecular weight (MW) 96.1, 1.2 mmol, 2.4 eq.) directly into the microwave reaction vial.</li>
		<li>Use a glass pipet to add half of the degassed toluene (1 mL) into microwave reaction vial.</li>
		<li>Weigh 9 mg of precatalyst XPhos Pd G4 (MW 860.5, 0.01 mmol, 2 mol%) and add it into the microwave vial. Dip a spatula into the solution in the vial and swirl to ensure the complete transfer of the catalyst.</li>
		<li>Use a suitable microliter syringe to add 64.4 &#181;L of acetophenone (MW 120.15, 66.1 mg, 0.55 mmol, 1.1 eq.) into the microwave vial.</li>
		<li>Weigh 103 mg of 3-iodopyridine (MW 205.0, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and add it into the microwave vial.</li>
		<li>Add the remaining half of degassed toluene so that the total reaction mixture is about 3 mL. 
		NOTE: The reaction solution volume should not exceed &#190; of the total volume capacity of the microwave reaction vial. For the standard glass vials used in this protocol, the vial volume is 4 mL and the recommended reaction volume is 0.3 mL &#8211; 3 mL.</li>
		<li>Line up the seal and the cap carefully and put them on the microwave reaction vial. The cap should be finger tight.</li>
		<li>Take the chemicals, supplies and trash out of the glove box.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Microwave irradiation
<ol>
	<li>Take the assembled reaction vial to the microwave reactor and place it on the silicon carbide (SiC) plate on the rotor. For multiple reaction vials, space them evenly across the four silicon carbide (SiC) plates on the rotor.</li>
	<li>Parameter set-up 
	NOTE: The most important parameters are the IR sensor temperature limit, microwave power and time.
	<ol>
		<li>Set the Infrared (IR) sensor temperature limit to 113 &#176;C. 
		NOTE: IR sensor-measured temperatures tend to be lower than reaction solution temperatures due to a non-preventable temperature gradient between the sample and the outside of the vessel. There is a linear relationship between these two temperatures: IR T (&#176;C) = Reaction T (&#176;C)/1.152. When the IR sensor temperature is 113 &#176;C, the actual reaction temperature will be 130 &#176;C using the equation given above.</li>
		<li>Program the microwave power and time for each step: 
		Step 1: Power ramp = 1300 W, 10 min, Fan Level = 1, Stirrer = High 
		Step 2: Power hold = 1300 W, 10 min, Fan Level = 1, Stirrer = High 
		Step 3: Cooling = 60 &#176;C, Fan Level = 3 
		NOTE: The microwave power will adjust automatically when the actual reaction temperature reaches the target temperature.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Run the reaction under microwave irradiation. Record the actual reaction time and temperature.</li>
</ol>
3. Product isolation
<ol>
	<li>After the microwave reaction vial cools to ambient temperature, transfer the reaction mixture into a separatory funnel using a minimal amount of ethyl acetate (EtOAc).</li>
	<li>Use acid-base extraction to isolate the crude product.
	<ol>
		<li>Add 2 mL of saturated NH4Cl to the separatory funnel.</li>
		<li>Add 10 mL of EtOAc to the separatory funnel and extract the product. Separate the organic layer and save it in a clean, dry beaker. Repeat the extraction two more times, and combine the organic layers.</li>
		<li>Dry the combined organic layer with anhydrous Na2SO4 for 20 min.</li>
		<li>Decant the clear solution into a round bottom flask and evaporate the solvent by rotatory evaporation under reduced pressure to yield the crude product.</li>
		<li>Record the shape, color and mass of the crude product.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Take 1H and 13C NMR spectra for the crude product to confirm the presence of the characteristic peaks for the expected product.</li>
	<li>Combine the crude product from the NMR sample with the rest of the crude product for flash chromatography purification below.</li>
	<li>Use automated flash chromatography to purify the final product.
	<ol>
		<li>Sample loading: Dissolve the crude product in 1-2 mL of acetone, followed by the addition of 1.5 g of silica gel to make a slurry. Use rotatory evaporation to remove acetone very carefully so that the product is loaded on the silica gel. Transfer the resulting silica gel to an empty flash chromatography loading cartridge.</li>
		<li>Assemble the loading cartridge, prepacked column, test tube rack and solvent lines for the automated medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) system.</li>
		<li>Set up the solvent gradient and other parameters for the MPLC system and run the flash chromatography. 
		NOTE: The automated flash chromatography solvent gradients are suggested based on the heteroaryl product structural features: 
		1) If the product has one or zero nitrogen atoms (N) or hydroxyl groups (OH), use EtOAc/hexanes (0% to 100% over 12 min) with an extension at 100% EtOAc gradient for 2-6 min. 
		2) If the product has two or more nitrogen atoms (N) or hydroxyl groups (OH), use CH3OH/CH2Cl2 (0% to 30% over 12 min) with an extension at 30% CH3OH gradient for 1-3 min.</li>
		<li>Combine the desired MPLC fractions and evaporate the solvent to collect the pure product. Dry the purified product under high vacuum for at least 1 h to remove residual solvent.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Product characterization
<ol>
	<li>Weigh 5 - 10 mg of the final purified product, dissolve it in deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) (or other appropriate deuterated solvent), and take a 1H NMR spectrum.</li>
	<li>Weigh 10 - 30 mg of the final purified product, dissolve it in CDCl3 (or other appropriate deuterated solvent), and take a 13C NMR spectrum.</li>
	<li>Analyze the NMR spectra to confirm the product structure.</li>
	<li>Recover the NMR sample in a 1 dram vial by evaporating the solvent.</li>
