Lisa Kretsge'ye eleştirel geri bildirim ve makaleyi düzenlediği için teşekkür ederiz. Cruz-Martín laboratuvarındaki tüm araştırma asistanlarına teşekkür ederiz. Tripolar elektrodun tasarımına giriş için Andrzej Cwetsch'e ve konfokal mikroskobun kullanımı için Todd Blute ve Boston Üniversitesi Biyoloji Görüntüleme Çekirdeği'ne teşekkür ederiz. Bu çalışma bir NARSAD Genç Araştırmacı Hibesi (AC-M, #27202), Brenton R. Lutz Ödülü (ALC), I. Alden Macchi Ödülü (ALC), NSF NRT UtB: Neurophotonics Ulusal Araştırma Bursu (ALC, #DGE1633516) ve Boston Üniversitesi Lisans Araştırma Fırsatları Programı (WWY) tarafından desteklendi. Fon sağlayıcılar çalışma tasarımı, veri toplama ve analiz, yayınlama kararı veya makalenin hazırlanmasında hiçbir rol oynamamışlardır.

<ol>
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Yazarlar rakip çıkarlar beyan etmemektedir.

Burada, frontal kortikal nöronların büyük popülasyonlarında ilgi çekici yeni genlerin manipülasyonu ile farelerdeki davranışsal tahlilleri birleştiren bir boru hattı açıklanmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu boru hattı hem erken doğum sonrası gelişim sırasında hem de yetişkinlikte aynı farelerdeki davranışların uzunlamasına incelenmesine izin verir. Bu teknik, zaman ve masraflar açısından maliyetli olabilecek genetik hayvan modellerine güvenme ihtiyacını atlar. Bu protokolün gücü, son GWAS'ın yeni...

