<ol>
	<li>Casson, R. J., Chidlow, G., Crowston, J. G., Williams, P. A., Wood, J. P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+energy+metabolism+in+health+and+glaucoma.">Retinal energy metabolism in health and glaucoma.</a> Prog Retin Eye Res. 81, 100881 (2021).</li><li>Daniele, L. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose+uptake+by+GLUT1+in+photoreceptors+is+essential+for+outer+segment+renewal+and+rod+photoreceptor+survival.">Glucose uptake by GLUT1 in photoreceptors is essential for outer segment renewal and rod photoreceptor survival.</a> FASEB J. 36 (8), e22428 (2022).</li><li>Fernandes, R., Hosoya, K. -. I., Pereira, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactive+oxygen+species+downregulate+glucose+transport+system+in+retinal+endothelial+cells.">Reactive oxygen species downregulate glucose transport system in retinal endothelial cells.</a> Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 300 (4), C927-C936 (2011).</li><li>Badr, G. A., Tang, J., Ismail-Beigi, F., Kern, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetes+downregulates+GLUT1+expression+in+the+retina+and+its+microvessels+but+not+in+the+cerebral+cortex+or+its+microvessels.">Diabetes downregulates GLUT1 expression in the retina and its microvessels but not in the cerebral cortex or its microvessels.</a> Diabetes. 49 (6), 1016-1021 (2000).</li><li>Kumagai, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose+transport+in+brain+and+retina:+implications+in+the+management+and+complications+of+diabetes.">Glucose transport in brain and retina: implications in the management and complications of diabetes.</a> Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 15 (4), 261-273 (1999).</li><li>Winkler, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GLUT1+reductions+exacerbate+Alzheimer's+disease+vasculo-neuronal+dysfunction+and+degeneration.">GLUT1 reductions exacerbate Alzheimer's disease vasculo-neuronal dysfunction and degeneration.</a> Nat Neurosci. 18 (4), 521-530 (2015).</li><li>Mosconi, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypometabolism+exceeds+atrophy+in+presymptomatic+early-onset+familial+Alzheimer's+disease.">Hypometabolism exceeds atrophy in presymptomatic early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease.</a> J Nucl Med. 47 (11), 1778-1786 (2006).</li><li>Moreno, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+and+morphometric+changes+in+rat+optic+nerve+microvessels+in+a+glaucoma+experimental+model.">Morphological and morphometric changes in rat optic nerve microvessels in a glaucoma experimental model.</a> Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 89 (12), 471-476 (2014).</li><li>Barros, L. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+validation+of+6-NBDG+as+a+probe+for+the+glucose+transporter+GLUT1+in+astrocytes.">Kinetic validation of 6-NBDG as a probe for the glucose transporter GLUT1 in astrocytes.</a> J Neurochem. 109 (s1), 94-100 (2009).</li><li>Hamilton, K. E., Bouwer, M. F., Louters, L. L., Looyenga, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+binding+and+uptake+of+fluorescent+glucose+analogs+2-NBDG+and+6-NBDG+occurs+independent+of+membrane+glucose+transporters.">Cellular binding and uptake of fluorescent glucose analogs 2-NBDG and 6-NBDG occurs independent of membrane glucose transporters.</a> Biochimie. 190, 1-11 (2021).</li><li>Feigenspan, A., Babai, N. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+horizontal+slices+of+adult+mouse+retina+for+electrophysiological+studies.">Preparation of horizontal slices of adult mouse retina for electrophysiological studies.</a> J Vis Exp. 119, e55173 (2017).</li><li>Lundgaard, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+neuronal+glucose+uptake+heralds+activity-dependent+increases+in+cerebral+metabolism.">Direct neuronal glucose uptake heralds activity-dependent increases in cerebral metabolism.</a> Nat Commun. 6 (1), 6807 (2015).</li><li>Zou, C., Wang, Y., Shen, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2-NBDG+as+a+fluorescent+indicator+for+direct+glucose+uptake+measurement.">2-NBDG as a fluorescent indicator for direct glucose uptake measurement.</a> J Biochem Biophys Methods. 64 (3), 207-215 (2005).</li><li>Wareham, L. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solving+neurodegeneration:+common+mechanisms+and+strategies+for+new+treatments.">Solving neurodegeneration: common mechanisms and strategies for new treatments.</a> Mol Neurodegener. 17 (1), 23 (2022).</li></ol>