	<li>Once the NMR spectra support the correct structure, submit a 1 mg sample for HRMS testing to confirm the molecular formula.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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On the Question of the Nonthermal Microwave Effect.</a> The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 68 (23), 9136-9139 (2003).</li><li>Amato, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+fluorinated+and+bifunctionalized+3-phenylchroman-4-one+(isoflavanone)+aromatase+inhibitors.">Investigation of fluorinated and bifunctionalized 3-phenylchroman-4-one (isoflavanone) aromatase inhibitors.</a> Bioorganic &amp; Medicinal Chemistry. 22 (1), 126-134 (2014).</li><li>Bonfield, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+new+class+of+aromatase+inhibitors:+Design,+synthesis+and+inhibitory+activity+of+3-phenylchroman-4-one+(isoflavanone)+derivatives.">Development of a new class of aromatase inhibitors: Design, synthesis and inhibitory activity of 3-phenylchroman-4-one (isoflavanone) derivatives.</a> Bioorganic &amp; Medicinal Chemistry. 20 (8), 2603-2613 (2012).</li><li>Y&#305;lmaz, F., Mentese, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Rapid+Protocol+for+the+Synthesis+of+N-[2-(alkyl/aryl)-4-phenyl-1Himidazol-1-yl]+benzamides+via+Microwave+Technique.">A Rapid Protocol for the Synthesis of N-[2-(alkyl/aryl)-4-phenyl-1Himidazol-1-yl] benzamides via Microwave Technique.</a> Current Microwave Chemistry. 1 (1), 47-51 (2014).</li><li>Xia, Y., Chen, L. Y., Lv, S., Sun, Z., Wang, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microwave-Assisted+or+Cu-NHC-Catalyzed+Cycloaddition+of+Azido-Disubstituted+Alkynes:+Bifurcation+of+Reaction+Pathways.">Microwave-Assisted or Cu-NHC-Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Azido-Disubstituted Alkynes: Bifurcation of Reaction Pathways.</a> The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 79 (20), 9818-9825 (2014).</li><li>Lei, C., Jin, X., Zhou, J. 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An Efficient General Method for the Preparation of (2-Pyridyl)indoles and Their Application to Indole Alkaloid Synthesis.</a> The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 62 (10), 3158-3175 (1997).</li><li>Tennant, G. J., Wallis, C. W., Weaver C, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+the+first+examples+of+the+imidazo[4,5-c]isoxazole+ring+system.">Synthesis of the first examples of the imidazo[4,5-c]isoxazole ring system.</a> Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions. 1, 817-826 (1999).</li><li>Spergel, S. H., Okoro, D. R., Pitts, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-Pot+Synthesis+of+Azaindoles+via+Palladium-Catalyzed+&#945;-Heteroarylation+of+Ketone+Enolates.">One-Pot Synthesis of Azaindoles via Palladium-Catalyzed &#945;-Heteroarylation of Ketone Enolates.</a> The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 75 (15), 5316-5319 (2010).</li><li>Jiang, Y., Liang, G., Zhang, C., Loh, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Palladium-Catalyzed+C-S+Bond+Formation+of+Stable+Enamines+with+Arene/Alkanethiols:+Highly+Regioselective+Synthesis+of+&#946;-Amino+Sulfides.">Palladium-Catalyzed C-S Bond Formation of Stable Enamines with Arene/Alkanethiols: Highly Regioselective Synthesis of &#946;-Amino Sulfides.</a> European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2016 (20), 3326-3330 (2016).</li><li>King, S. M., Buchwald, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+Method+for+the+N-Arylation+of+Amino+Acid+Esters+with+Aryl+Triflates.">Development of a Method for the N-Arylation of Amino Acid Esters with Aryl Triflates.</a> Organic Letters. 18 (16), 4128-4131 (2016).</li><li>Ge, S., Hartwig, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nickel-catalyzed+asymmetric+alpha-arylation+and+heteroarylation+of+ketones+with+chloroarenes:+effect+of+halide+on+selectivity,+oxidation+state,+and+room-temperature+reactions.">Nickel-catalyzed asymmetric alpha-arylation and heteroarylation of ketones with chloroarenes: effect of halide on selectivity, oxidation state, and room-temperature reactions.</a> The Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133 (41), 16330-16333 (2011).</li><li>Quillen, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Palladium-Catalyzed+Direct+&#945;-C(sp3)+Heteroarylation+of+Ketones+under+Microwave+Irradiation.">Palladium-Catalyzed Direct &#945;-C(sp3) Heteroarylation of Ketones under Microwave Irradiation.</a> The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 84 (12), 7652-7663 (2019).</li><li>Kremsner, J. M., Kappe, C. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silicon+Carbide+Passive+Heating+Elements+in+Microwave-Assisted+Organic+Synthesis+-+SI.">Silicon Carbide Passive Heating Elements in Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis - SI.</a> The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 71 (12), 4651-4658 (2006).</li><li>Erythropel, H. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Green+ChemisTREE:+20+years+after+taking+root+with+the+12+principles.">The Green ChemisTREE: 20 years after taking root with the 12 principles.</a> Green Chemistry. 20 (9), 1929-1961 (2018).</li><li>Barge, A., Tagliapietra, S., Tei, L., Cintas, P., Cravotto, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pd-catalyzed+reactions+promoted+by+ultrasound+and/or+microwave+irradiation.">Pd-catalyzed reactions promoted by ultrasound and/or microwave irradiation.</a> Current Organic Chemistry. 12 (18), 1588-1612 (2008).</li><li>Kimura, M., Mukai, R., Tanigawa, N., Tanaka, S., Tamaru, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Triethylborane+as+an+efficient+promoter+for+palladium-catalyzed+allylation+of+active+methylene+compounds+with+allyl+alcohols.">Triethylborane as an efficient promoter for palladium-catalyzed allylation of active methylene compounds with allyl alcohols.</a> Tetrahedron. 59 (39), 7767-7777 (2003).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The methodology described herein was developed to access valuable synthesis building blocks &#8211; heteroaryl compounds. Compared to precedent literature reports on heteroarylation, the choice of this current catalytic system showed several significant advantages. First, it avoids the use of protecting groups, the isolation of reactive intermediates, the stoichiometry requirement of catalysts, and the extended reaction times11,17. Second, the SiC plates offer a ...