Genom çapındaki ilişki çalışmaları (GWAS), beyin patolojileri 1 ,2,3,4ile ilişkili yeni aday genlerin keşfini yönlendirmektedir. Bu çalışmalar, yeni genlerin araştırılmasının yeni araştırma ve terapötik müdahale hatları için bir fırlatma noktası olarak hizmet ettiği şizofreni (SCZ) gibi yıkıcı nöropsikiyatrik bozuklukları anlamada özellikle yararlı olmuştur5,6. SCZ için risk barındıran genler, doğum öncesi ve erken postnatal gelişim sırasında prefrontal kortekste (PFC) önyargılı ifade gösterir, çeşitli nöropsikiyatrik bozuklukların patolojisine karışan bir bölge7. Ek olarak, psikiyatrik bozuklukların fare modelleri PFC ağlarında anormal aktivite sergiler6,8,9. Bu sonuçlar, SZC ile ilişkili genlerin bu bölgenin gelişimsel kablolarında rol oynayabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu aday genlerin PFC'de bağlantıların kurulmasına katkısını anlamak ve bu genlerin nöropsikiyatrik bozuklukların patogenezinde nedensel bir rolü olup olmadığını belirlemek için hayvan modelleri kullanılarak daha fazla araştırma yapılması gerekmektedir. Farelerde, doğum öncesi ve erken postnatal gelişim sırasında belirli nöronal devrelerdeki gen ekspresyon değişikliklerinin incelenmesine izin veren genetik manipülasyon teknikleri, gen ekspresyon değişikliklerini PFC disfonksiyonu ile ilişkilendiren moleküler mekanizmaları anlamak için umut verici bir yöntemdir.
Genetik fare çizgileri, belirli genlerin beyin gelişimi ve işlevi üzerindeki etkisini incelemek için bir yöntem sunar. Bununla birlikte, transgenik farelere güvenmek sınırlayıcı olabilir, çünkü belirli genlerin sinir devreleri geliştirme üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek için her zaman ticari olarak kullanılabilir çizgiler yoktur. Ayrıca, özel fare çizgileri geliştirmek son derece maliyetli ve zaman alıcı olabilir. Transgenik fareleri viral yaklaşımlarla birleştiren kesişimsel genetik manipülasyon stratejilerinin kullanılması, beynin anlaşılmasında devrim yaptı10,11,12. Çok ilerlemeye rağmen, viral stratejiler viral vektör tipine bağlı olarak, viral ifade13'ü ve viral ifade ile ilişkili hücre toksisitesini kısıtlayabilecek ambalaj kapasitesi sınırları da dahil olmak üzere belirli sınırlamalarla birlikte gelir14. Ayrıca, çoğu deneysel durumda, adeno ilişkili virüs (AAVs) kullanarak sağlam gen ekspresyonu yaklaşık 2 ila 4 haftagerektirir 15, erken doğum sonrası gelişim sırasında genleri manipüle etmek için rutin viral stratejileri imkansız hale getirir.
Rahim elektroporasyonunda (UUİ), floresan etiketleme ve farmakogenetik veya optogenetik yaklaşımlarla birleştiğinde nöronal devrelerin işlevini parçalamak için güçlü bir platform sağlayan hızlı ve ucuz bir gen transferi sağlayan alternatif bir yaklaşımdır16,17. Ek olarak, CRISPR-Cas9 genom düzenleme genlerinin geliştirilmesiyle, hücre tipi spesifik devirme veya belirli genlerin nakavt edilmesi veya uyarıcıların modülasyonu yoluyla aşırı ifade edilebilir veya tam olarak değiştirilebilir18,19. İEÜ'leri kullanan gen manipülasyon yaklaşımları özellikle genlerin nöronal devreler üzerindeki etkisinin dar gelişimsel pencereler sırasında test edilmesi gerektiğinde avantajlıdır20. IUE çok yönlü bir tekniktir ve aşırı ifade, belirli bir promotör altında bir ifade vektörüne bir gen eklenerek kolayca gerçekleştirilebilir. Gen ekspresyonunun ek kontrolü, farklı güçlerdeki promotörler kullanılarak veya gen ekspresyonunun zamansal olarak kontrol edilebilen indüklenebilir promotörleri kullanarak ifadeyi yönlendirerek elde edilebilir21,22. Ayrıca, İEÜ, belirli kortikal katmanlar, hücre tipleri ve beyin bölgelerindeki hücrelerin hedeflanmasına izin verir, bu da diğer yaklaşımlar5,17kullanılarak her zaman mümkün değildir. Daha verimli bir elektrik alanı dağılımı oluşturan üç elektrot kullanımına dayanan UUİ yapılandırmasındaki son gelişmeler, bu yöntemin işlevsel repertuarını genişletti ve bilim adamlarının yeni hücre türlerini hedeflemelerine ve hedeflenebilecek hücre verimliliğini, doğruluğunu ve sayısını artırmalarına izin verdi23,24. Bu teknik son zamanlarda PFC fonksiyonunda ve erken biliş5'teSCZ'ye bağlı bir gen olan kompleman bileşeni 4A'nın (C4A)nedensel rolünü belirlemek için kullanılmıştır.
Burada sunulan, PFC de dahil olmak üzere frontal korteksteki büyük uyarıcı nöron popülasyonlarını hedeflemek için gen transferi yaklaşımlarını, sadece hücre ve devre düzeyindeki değişikliklerin incelenmesini sağlamakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda davranışın erken doğum sonrası gelişim ve yetişkinlik boyunca izlenmesini sağlayan davranış paradigmalarıyla birleştiren deneysel bir boru hattıdır. İlk olarak, frontal kortikal bölgelerdeki büyük tabaka (L) 2/3 piramidal nöron popülasyonlarını iki taraflı olarak transfect etmek için bir yöntemdir. Daha sonra, genç ve yetişkin farelerde sosyal davranışları test etme görevleri özetlenmiştir. Hücre transfeksiyonunun kapsamını ve yerini ölçmek için davranışsal görevlerin tamamlanmasıyla hücre sayıları elde edilebilir. Ayrıca, transfected hücre sayısı, daha fazla sayıda transfected hücrenin davranışta daha fazla pertürbasyona yol açıp yol açtığını belirlemek için davranışsal verilerle ilişkilendirilebilir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>13mm Silk Black Braided Suture</td><td>Havel&#039;s</td><td>SB77D</td><td>Suture skin</td></tr><tr><td>Adson Forceps</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td>11006-12</td><td>IUE</td></tr><tr><td>C270 Webcam</td><td>Logitech</td><td>N/A</td><td>Record behavior</td></tr><tr><td>Electroporator</td><td>Custom-built</td><td>N/A</td><td>See Figure 1 and 2 and Bullmann et al, 2015</td></tr><tr><td>EZ-500 Spin Column Plasmid DNA Maxi-preps Kit, 20preps</td><td>Bio Basic Inc.</td><td>BS466</td><td>Pladmid preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Fast Green FCF</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F7252-5G</td><td>Dye for DNA solution</td></tr><tr><td>Fine scissors- sharp</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td>14060-09</td><td>IUE</td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand Gauze Sponges</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>1376152</td><td>IUE</td></tr><tr><td>Gaymar Heating/Cooling</td><td>Braintree</td><td>TP-700</td><td>Heating Pad</td></tr><tr><td>Glass pipette puller</td><td>Sutter Instrument,</td><td>P-97</td><td>IUE</td></tr><tr><td>Glass pipettes</td><td>Sutter Instrument,</td><td>BF150-117-10</td><td>IUE</td></tr><tr><td>Hair Removal Lotion</td><td>Nair</td><td>N/A</td><td>Hair removal</td></tr><tr><td>Hartman Hemostats</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td>13002-10</td><td>IUE</td></tr><tr><td>Open field maze- homemade acrylic arena</td><td>Custom-built</td><td>N/A</td><td>50 &amp;times; 50 &amp;times; 30 cm length-width-height</td></tr><tr><td>pCAG-GFP</td><td>Addgene</td><td>11150</td><td>Mammalian expression vector for expression of GFP</td></tr><tr><td>Picospritzer III</td><td>Parker Hannifin</td><td>N/A</td><td>pressure injector</td></tr><tr><td>Retractor - 2 Pronged Blunt</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td>17023-13</td><td>IUE</td></tr><tr><td>Ring forceps</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td>11103-09</td><td>IUE</td></tr><tr><td>Sterilizer, dry bead</td><td>Sigma</td><td>Z378569</td><td>sterelize surgical tools</td></tr><tr><td>SUTURE, 3/0 PGA, FS-2, VIOLET FOR VET USE ONLY</td><td>Havel&#039;s</td><td>HJ398</td><td>Suture muscle</td></tr><tr><td>Water bath</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>EW-12105-84</td><td>warming sterile saline</td></tr></tbody></table>