<table><tbody><tr><td># 5 forceps</td><td>Katena</td><td>K5-6550</td><td>Used for retina dissection</td></tr><tr><td>1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>05-408-129</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>26 G x 5/8&quot; needle</td><td>sol-M</td><td>112658</td><td>Used to puncture cornea during dissection</td></tr><tr><td>5 mL tubes</td><td>MTC bio</td><td>c2540</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mL tubes</td><td>Avantor by VWR</td><td>89039-656</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6-NBDG</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>N23106</td><td>Fluorescent gucose analog</td></tr><tr><td>96 well plates black with clear bottom</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>265301</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anesthetic Charcoal Filter Cannister</td><td>ReFresh</td><td>EZ-258</td><td>Used in anesthesia set up</td></tr><tr><td>BAY-876</td><td>Millipore Sigma</td><td>SML1774</td><td>For inhibition of GLUT1.</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge at 4 &amp;deg;C</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>EPP-5424</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Compressed gas (5% carbon dioxide, 95% oxygen)</td><td>Airgas</td><td>UN3156</td><td>Used in anesthesia set up</td></tr><tr><td>curved forceps</td><td>Roboz surgical instrument</td><td>RS-5137</td><td>Used for retina dissection</td></tr><tr><td>DDH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Elga LabWater</td><td>Elga PureLab Ultra</td><td>Used after ethanol to clean sonicator in between samples</td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>szX12</td><td>Used for retina dissection</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol 200 proof</td><td>Decon laboratories</td><td>2701</td><td>To be used to clean sonicator in between samples</td></tr><tr><td>Foam floating tube rack</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>36-099-2328</td><td>For tubes during incubation in water bath steps</td></tr><tr><td>General scissors</td><td>Roboz surgical instrument</td><td>RS-680</td><td>Used for retina dissection</td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane 250 mL bottle</td><td>Piramal critical care</td><td>NDC &amp;nbsp;6679401725</td><td>Anesthesia</td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane equipment</td><td>Vetequip sold by VWR</td><td>89012-492</td><td>Used to anesthetize prior to euthanasia</td></tr><tr><td>Kim wipes</td><td>VWR</td><td>82003-820</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microplate reader</td><td>Molecular devices</td><td>SpectraMax M2 microplate reader</td><td>Used to read sample</td></tr><tr><td>Neurobasal- A media</td><td>Gibco</td><td>12349-015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nose cone (low profile anesthesia mask)</td><td>Kent Scientific</td><td>SOMNO-0801</td><td>Used to deliver ansethesia</td></tr><tr><td>Objective on dissecting microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>DF plapo 1x pf</td><td>Used for retina dissection</td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish</td><td>VWR</td><td>25384-088</td><td>Used during retina dissection</td></tr><tr><td>Pierce assay reagent</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>1861426</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipette tips P20</td><td>Olympus Plastics</td><td>26-404</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipette tips P200, P1000, P10 XL</td><td>VWR</td><td>76322-150, 76322-154, 76322-132</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipetteman pipettes P200, P1000, P20, P10</td><td>VWR</td><td>F144055M, F144056M, F144058M, F144059M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SoftMax Pro software on computer</td><td>Molecular devices</td><td>SoftMax Pro 7 software</td><td>Software used to read sample</td></tr><tr><td>Sonic dismembrator</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>FB50110</td><td>Sonicate sample (retina)</td></tr><tr><td>Transfer pipettes</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td>13-711-9AM</td><td>Used to transfer retina from one tube to another</td></tr><tr><td>Vannas spring scissors</td><td>Katena</td><td>K4-5000</td><td>Used for retina dissection</td></tr><tr><td>Water bath set to 37 &amp;deg;C</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Used for incubation</td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring uptake of the glucose analog, 6-(n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-6-deoxyglucose, in intact murine neural retina

Bozulmamış Murin Nöral Retinasında Glikoz Analogu, 6-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-Oksa-1,3-Diazol-4-il)Amino)-6-Deoksiglukozun Alımının Ölçülmesi

The retina is a highly metabolic tissue with multiple cell types requiring glucose and its derivatives to produce energy in the form of ATP. Retinal ...