Microwaves interact with materials through ionic conduction or dipolar polarization to provide rapid and homogeneous heating. Microwave-assisted organic reactions have gained increasing popularity in research laboratories after the first report for rapid organic synthesis in 19861. Though the exact nature of microwave heating is not clear and the existence of a &#34;nonthermal&#34; microwave effect is still under debate, significant rate enhancements for microwave-assisted organic reactions have been observed and reported2. Sluggish reactions that normally take hours or days to finish have been reported to be completed within minutes under microwave irradiation3,4,5,6. Difficult organic reactions that require high activation energy such as cyclizations and construction of sterically hindered sites were reported to be successful under microwave irradiation with improved reaction yields and purity7. Combined with other features such as solvent-free reactions and domino reactions, microwave-assisted organic synthesis offers unparalleled advantages in the design of eco-friendly reactions.
Unlike its arylation equivalent, which has been widely studied, heteroarylation, especially on the &#945;-C(sp3) of carbonyl compounds, has been rarely reported in the literature8,9,10. The few literature reports of &#945;-heteroarylation of carbonyl compounds had great limitations such as a stoichiometric amount of catalysts, narrow substrate scope, and isolation of reaction intermediates11,12,13. There are several challenges for the direct &#945;-heteroarylation of ketones that remain to be solved in order to make it a general approach. First, heteroatoms tend to coordinate to the transition metal catalyst and cause catalyst poisoning14,15. Second, the &#945;-H in the mono(hetero)arylation product is more acidic than those in the starting material. Thus, it tends to react further to make the undesired (bishetero)arylation or (multihetero)arylation products. Third, carbonyl compounds often have a lower cost than heteroaryl compounds, so it is practical to use excess carbonyl compounds to drive the reaction to completion. However, excess carbonyl compounds would often cause self-condensation, a frequently encountered problem in the transition metal-catalyzed &#945;-heteroarylation of carbonyl compounds.
In this report, we describe our recent study on the direct &#945;-C(sp3) heteroarylation of ketones using a microwave-assisted reaction protocol. To address the first challenge, catalyst poisoning discussed above, strongly coordinating and sterically hindered ligands were utilized to minimize the catalyst poisoning by heteroatoms. Bulky ligands were also expected to slow down the side reactions such as (bishetero)arylation or (multihetero)arylation16,17, the second challenge mentioned above. To minimize the effect of the third challenge, the formation of the ketone self-condensation side products, more than 2 equivalents of base was employed to convert ketones to their corresponding enolates. The long reaction time and high reaction temperature, together with the challenges specifically associated with the direct &#945;-C(sp3) heteroarylation of ketones, render it a suitable candidate for microwave-assisted organic synthesis research.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform-d (99.8+% atome D)</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>AC209561000</td>
			<td>contains 0.03 v/v% TMS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CombiFlash Rf Flash Chromatography system</td>
			<td>Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>automated flash chromatography system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CombiFlash Solid load catridges (5 gram)</td>
			<td>Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td>69-3873-235</td>
			<td>disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CombiFlash prepacked column (4g)</td>
			<td>Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td>69-2203-304</td>
			<td>RediSep Rf silica 40-60 um, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave Reactor - Multiwave Pro</td>
			<td>Anton Paar</td>
			<td>108041</td>
			<td>Microwave Reactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave Reactor Rotor 4X24 MG5</td>
			<td>Anton Paar</td>
			<td>79114</td>
			<td>for parallel organic synthesis with with 4 SiC Well Plate 24</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave reaction vials</td>
			<td>Wheaton&#174; glass</td>
			<td>224882</td>
			<td>disposible, 13-425, 15x46 mm, reaction solution 0.3 - 3.0 mL, working pressure 20 bar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave reaction vial seals, set</td>
			<td>Anton Paar</td>
			<td>41186</td>
			<td>made of Teflon; disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave reaction vial screw cap</td>
			<td>Anton Paar</td>
			<td>41188</td>
			<td>made of PEEK; forever reusable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave reaction vial stirring bar</td>
			<td>CTechGlass</td>
			<td>S00001-0000</td>
			<td>Magnetic, PTFE, Length 9mm. Diameter: 3mm. (Package of 5)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOtBu</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>703788</td>
			<td>stored in a glovebox under nitrogen atmosphere</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Joel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>500 MHz spectrometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silica gel</td>
			<td>Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td>605394478</td>
			<td>40-60 microns, 60 angstroms</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toluene</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>244511</td>
			<td>vigorously purged with argon for 2 h before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XPhos Palladacycle Gen. 4 Catalyst</td>
			<td>STREM</td>
			<td>46-0327</td>
			<td>stored in a glovebox under nitrogen atmosphere</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>various ketones</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich or Fisher or Ark Pharm.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>substrates for heteroarylation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>various heteroaryl halides</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich or Fisher or Ark Pharm.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>substrates for heteroarylation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a microwave-assisted direct heteroarylation of ketones using transition metal catalysis