a pipeline using bilateral in utero electroporation to interrogate genetic influences on rodent behavior

Genom çapındaki ilişki çalışmaları birçok nörolojik hastalığın heterojen genetik temellerine ışık tuttukça, spesifik genlerin beyin gelişimine ve işlevine katkısını inceleme ihtiyacı artmaktadır. Belirli genetik manipülasyonların rolünü incelemek için fare modellerine güvenmek her zaman mümkün değildir, çünkü transgenik fare çizgileri oldukça maliyetlidir ve birçok yeni hastalıkla ilişkili gen henüz ticari olarak mevcut genetik çizgilere sahip değildir. Ayrıca, bir fare satırı oluşturmak için geliştirme ve doğrulama yıllar alabilir. Rahim elektroporasyonunda, gen ekspresyonunu hücre tipi spesifik bir şekilde manipüle etmek için nispeten hızlı ve kolay bir yöntem sunar in vivo, sadece belirli bir genetik manipülasyonu elde etmek için bir DNA plazmidi geliştirmeyi gerektirir. Utero elektroporasyonda bilateral, frontal korteks piramidal nöronların büyük popülasyonlarını hedeflemek için kullanılabilir. Bu gen transfer yöntemini davranışsal yaklaşımlarla birleştirmek, genetik manipülasyonların prefrontal korteks ağlarının işlevi üzerindeki etkilerini ve genç ve yetişkin farelerin sosyal davranışlarını incelemenizi sağlar.

Özel yapım bir elektroporatör ve üç uç elektrotunun başarılı gelişimi ve uygulanması. İEÜ'ler için, daha önce tanımlanmış bir tasarım27'ye (Şekil 1A ve Şekil2) dayanan ucuz bir özel yapım elektroporatör inşa edildi. Uçlarına bağlı2negatif elektrotlu plastik tokmaklar kullanılarak23 ,24 prong elektrodu yapıldı ve pozitif elektrot ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Pipeline using Bilateral In Utero Electroporation to Interrogate Genetic Influences on Rodent Behavior at JoVE.com

A Pipeline using Bilateral In Utero Electroporation to Interrogate Genetic Influences on Rodent Behavior

Nöropsikiyatrik bozuklukların patogenezinde yakın zamanda keşfedilen hastalıkla ilişkili genlerin rolü belirsizliğini korumaktadır. Modifiye edilmiş bir in utero elektroporasyon tekniği, büyük nöron popülasyonlarında gen transferine ve gen ekspresyon değişikliklerinin sosyal davranış üzerindeki nedensel etkilerinin incelenmesine izin verir.