measuring-uptake-glucose-analog-6-n-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-13-diazol-4-yl

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Measuring Uptake of the Glucose Analog, 6-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-Oxa-1,3-Diazol-4-yl)Amino)-6-Deoxyglucose, in Intact Murine Neural Retina

116 Görüntüleme.  Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Endotel hücreleri, nöronlar ve glial hücreler dahil olmak üzere retinadaki çoklu hücre tipleri, hücrelere glikoz alımını sağlamak için glikoz taşıyıcılarını (GLUT'lar) eksprese eder. Ex vivo fare nöral retinası ve floresan glukoz analogu 6-NBDG'yi kullanarak, tüm fare retinasındaki glukoz alımını ölçmek için nispeten hızlı ve ucuz bir yöntem tarif ediyoruz.

Video: Bozulmamış Murin Nöral Retinasında Glikoz Analogu, 6-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-Oksa-1,3-Diazol-4-il)Amino)-6-Deoksiglukozun Alımının Ölçülmesi

A Thin-skull Window Technique for Chronic Two-photon In vivo Imaging of Murine Microglia in Models of Neuroinflammation

Traditionally in neuroscience, in vivo two photon imaging of the murine central nervous system has either involved the use of open-skull1,2 or thinned-skull 3 preparations. While the open-skull technique is very versatile, it is not optimal for studying microglia because it is invasive and can cause microglial activation. Even though the thinned-skull approach is minimally invasive, the repeated re-thinning of skull required for chronic imaging increases the risks of tissue injury and microglial activation and allows for a limited number of imaging sessions. Here we present a chronic thin-skull window method for monitoring murine microglia in vivo over an extended period of time using two-photon microscopy. We demonstrate how to prepare a stable, accessible, thinned-skull cortical window (TSCW) with an apposed glass coverslip that remains translucent over the course of three weeks of intermittent observation. This TSCW preparation is far more immunologically inert with respect to microglial activation than open craniotomy or repeated skull thinning and allows an arbitrary number of imaging sessions during a time period of weeks. We prepare TSCW in CX3CR1 GFP/+ mice 4 to visualize microglia with enhanced green fluorescent protein to &le;150 &mu;m beneath the pial surface. We also show that this preparation can be used in conjunction with stereotactic brain injections of the HIV-1 neurotoxic protein Tat, adjacent to the TSCW, which is capable of inducing durable microgliosis. Therefore, this method is extremely useful for examining changes in microglial morphology and motility over time in the living brain in models of HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) and other neurodegenerative diseases with a neuroinflammatory component.

A Thin-skull Window Technique for Chronic Two-photon In vivo Imaging of Murine Microglia in Models of Neuroinflammation

We describe a method for repeatedly visualizing murine microglia and circulating monocytes in vivo over hours, days or weeks using transcranial two-photon microscopy. We demonstrate how to prepare a thinned-skull window that allows intermittent observation of quiescent microglia that can be activated by adjacent stereotactic injection of the HIV-1 regulatory protein Tat.

Kronik İki foton için İnce kafatası Pencere Tekniği In vivo</emNöro-inflamasyon Modelleri murin mikroglia> Görüntüleme

Traditionally in neuroscience, in vivo two photon imaging of the murine central nervous system has either involved the use of open-skull1,2 or ...

Nörobilim

Electrophysiological Characterization of GFP-Expressing Cell Populations in the Intact Retina