Heteroarylation introduces heteroaryl fragments to organic molecules. Despite the numerous available reactions reported for arylation via transition metal catalysis, the literature on direct heteroarylation is scarce. The presence of heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen often make heteroarylation a challenging research field due to catalyst poisoning, product decomposition and the rest. This protocol details a highly efficient direct &#945;-C(sp3) heteroarylation of ketones under microwave irradiation. Key factors for successful heteroarylation include the use of XPhos Palladacycle Gen. 4 Catalyst, excess base to suppress side reactions and the high temperature and pressure achieved in a sealed reaction vial under microwave irradiation. The heteroarylation compounds prepared by this method were fully characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). This methodology has several advantages over literature precedents including broad substrate scope, rapid reaction time, greener procedure and operational simplicity by eliminating the preparation of intermediates such as silyl enol ether. Possible applications for this protocol include, but are not limited to, diversity-oriented synthesis for the discovery of biologically active small molecules, domino synthesis for the preparation of natural products and ligand development for new transition metal catalytic systems.

The direct &#945;-C(sp3) heteroarylation of ketones can be performed using this efficient microwave-assisted protocol. Selected examples of heteroaryl ketones synthesized in this study are shown in Figure 1. Specifically, compound 1a was synthesized and isolated as a pale-yellow oil (0.49 mmol, 192 mg, 98 %). Its 1H and 13C NMR spectra are shown in Figure 2 to confirm the structure and purity. The presence of a two-proton s...