Kemirgen Davranışı Üzerindeki Genetik Etkileri Sorgulamak için İkili İn Utero Elektroporasyonunu Kullanan Bir Boru Hattı

As genome-wide association studies shed light on the heterogeneous genetic underpinnings of many neurological diseases, the need to study the contribution ...

a-pipeline-using-bilateral-utero-electroporation-to-interrogate

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

4.0K Görüntüleme.  Boston University. Nöropsikiyatrik bozuklukların patogenezinde yakın zamanda keşfedilen hastalıkla ilişkili genlerin rolü belirsizliğini korumaktadır. Modifiye edilmiş bir in utero elektroporasyon tekniği, büyük nöron popülasyonlarında gen transferine ve gen ekspresyon değişikliklerinin sosyal davranış üzerindeki nedensel etkilerinin incelenmesine izin verir.

Video: A Pipeline using Bilateral In Utero Electroporation to Interrogate Genetic Influences on Rodent Behavior

In Utero Intraventricular Injection and Electroporation of E16 Rat Embryos

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic rat neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors lining the walls of the lateral ventricle. This technique is now widely used to study the processes involved in corticogenesis by over-expressing or knocking down genes and observing the effects on cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In comparison to traditional knockout strategies, in-utero electroporation provides a rapid means to manipulate a population of cells during a specific temporal window. In this video protocol, we outline the experimental methodology for preparing rats for surgery, exposing the uterine horns through laporatomy, injecting DNA into the lateral ventricles of the developing embryo, electroporating DNA into the progenitors lining the lateral wall, and caring for animals post-surgery. Our laboratory uses this protocol for surgeries on E15-E21 rats, however it is most commonly performed at E16 as shown in this video.

E16 Rat Embriyolar Utero İntraventriküler Enjeksiyon ve Elektroporasyon

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic rat neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors ...

Biyoloji

In Utero Intraventricular Injection and Electroporation of E15 Mouse Embryos

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic mouse neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors lining the walls of the lateral ventricle. This technique is now widely used to study the processes involved in corticogenesis by over-expressing or knocking down genes and observing the effects on cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In comparison to traditional knockout strategies, in-utero electroporation provides a rapid means to manipulate a population of cells during a specific temporal window. In this video protocol we outline the experimental methodology for preparing mice for surgery, exposing the uterine horns through laporatomy, injecting DNA into the lateral ventricles of the developing embryo, electroporating DNA into the progenitors lining the lateral wall, and caring for animals post-surgery. Our laboratory uses this protocol for surgeries on E13-E16 mice, however, it is most commonly performed at E15, as shown in this video. 

E15 Fare Embriyolar Utero İntraventriküler Enjeksiyon ve Elektroporasyon

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic mouse neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors ...

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental pathways. Several powerful and well established transgenic technologies are available to manipulate gene expression levels in mouse, allowing for the generation of both loss- and gain-of-function models. However, the generation of mouse transgenics is both costly and time consuming. Alternative methods of gene manipulation have therefore been widely sought. In utero electroporation is a method of gene delivery into live mouse embryos1,2 that we have successfully adapted3,4. It is largely based on the success of in ovo electroporation technologies that are commonly used in chick5. Briefly, DNA is injected into the open ventricles of the developing brain and the application of an electrical current causes the formation of transient pores in cell membranes, allowing for the uptake of DNA into the cell. In our hands, embryos can be efficiently electroporated as early as embryonic day (E) 11.5, while the targeting of younger embryos would require an ultrasound-guided microinjection protocol, as previously described6. Conversely, E15.5 is the latest stage we can easily electroporate, due to the onset of parietal and frontal bone differentiation, which hampers microinjection into the brain. In contrast, the retina is accessible through the end of embryogenesis. Embryos can be collected at any time point throughout the embryonic or early postnatal period. Injection of a reporter construct facilitates the identification of transfected cells.
To date, in utero electroporation has been most widely used for the analysis of neocortical development1,2,3,4. More recent studies have targeted the embryonic retina7,8,9 and thalamus10,11,12. Here, we present a modified in utero electroporation protocol that can be easily adapted to target different domains of the embryonic CNS. We provide evidence that by using this technique, we can target the embryonic telencephalon, diencephalon and retina. Representative results are presented, first showing the use of this technique to introduce DNA expression constructs into the lateral ventricles, allowing us to monitor progenitor maturation, differentiation and migration in the embryonic telencephalon. We also show that this technique can be used to target DNA to the diencephalic territories surrounding the 3rd ventricle, allowing the migratory routes of differentiating neurons into diencephalic nuclei to be monitored. Finally, we show that the use of micromanipulators allows us to accurately introduce DNA constructs into small target areas, including the subretinal space, allowing us to analyse the effects of manipulating gene expression on retinal development.