Studying the physiological properties and synaptic connections of specific neurons in the intact tissue is a challenge for those cells that lack conspicuous morphological features or show a low population density. This applies particularly to retinal amacrine cells, an exceptionally multiform class of interneurons that comprise roughly 30 subtypes in mammals1. Though being a crucial part of the visual processing by shaping the retinal output2, most of these subtypes have not been studied up to now in a functional context because encountering these cells with a recording electrode is a rare event.
Recently, a multitude of transgenic mouse lines is available that express fluorescent markers like green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of promoters for membrane receptors or enzymes that are specific to only a subset of neurons in a given tissue3,4. These pre-labeled cells are therefore accessible to directed microelectrode targeting under microscopic control, permitting the systematic study of their physiological properties in situ. However, excitation of fluorescent markers is accompanied by the risk of phototoxicity for the living tissue. In the retina, this approach is additionally hampered by the problem that excitation light causes appropriate stimulation of the photoreceptors, thus inflicting photopigment bleaching and transferring the retinal circuits into a light-adapted condition. These drawbacks are overcome by using infrared excitation delivered by a mode-locked laser in short pulses of the femtosecond range. Two-photon excitation provides energy sufficient for fluorophore excitation and at the same time restricts the excitation to a small tissue volume minimizing the hazards of photodamage5. Also, it leaves the retina responsive to visual stimuli since infrared light (&gt;850 nm) is only poorly absorbed by photopigments6.
In this article we demonstrate the use of a transgenic mouse retina to attain electrophysiological in situ recordings from GFP-expressing cells that are visually targeted by two-photon excitation. The retina is prepared and maintained in darkness and can be subjected to optical stimuli which are projected through the condenser of the microscope (Figure 1). Patch-clamp recording of light responses can be combined with dye filling to reveal the morphology and to check for gap junction-mediated dye coupling to neighboring cells, so that the target cell can by studied on different experimental levels.

This article depicts the recording of individual cells from fluorescently tagged neuronal populations in the intact mouse retina. By using two-photon infrared excitation transgenetically labeled cells were targeted for patch-clamp recording to study their light responses, receptive field properties, and morphology.

Bozulmamış Retina Elektrofizyolojik Karakterizasyonu GFP-ifade eden hücre popülasyonlarının

Studying the physiological properties and synaptic connections of specific neurons in the intact tissue is a challenge for those cells that lack ...

Measuring the Subjective Value of Risky and Ambiguous Options using Experimental Economics and Functional MRI Methods

Most of the choices we make have uncertain consequences. In some cases the probabilities for different possible outcomes are precisely known, a condition termed "risky". In other cases when probabilities cannot be estimated, this is a condition described as "ambiguous". While most people are averse to both risk and ambiguity1,2, the degree of those aversions vary substantially across individuals, such that the subjective value of the same risky or ambiguous option can be very different for different individuals. We combine functional MRI (fMRI) with an experimental economics-based method3 to assess the neural representation of the subjective values of risky and ambiguous options4. This technique can be now used to study these neural representations in different populations, such as different age groups and different patient populations.
In our experiment, subjects make consequential choices between two alternatives while their neural activation is tracked using fMRI. On each trial subjects choose between lotteries that vary in their monetary amount and in either the probability of winning that amount or the ambiguity level associated with winning. Our parametric design allows us to use each individual's choice behavior to estimate their attitudes towards risk and ambiguity, and thus to estimate the subjective values that each option held for them. Another important feature of the design is that the outcome of the chosen lottery is not revealed during the experiment, so that no learning can take place, and thus the ambiguous options remain ambiguous and risk attitudes are stable. Instead, at the end of the scanning session one or few trials are randomly selected and played for real money. Since subjects do not know beforehand which trials will be selected, they must treat each and every trial as if it and it alone was the one trial on which they will be paid. This design ensures that we can estimate the true subjective value of each option to each subject. We then look for areas in the brain whose activation is correlated with the subjective value of risky options and for areas whose activation is correlated with the subjective value of ambiguous options.

Using functional MRI and behavioral methods to determine the neural representation of the subjective value of risky and ambiguous options in the human brain.

Deneysel İktisat ve Fonksiyonel MRI yöntemleri kullanarak Riskli ve belirsiz Seçenekleri Sübjektif Değer Ölçme

Most of the choices we make have uncertain consequences. In some cases the probabilities for different possible outcomes are precisely known, a condition ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

Embriyonik Mürin Nöral Tüp çıkan sinirsel Crest Hücre İzolasyonu ve Kültür

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Optogenetic Perturbation of Neural Activity with Laser Illumination in Semi-intact Drosophila Larvae in Motion

Drosophila larval locomotion is a splendid model system in developmental and physiological neuroscience, by virtue of the genetic accessibility of the underlying neuronal components in the circuits1-6. Application of optogenetics7,8 in the larval neural circuit allows us to manipulate neuronal activity in spatially and temporally patterned ways9-13. Typically, specimens are broadly illuminated with a mercury lamp or LED, so specificity of the target neurons is controlled by binary gene expression systems such as the Gal4-UAS system14,15. In this work, to improve the spatial resolution to "sub-genetic resolution", we locally illuminated a subset of neurons in the ventral nerve cord using lasers implemented in a conventional confocal microscope. While monitoring the motion of the body wall of the semi-intact larvae, we interactively activated or inhibited neural activity with channelrhodopsin16,17 or halorhodopsin18-20, respectively. By spatially and temporally restricted illumination of the neural tissue, we can manipulate the activity of specific neurons in the circuit at a specific phase of behavior. This method is useful for studying the relationship between the activities of a local neural assembly in the ventral nerve cord and the spatiotemporal pattern of motor output.