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A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis

Heteroaryl compounds are important molecules utilized in organic synthesis, medicinal and biological chemistry. A microwave-assisted heteroarylation using palladium catalysis provides a rapid and efficient method to attach heteroaryl moieties directly to ketone substrates.

Heteroarylation introduces heteroaryl fragments to organic molecules. Despite the numerous available reactions reported for arylation via transition metal ...

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Aldehydes and Ketones

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8.1K Views.  Northern Kentucky University. Heteroaryl compounds are important molecules utilized in organic synthesis, medicinal and biological chemistry. A microwave-assisted heteroarylation using palladium catalysis provides a rapid and efficient method to attach heteroaryl moieties directly to ketone substrates.

Video: A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis

Microwave-assisted Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Diels-Alder Reactions for the Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthalenes/Solvatochromic Dyes

Functionalized naphthalenes have applications in a variety of research fields ranging from the synthesis of natural or biologically active molecules to the preparation of new organic dyes. Although numerous strategies have been reported to access naphthalene scaffolds, many procedures still present limitations in terms of incorporating functionality, which in turn narrows the range of available substrates. The development of versatile methods for direct access to substituted naphthalenes is therefore highly desirable.
The Diels-Alder (DA) cycloaddition reaction is a powerful and attractive method for the formation of saturated and unsaturated ring systems from readily available starting materials. A new microwave-assisted intramolecular dehydrogenative DA reaction of styrenyl derivatives described herein generates a variety of functionalized cyclopenta[b]naphthalenes that could not be prepared using existing synthetic methods. When compared to conventional heating, microwave irradiation accelerates reaction rates, enhances yields, and limits the formation of undesired byproducts.
The utility of this protocol is further demonstrated by the conversion of a DA cycloadduct into a novel solvatochromic fluorescent dye via a Buchwald-Hartwig palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. Fluorescence spectroscopy, as an informative and sensitive analytical technique, plays a key role in research fields including environmental science, medicine, pharmacology, and cellular biology. Access to a variety of new organic fluorophores provided by the microwave-assisted dehydrogenative DA reaction allows for further advancement in these fields.

Microwave-assisted intramolecular dehydrogenative Diels-Alder (DA) reactions provide concise access to functionalized cyclopenta[b]naphthalene building blocks. The utility of this methodology is demonstrated by one-step conversion of the dehydrogenative DA cycloadducts into novel solvatochromic fluorescent dyes via Buchwald-Hartwig palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.

Functionalized naphthalenes have applications in a variety of research fields ranging from the synthesis of natural or biologically active molecules to ...

Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

One of the main benefits to using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromers in hydrogel formation is synthetic versatility. The ability to draw from a large variety of PEG molecular weights and configurations (arm number, arm length, and branching pattern) affords researchers tight control over resulting hydrogel structures and properties, including Young&#8217;s modulus and mesh size. This video will illustrate a rapid, efficient, solvent-free, microwave-assisted method to methacrylate PEG precursors into poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM). This synthetic method provides much-needed starting materials for applications in drug delivery and regenerative medicine. The demonstrated method is superior to traditional methacrylation methods as it is significantly faster and simpler, as well as more economical and environmentally friendly, using smaller amounts of reagents and solvents. We will also demonstrate an adaptation of this technique for on-resin methacrylamide functionalization of peptides. This on-resin method allows the N-terminus of peptides to be functionalized with methacrylamide groups prior to deprotection and cleavage from resin. This allows for selective addition of methacrylamide groups to the N-termini of the peptides while amino acids with reactive side groups (e.g.&#160;primary amine of lysine, primary alcohol of serine, secondary alcohols of threonine, and phenol of tyrosine) remain protected, preventing functionalization at multiple sites. This article will detail common analytical methods (proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (;H-NMR) and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF)) to assess the efficiency of the functionalizations. Common pitfalls and suggested troubleshooting methods will be addressed, as will modifications of the technique which can be used to further tune macromer functionality and resulting hydrogel physical and chemical properties. Use of synthesized products for the formation of hydrogels for drug delivery and cell-material interaction studies will be demonstrated, with particular attention paid to modifying hydrogel composition to affect mesh size, controlling hydrogel stiffness and drug release.

Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

This video will illustrate a rapid, efficient method to methacrylate poly(ethylene glycol), enabling chain polymerizations and hydrogel synthesis. It will demonstrate how to similarly introduce methacrylamide functionalities into peptides, detail common analytical methods to assess functionalization efficiency, provide suggestions for troubleshooting and advanced modifications, and demonstrate typical hydrogel characterization techniques.

One of the main benefits to using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromers in hydrogel formation is synthetic versatility. The ability to draw from a large ...

Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles Through Microwave-assisted Acid-catalysis

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle diameters ranging from 30-250 nm by varying the reaction conditions. Through the selection of a microwave compatible solvent, silicic acid precursor, catalyst, and microwave irradiation time, these microwave-assisted methods were capable of overcoming the previously reported shortcomings associated with synthesis of silica nanoparticles using microwave reactors. The siloxane precursor was hydrolyzed using the acid catalyst, HCl. Acetone, a low-tan &#948; solvent, mediates the condensation reactions and has minimal interaction with the electromagnetic field. Condensation reactions begin when the silicic acid precursor couples with the microwave radiation, leading to silica nanoparticle sol formation. The silica nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering data and scanning electron microscopy, which show the materials&#39; morphology and size to be dependent on the reaction conditions. Microwave-assisted reactions produce silica nanoparticles with roughened textured surfaces that are atypical for silica sols produced by St&#246;ber&#39;s methods, which have smooth surfaces.

Silica nanoparticles were prepared using acid-catalysis of a siloxane precursor and microwave-assisted synthetic techniques resulting in the controlled growth of nanomaterials ranging from 30-250 nm in diameter. The growth dynamics can be controlled by varying the initial silicic acid concentration, time of the reaction, and temperature of reaction.

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle ...

Reverse Microemulsion-mediated Synthesis of Monometallic and Bimetallic Early Transition Metal Carbide and Nitride Nanoparticles

A reverse microemulsion is used to encapsulate monometallic or bimetallic early transition metal oxide nanoparticles in microporous silica shells. The silica-encapsulated metal oxide nanoparticles are then carburized in a methane/hydrogen atmosphere at temperatures over 800 &#176;C to form silica-encapsulated early transition metal carbide nanoparticles. During the carburization process, the silica shells prevent the sintering of adjacent carbide nanoparticles while also preventing the deposition of excess surface carbon. Alternatively, the silica-encapsulated metal oxide nanoparticles can be nitridized in an ammonia atmosphere at temperatures over 800 &#176;C to form silica-encapsulated early transition metal nitride nanoparticles. By adjusting the reverse microemulsion parameters, the thickness of the silica shells, and the carburization/nitridation conditions, the transition metal carbide or nitride nanoparticles can be tuned to various sizes, compositions, and crystal phases. After carburization or nitridation, the silica shells are then removed using either a room-temperature aqueous ammonium bifluoride solution or a 0.1 to 0.5 M NaOH solution at 40-60 &#176;C. While the silica shells are dissolving, a high surface area support, such as carbon black, can be added to these solutions to obtain supported early transition metal carbide or nitride nanoparticles. If no high surface area support is added, then the nanoparticles can be stored as a nanodispersion or centrifuged to obtain a nanopowder.

A &#8220;removable ceramic coating method&#8221; is presented in visual format for the synthesis of non-sintered and metal-terminated monometallic and bimetallic early transition metal carbide and nitride nanoparticles with tunable sizes and crystal structures.