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation allows for rapid gene delivery in a spatially- and temporally-controlled manner in the developing central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe a highly adaptable in utero electroporation protocol that can be used to deliver expression constructs into multiple embryonic CNS domains, including the telencephalon, diencephalon and retina.

Verimli kullanarak birden çok CNS Topraklar&#39;da Gen Teslimat In Utero Elektroporasyon

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental ...

Nörobilim

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell differentiation, axon guidance, retinotopic organization and synapse formation[1]. One drawback is the inability to efficiently and reliably manipulate gene expression in RGCs in vivo, especially in the otherwise accessible murine visual pathways. Transgenic mice can be used to manipulate gene expression, but this approach is often expensive, time consuming, and can produce unwanted side effects. In chick, in ovo electroporation is used to manipulate gene expression in RGCs for examining retina and RGC development. Although similar electroporation techniques have been developed in neonatal mouse pups[2], adult rats[3], and embryonic murine retinae in vitro[4], none of these strategies allow full characterization of RGC development and axon projections in vivo. To this end, we have developed two applications of electroporation, one in utero and the other ex vivo, to specifically target embryonic murine RGCs[5, 6]. 
With in utero retinal electroporation, we can misexpress or downregulate specific genes in RGCs and follow their axon projections through the visual pathways in vivo, allowing examination of guidance decisions at intermediate targets, such as the optic chiasm, or at target regions, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus. Perturbing gene expression in a subset of RGCs in an otherwise wild-type background facilitates an understanding of gene function throughout the retinal pathway. Additionally, we have developed a companion technique for analyzing RGC axon growth in vitro. We electroporate embryonic heads ex vivo, collect and incubate the whole retina, then prepare explants from these retinae several days later. Retinal explants can be used in a variety of in vitro assays in order to examine the response of electroporated RGC axons to guidance cues or other factors. In sum, this set of techniques enhances our ability to misexpress or downregulate genes in RGCs and should greatly aid studies examining RGC development and axon projections.

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Here we present two techniques for manipulating gene expression in murine retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by in utero and ex vivo electroporation. These techniques enable one to examine how alterations in gene expression affect RGC development, axon guidance, and functional properties.

Fare Retina Ganglion Hücreleri Gen İfadesi utero ve ex vivo Elektroporasyon

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell ...

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique which allows genetic modification of cells in the brain for investigating neuronal development. So far, the use of IUE for investigating behavior or neuropathology in the adult brain has been limited by insufficient methods for monitoring of IUE transfection success by non-invasive techniques in postnatal animals. 
 For the present study, E16 rats were used for IUE. After intraventricular injection of the nucleic acids into the embryos, positioning of the tweezer electrodes was critical for targeting either the developing cortex or the hippocampus. 
 Ventricular co-injection and electroporation of a luciferase gene allowed monitoring of the transfected cells postnatally after intraperitoneal luciferin injection in the anesthetized live P7 pup by in vivo bioluminescence, using an IVIS Spectrum device with 3D quantification software. 
 Area definition by bioluminescence could clearly differentiate between cortical and hippocampal electroporations and detect a signal longitudinally over time up to 5 weeks after birth. This imaging technique allowed us to select pups with a sufficient number of transfected cells assumed necessary for triggering biological effects and, subsequently, to perform behavioral investigations at 3 month of age. As an example, this study demonstrates that IUE with the human full length DISC1 gene into the rat cortex led to amphetamine hypersensitivity. Co-transfected GFP could be detected in neurons by post mortem fluorescence microscopy in cryosections indicating gene expression present at &ge;6 months after birth.
 We conclude that postnatal bioluminescence imaging allows evaluating the success of transient transfections with IUE in rats. Investigations on the influence of topical gene manipulations during neurodevelopment on the adult brain and its connectivity are greatly facilitated. For many scientific questions, this technique can supplement or even replace the use of transgenic rats and provide a novel technology for behavioral neuroscience.