Optogenetic Perturbation of Neural Activity with Laser Illumination in Semi-intact Drosophila Larvae in Motion

Here we describe a protocol for optogenetic manipulation of motoneuronal activity while monitoring changes in motor output (muscle contraction) in semi-intact Drosophila larvae using lasers within a conventional confocal microscope. This technique enables researchers to achieve local perturbation of neural activity in a few neuromeres to elucidate the dynamics of motor circuits.

Yarı sağlam Lazer Aydınlatma ile Sinir Faaliyet optogenetic Pertürbasyon<em&gt; Drosophila</emMotion&gt; Larva

Drosophila larval locomotion is a splendid model system in developmental and physiological neuroscience, by virtue of the genetic accessibility of the ...

Neural Circuit Recording from an Intact Cockroach Nervous System

The cockroach ventral nerve cord preparation is a tractable system for neuroethology experiments, neural network modeling, and testing the physiological effects of insecticides. This article describes the scope of cockroach sensory modalities that can be used to assay how an insect nervous system responds to environmental perturbations. Emphasis here is on the escape behavior mediated by cerci to giant fiber transmission in Periplaneta americana. This in situ preparation requires only moderate dissecting skill and electrophysiological expertise to generate reproducible recordings of neuronal activity. Peptides or other chemical reagents can then be applied directly to the nervous system in solution with the physiological saline. Insecticides could also be administered prior to dissection and the escape circuit can serve as a proxy for the excitable state of the central nervous system. In this context the assays described herein would also be useful to researchers interested in limb regeneration and the evolution of nervous system development for which P. americana is an established model organism.

This article describes the cockroach ventral nerve cord dissection and extracellular recordings from the cercal nerve and connectives. Evoked responses are generated by electrical stimulation of the cercal nerve or direct mechanical stimulation of the cerci.

Sinir Devre Kaydı bir Bozulmamış Hamamböceği Sinir Sistemi

The cockroach ventral nerve cord preparation is a tractable system for neuroethology experiments, neural network modeling, and testing the physiological ...

Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina

The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). It is increasingly being recognized that several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer&#8217;s, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis present elements of vascular compromise. In addition, the most prominent causes of blindness in pediatric and working age populations (retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy, respectively) are characterized by vascular degeneration and failure of physiological vascular regrowth. The aim of this technical paper is to provide a detailed protocol to study CNS vascular regeneration in the retina. The method can be employed to elucidate molecular mechanisms that lead to failure of vascular growth after ischemic injury. In addition, potential therapeutic modalities to accelerate and restore healthy vascular plexuses can be explored. Findings obtained using the described approach may provide therapeutic avenues for ischemic retinopathies such as that of diabetes or prematurity and possibly benefit other vascular disorders of the CNS.

The rodent retina has long been recognized as an accessible window to the brain. In this technical paper we provide a protocol that employs the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy to study the mechanisms that lead to failure of vascular regeneration within the central nervous system after ischemic injury. The described system can also be harnessed to explore strategies to promote regrowth of functional blood vessels within the retina and CNS.

Fare Retina kullanma CNS&#39;deki Vasküler Rejenerasyon Değerlendirilmesi

The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). ...