A reverse microemulsion is used to encapsulate monometallic or bimetallic early transition metal oxide nanoparticles in microporous silica shells. The ...

Rapid High-throughput Species Identification of Botanical Material Using Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

We demonstrate that direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry can be used to produce mass spectral profiles of botanical material, and that these chemical fingerprints can be used for plant species identification. The mass spectral data can be acquired rapidly and in a high throughput manner without the need for sample extraction, derivatization or pH adjustment steps. The use of this technique bypasses challenges presented by more conventional techniques including lengthy chromatography analysis times and resource intensive methods. The high throughput capabilities of the direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry protocol, coupled with multivariate statistical analysis processing of the data, provide not only class characterization of plants, but also yield species and varietal information. Here, the technique is demonstrated with two psychoactive plant products, Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) and Datura (Jimsonweed), which were subjected to direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry followed by statistical analysis processing of the mass spectral data. The application of these tools in tandem enabled the plant materials to be rapidly identified at the level of variety and species.

A method for species identification of botanical material by direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis is presented.

We demonstrate that direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry can be used to produce mass spectral profiles of botanical material, ...

One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates

The goal of the following procedure is to provide a demonstration of the one-pot conversion of a 2-azido-1-nitrate-ester to a trichloroacetimidate glycosyl donor. Following azido-nitration of a glycal, the product 2-azido-1-nitrate ester can be hydrolyzed under microwave-assisted irradiation. This transformation is usually achieved using strongly nucleophilic reagents and extended reaction times. Microwave irradiation induces hydrolysis, in the absence of reagents, with short reaction times. Following denitration, the intermediate anomeric alcohol is converted, in the same pot, to the corresponding 2-azido-1-trichloroacetimidate.

A 2-azido-1-nitrate-ester can be converted to the corresponding 2-azido-1-trichloroacetimidate in a one-pot procedure. The goal of the manuscript is to demonstrate utility of the microwave reactor in carbohydrate synthesis.

The goal of the following procedure is to provide a demonstration of the one-pot conversion of a 2-azido-1-nitrate-ester to a trichloroacetimidate ...

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

This protocol presents both the synthesis method of the Ni single atom catalyst, and the electrochemical testing of its catalytic activity and selectivity in aqueous CO2 reduction. Different from traditional metal nanocrystals, the synthesis of metal single atoms involves a matrix material that can confine those single atoms and prevent them from aggregation. We report an electrospinning and thermal annealing method to prepare Ni single atoms dispersed and coordinated in a graphene shell, as active centers for CO2 reduction to CO. During the synthesis, N dopants play a critical role in generating graphene vacancies to trap Ni atoms. Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional atom probe tomography were employed to identify the single Ni atomic sites in graphene vacancies. Detailed setup of electrochemical CO2 reduction apparatus coupled with an on-line gas chromatography is also demonstrated. Compared to metallic Ni, Ni single atom catalyst exhibit dramatically improved CO2 reduction and suppressed H2 evolution side reaction.

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Here, we present a protocol for the synthesis and electrochemical testing of transition metal single atoms coordinated in graphene vacancies as active centers for selective carbon dioxide reduction to carbon monoxide in aqueous solutions.

This protocol presents both the synthesis method of the Ni single atom catalyst, and the electrochemical testing of its catalytic activity and selectivity ...

Separation of Aldehydes and Reactive Ketones from Mixtures Using a Bisulfite Extraction Protocol

The purification of organic compounds is an essential component of routine synthetic operations. The ability to remove contaminants into an aqueous layer by generating a charged structure provides an opportunity to use extraction as a simple purification technique. By combining the use of a miscible organic solvent with saturated sodium bisulfite, aldehydes and reactive ketones can be successfully transformed into charged bisulfite adducts that can then be separated from other organic components of a mixture by the introduction of an immiscible organic layer. Here, we describe a simple protocol for the removal of aldehydes, including sterically-hindered neopentyl aldehydes and some ketones, from chemical mixtures. Ketones can be separated if they are sterically unhindered cyclic or methyl ketones. For aliphatic aldehydes and ketones, dimethylformamide is used as the miscible solvent to improve removal rates. The bisulfite addition reaction can be reversed by basification of the aqueous layer, allowing for the re-isolation of the reactive carbonyl component of a mixture.