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

Genes can be manipulated during development of the cortex or the hippocampus of the rat via in utero electroporation (IUE) at E16, to enable fast and targeted modifications in neuronal connectivity for later studies of behavior or neuropathology in adult animals. Postnatal in vivo imaging for control of IUE success is performed by bioluminescence of activating co-transfected luciferase.

Topikal Transgenik Rats nesil tarafından<em&gt; Utero</em&gt; Elektroporasyon ve<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Biyoparlaklık Eleme

 In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique which allows genetic modification of cells in the brain for investigating neuronal development. So far, the ...

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Genetic modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse mutants is often frustratingly slow. It has been shown that access to the mouse brain developing in utero with reasonable post-operatory survival is possible. Still, results with this procedure have been reported almost exclusively for the most superficial and easily accessible part of the developing brain, i.e. the cortex. The thalamus, a narrower and more medial region, has proven more difficult to target. Transfection into deeper nuclei, especially those of the hypothalamus, is perhaps the most challenging and therefore very few results have been reported. Here we demonstrate a procedure to target the entire hypothalamic neuroepithelium or part of it (hypothalamic regions) for transfection through electroporation. The keys to our approach are longer narcosis times, injection in the third ventricle, and appropriate kind and positioning of the electrodes. Additionally, we show results of targeting and subsequent histological analysis of the most recessed hypothalamic nucleus, the mammillary body.

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Despite the functional and medical importance of the hypothalamus, in utero genetic manipulation of its development has rarely been attempted. We show a detailed procedure for in utero electroporation into the mouse hypothalamus and show representative results of total and partial (regional) hypothalamic transfection.

Fare Genetik Manipülasyon yoluyla Hipotalamus geliştirilmesi<em&gt; Utero olarak</em&gt; Elektroporasyon

Genetic  modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very  powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse ...

A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations

Birth defects that involve the cerebral cortex &#8212; also known as malformations of cortical development (MCD) &#8212; are important causes of intellectual disability and account for 20-40% of drug-resistant epilepsy in childhood. High-resolution brain imaging has facilitated in vivo identification of a large group of MCD phenotypes. Despite the advances in brain imaging, genomic analysis and generation of animal models, a straightforward workflow to systematically prioritize candidate genes and to test functional effects of putative mutations is missing. To overcome this problem, an experimental strategy enabling the identification of novel causative genes for MCD was developed and validated. This strategy is based on identifying candidate genomic regions or genes via array-CGH or whole-exome sequencing and characterizing the effects of their inactivation or of overexpression of specific mutations in developing rodent brains via in utero electroporation. This approach led to the identification of the C6orf70 gene, encoding for a putative vesicular protein, to the pathogenesis of periventricular nodular heterotopia, a MCD caused by defective neuronal migration.

A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations

Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is the most common form of malformation of cortical development (MCD) in adulthood but its genetic basis remains unknown in most sporadic cases. We have recently developed a strategy to identify novel candidate genes for MCDs and to directly confirm their causative role in vivo.

Dizi-CGH, Bütün exome sıralama ve rahim içinde elektroporasyon Rodents beyin malformasyonlar için sorumlu genlerin tanımlamak için birleştirerek yeni bir strateji

Birth defects that involve the cerebral cortex &#8212; also known as malformations of cortical development (MCD) &#8212; are important causes of ...

In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity

The nervous system is composed of an enormous range of distinct neuronal types. These neuronal subpopulations are characterized by, among other features, their distinct dendritic morphologies, their specific patterns of axonal connectivity, and their selective firing responses. The molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for these aspects of differentiation during development are still poorly understood.
Here, we describe combined protocols for labeling and characterizing the structural connectivity and excitability of cortical neurons. Modification of the in utero electroporation (IUE) protocol allows the labeling of a sparse population of neurons. This, in turn, enables the identification and tracking of the dendrites and axons of individual neurons, the precise characterization of the laminar location of axonal projections, and morphometric analysis. IUE can also be used to investigate changes in the excitability of wild-type (WT) or genetically modified neurons by combining it with whole-cell recording from acute slices of electroporated brains. These two techniques contribute to a better understanding of the coupling of structural and functional connectivity and of the molecular mechanisms controlling neuronal diversity during development. These developmental processes have important implications on axonal wiring, the functional diversity of neurons, and the biology of cognitive disorders.

In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity

This manuscript provides protocols that use in utero electroporation (IUE) to describe the structural connectivity of neurons at the single-cell level and the excitability of fluorescently labeled neurons. Histology is used to characterize dendritic and axonal projections. Whole-cell recording in acute slices is used to investigate excitability.