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first neural circuit in the AOS pathway, called the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), plays an important role in establishing sex-typical behaviors such as territorial aggression and mating. This small (&#60;1 mm3) circuit possesses the capacity to distinguish unique behavioral states, such as sex, strain, and stress from chemosensory cues in the secretions and excretions of conspecifics. While the compact organization of this system presents unique opportunities for recording from large portions of the circuit simultaneously, investigation of sensory processing in the AOB remains challenging, largely due to its experimentally disadvantageous location in the brain. Here, we demonstrate a multi-stage dissection that removes the intact AOB inside a single hemisphere of the anterior mouse skull, leaving connections to both the peripheral vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) and local neuronal circuitry intact. The procedure exposes the AOB surface to direct visual inspection, facilitating electrophysiological and optical recordings from AOB circuit elements in the absence of anesthetics. Upon inserting a thin cannula into the vomeronasal organ (VNO), which houses the VSNs, one can directly expose the periphery to social odors and pheromones while recording downstream activity in the AOB. This procedure enables controlled inquiries into AOS information processing, which can shed light on mechanisms linking pheromone exposure to changes in behavior.

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) has been difficult to study in the context of sensory coding. Here, we demonstrate a dissection that produces an ex vivo preparation in which AOB neurons remain functionally connected to their peripheral inputs, facilitating research into information processing of mouse pheromones and kairomones.

Bozulmamış Vomeronasal Organ ve Aksesuar Koku Ampul Ex Vivo Hazırlıklar

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first ...

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network dynamics in neuronal cultures. In contrast with more traditional methods, such as patch-clamping, which can only record activity from a single cell, MEAs can record simultaneously from multiple sites in a network, without requiring the arduous task of placing each electrode individually. Moreover, numerous control and stimulation configurations can be easily applied within the same experimental setup, allowing for a broad range of dynamics to be explored. One of the key dynamics of interest in these in vitro studies has been the extent to which cultured networks display properties indicative of learning. Mouse neuronal cells cultured on MEAs display an increase in response following training induced by electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neuronal cells on MEAs; successfully record from over 95% of the plated dishes; establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation; and sort, plot, and interpret the results from such experiments. The use of a proprietary system for stimulating and recording neuronal cultures is demonstrated. Software packages are also used to sort neuronal units. A custom-designed graphical user interface is used to visualize post-stimulus time histograms, inter-burst intervals, and burst duration, as well as to compare the cellular response to stimulation before and after a training protocol. Finally, representative results and future directions of this research effort are discussed.

Mouse neuronal cells cultured on multi-electrode arrays display an increase in response following electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neurons, how to record activity, and how to establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation.

Mikro Elektrod Dizilerinde Nöronal Hücre Kültürlerinin Uyarılmasına Ağ Yanıtına Zamana Bağlı Artış

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network ...

Long-Term, Serum-Free Cultivation of Organotypic Mouse Retina Explants with Intact Retinal Pigment Epithelium

In ophthalmic research, there is a strong need for in vitro models of the neuroretina. Here, we present a detailed protocol for organotypic culturing of the mouse neuroretina&#160;with intact retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Depending on the research question, retinas can be isolated from wild-type animals or from disease models, to study, for instance, diabetic retinopathy or hereditary retinal degeneration. Eyes from early postnatal day 2&#8211;9 animals are enucleated under aseptic conditions. They are partially digested in proteinase K to allow for a detachment of the choroid from the RPE. Under the stereoscope, a small incision is made in the cornea creating two edges from where the choroid and sclera can be gently peeled off from the RPE and neuroretina. The lens is then removed, and the eyecup is cut in four points to give it a four-wedged shape resembling a clover leaf. The tissue is finally transferred in a hanging drop into a cell culture insert holding a polycarbonate culturing membrane. The cultures are then maintained in R16 medium, without serum or antibiotics, under entirely defined conditions, with a medium change every second day.
The procedure described enables the isolation of the retina and the preservation of its normal physiological and histotypic context for culturing periods of at least 2 weeks. These features make organotypic retinal explant cultures an excellent model with high predictive value, for studies into retinal development, disease mechanisms, and electrophysiology, while also enabling pharmacological screening.

The protocol describes organotypic explants of mouse neuroretina, cultivated together with its retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), in R16 defined medium, free of serum and antibiotics. This method is relatively simple to perform, less expensive, and time-consuming when compared to in vivo experiments, and can be adapted to numerous experimental applications.

Sağlam Retina Pigment Epitel ile Organotipik Fare Retina Eksplantlarının Uzun Süreli, Serumsuz Ekimi

In ophthalmic research, there is a strong need for in vitro models of the neuroretina. Here, we present a detailed protocol for organotypic culturing of ...