Here, we present a protocol to remove aldehydes and reactive ketones from mixtures by a liquid-liquid extraction protocol directly with saturated sodium bisulfite in a miscible solvent. This combined protocol is rapid and facile to perform. The aldehyde or ketone can be re-isolated by the basification of the aqueous layer.

The purification of organic compounds is an essential component of routine synthetic operations. The ability to remove contaminants into an aqueous layer ...

Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization

Biomass is a sustainable fuel, as its CO2 emissions are reintegrated in biomass growth. However, the inorganic precursors in the biomass cause a negative environmental impact and slag formation. The selected short rotation coppice (SRC) willow wood has a high ash content (<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/58970/58970eq1.jpg" /> = 1.96%) and, therefore, a high content of emission and slag precursors. Therefore, the reduction of minerals from SRC willow wood by low temperature microwave assisted hydrothermal carbonization (MAHC) at 150 &#176;C, 170 &#176;C, and 185 &#176;C is investigated. An advantage of MAHC over conventional reactors is an even temperature conductance in the reaction medium, as microwaves penetrate the whole reactor volume. This allows a better temperature control and a faster cooldown. Therefore, a succession of depolymerization, transformation and repolymerization reactions can be analyzed effectively. In this study, the analysis of the mass loss, ash content and composition, heating values and molar O/C and H/C ratios of the treated and untreated SCR willow wood showed that the mineral content of the MAHC coal was reduced and the heating value increased. The process water showed a decreasing pH and contained furfural and 5-methylfurfural. A process temperature of 170 &#176;C showed the best combination of energy input and ash component reduction. The MAHC allows a better understanding of the hydrothermal carbonization process, while a large-scale industrial application is unlikely because of the high investment costs.

A protocol for the emission precursor depletion from low quality biomass by low temperature microwave assisted hydrothermal carbonization treatment is presented. This protocol includes the microwave parameters and the analysis of the biocoal product and process water.

Biomass is a sustainable fuel, as its CO2 emissions are reintegrated in biomass growth. However, the inorganic precursors in the biomass cause a negative ...

Imine Metathesis by Silica-Supported Catalysts Using the Methodology of Surface Organometallic Chemistry

With this protocol, a well-defined singlesite silica-supported heterogeneous catalyst [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is designed and prepared according to the methodology developed by surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC). In this framework, catalytic cycles can be determined by isolating crucial intermediates. All air-sensitive materials are handled under inert atmosphere (using gloveboxes or a Schlenk line) or high vacuum lines (HVLs, &#60;10-5 mbar). The preparation of SiO2-700 (silica dehydroxylated at 700 &#176;C) and subsequent applications (the grafting of complexes and catalytic runs) requires the use of HVLs and double-Schlenk techniques. Several well-known characterization methods are used, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental microanalysis, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR), and state-of-the-art dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy (DNP-SENS). FTIR and elemental microanalysis permit scientists to establish the grafting and its stoichiometry. 1H and 13C SSNMR allows the structural determination of the hydrocarbon ligands coordination sphere. DNP SENS is an emerging powerful technique in solid characterization for the detection of poorly sensitive nuclei (15N, in our case). SiO2-700 is treated with about one equivalent of the metal precursor compared to the amount of surface silanol (0.30 mmol&#183;g-1) in pentane at room temperature. Then, volatiles are removed, and the powder samples are dried under dynamic high vacuum to afford the desired materials [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(&#951;2&#960;-MeNCH2)(&#951;1-NMe2)(&#951;1-HNMe2)]. After a thermal treatment under high vacuum, the grafted complex is converted into metal imido silica complex [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)]. [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] effectively promotes the metathesis of imines, using the combination of two imine substrates, N-(4-phenylbenzylidene)benzylamine, or N-(4-fluorobenzylidene)-4-fluoroaniline, with N-benzylidenetert-butylamine as substrates. A significantly lower conversion is observed with the blank runs; thus, the presence of the imido group in [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is correlated to the catalytic performance.

A new group IV metal catalyst for imine metathesis is prepared by grafting amine metal complex onto dehydroxylated silica. Surface metal fragments are characterized using FT-IR, elemental microanalysis, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Further dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy experiments complement the determination of the coordination sphere.

With this protocol, a well-defined singlesite silica-supported heterogeneous catalyst [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is designed and prepared ...