Rahimde Elektroporasyon Nöronal alt popülasyonlar heyecanlanma ve Tek hücreli Bağlantı Eğitim Yaklaşımları

The nervous system is composed of an enormous range of distinct neuronal types. These neuronal subpopulations are characterized by, among other features, ...

Double In Utero Electroporation to Target Temporally and Spatially Separated Cell Populations

In utero electroporation is an in vivo DNA transfer technique extensively used to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying mammalian corticogenesis. This procedure takes advantage of the brain ventricles to allow the introduction of DNA of interest and uses a pair of electrodes to direct the entrance of the genetic material into the cells lining the ventricle, the neural stem cells. This method allows researchers to label the desired cells and/or manipulate the expression of genes of interest in those cells. It has multiple applications, including assays targeting neuronal migration, lineage tracing, and axonal pathfinding. An important feature of this method is its temporal and regional control, allowing circumvention of potential problems related with embryonic lethality or the lack of specific CRE driver mice. Another relevant aspect of this technique is that it helps to considerably reduce the economic and temporal limitations that involve the generation of new mouse lines, which become particularly important in the study of interactions between cell types that originate in distant areas of the brain at different developmental ages. Here we describe a double electroporation strategy that enables targeting of cell populations that are spatially and temporally separated. With this approach we can label different subtypes of cells in different locations with selected fluorescent proteins to visualize them, and/or we can manipulate genes of interest expressed by these different cells at the appropriate times. This strategy enhances the potential of in utero electroporation and provides a powerful tool to study the behavior of temporally and spatially separated cell populations that migrate to establish close contacts, as well as long-range interactions through axonal projections, reducing temporal and economic costs.

Double in utero electroporation allows targeting cell populations that are spatially and temporally separated. This technique is useful to visualize interactions between those cell populations using fluorescent proteins in normal conditions but also after functional experiments to perturb genes of interest.

Geçici ve Mekansal Olarak Ayrılmış Hücre Popülasyonlarını Hedef lemek için Utero Elektroporasyonunda Çift

In utero electroporation is an in vivo DNA transfer technique extensively used to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying mammalian ...

Murine In Utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation is an important technique for studying the molecular mechanisms that guide the proliferation, differentiation, migration, and maturation of cells during neural development. Electroporation enables the rapid and targeted delivery of material into cells by utilizing electrical pulses to create transient pores in cell membranes. Although electroporation has traditionally been used in in vitro studies, scientific advancements have now broadened its utilization to intact organs, such as those found in mouse embryos developing in utero. This video will introduce the key principles behind in utero electroporation in addition to reviewing the basic surgical techniques required to access developing embryos within a pregnant rodent. Details of the injection and electroporation steps are provided along with important considerations for directing gene delivery to specific brain regions. Finally, neurobiological applications of in utero electroporation are presented, such as investigating how specific genes contribute to neural development and how connections form between developing neurons.

Murine In Utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation is an important technique for studying the molecular mechanisms that guide the proliferation, differentiation, migration, and ...

Kemirgen Davranışı Üzerindeki Genetik Etkileri Sorgulamak için İkili İn Utero Elektroporasyonunu Kullanan Bir Boru Hattı

Özet

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E16 Rat Embriyolar Utero İntraventriküler Enjeksiyon ve Elektroporasyon

E15 Fare Embriyolar Utero İntraventriküler Enjeksiyon ve Elektroporasyon

Verimli kullanarak birden çok CNS Topraklar'da Gen Teslimat In Utero Elektroporasyon

Fare Retina Ganglion Hücreleri Gen İfadesi utero ve ex vivo Elektroporasyon

Topikal Transgenik Rats nesil tarafından

Fare Genetik Manipülasyon yoluyla Hipotalamus geliştirilmesi

Dizi-CGH, Bütün exome sıralama ve rahim içinde elektroporasyon Rodents beyin malformasyonlar için sorumlu genlerin tanımlamak için birleştirerek yeni bir strateji

Rahimde Elektroporasyon Nöronal alt popülasyonlar heyecanlanma ve Tek hücreli Bağlantı Eğitim Yaklaşımları

Geçici ve Mekansal Olarak Ayrılmış Hücre Popülasyonlarını Hedef lemek için Utero Elektroporasyonunda Çift

Murine In Utero Electroporation