Yazarlar bir Avustralya hükümeti araştırma eğitim programı bursu ile Morgan Philp için sağlanan destek kabul etmek istiyorum.

1. renk testi reaktif çözümler hazırlanması
Not: bakır nitrat trihidrat 0.12 g Kuru 100 mL kabı tartın. 30 mL deiyonize (DI) su ekleyin ve dikkatle tüm katı çözülmeye oda sıcaklığında girdap. Bu çözüm 100 mL volumetric flask dökün ve kalibre edilmiş Mark DI su ile doldurun. Çözüm hazırlanan bu reaktif 1. Not: Reaktif 1 kullanarak diğer copper(II) tuzları, örneğin copper(II) klorür hazır olun.
<ol><li>2,9-Dimetil-1,10-pH (neocuproine) hemihydrate 0,11 g Kuru 100 mL kabı tartın. 0.10 mol/L hidroklorik asit (HCl) 50 mL ekleyin ve oda sıcaklığında katı dağılması tanıtmak için bir cam çubuk karıştırma kullanın. Bu çözüm 100 mL volumetric flask dökün ve kalibre edilmiş Mark'a 0.10 mol/L HCl ile doldurun. Çözüm hazırlanan bu reaktif 2. Dikkat: Akut Neocuproine olan toksik cildi tahriş ve ciddi göz zarar neden olabilir. Eldiven ve koruyucu gözlük maruz kalma riski en aza indirmek için işleme sırasında giymek. Not: Sadece Neocuproine biraz suda çözünür, bu nedenle, seyreltik asit Bu reaktif hazırlamak ve tüm katı dağıtılması emin olmak için kullanılır.</li>
	<li>Sodyum asetat 16.4 g Kuru 100 mL kabı tartın. 50 mL DI su ekleyin ve bir cam çubuk karıştırarak oda sıcaklığında katı dağılması tanıtmak için kullanın. Bu çözüm 100 mL volumetric flask dökün ve kalibre edilmiş Mark DI su ile doldurun. Çözüm hazırlanan bu reaktif 3. Not: Protokol burada duraklatılmış. Reaktifleri son derece istikrarlı ve oda sıcaklığında 12 aya kadar saklanabilir.</li>
</ol>2. renk testi
<ol><li>Bir temiz porselen spot plaka, üç tek kullanımlık Pipetler, 2.1, bir temiz spatula, bir elektrikli aspiratör ve test edilmesi için örnek/ele geçirilen malzeme adımda hazırlanan üç reaktif çözümler toplamak.</li>
	<li>Spatula kullanarak küçük bir yer, PIN-kafa tutar boyutlu (yaklaşık 0.1-0.2 mg) bilinmeyen örnek üç ayrı bir porselen spot tabak kuyu. Üç bitişik wells boş (boş denetimi) ve başka bir üç kuyular 4-methylmethcathinone HCl (4-MMC), sentetik cathinone örneği (pozitif kontrol) eşit miktarda bırakın. Not: Tercih edilen test yüzeyi bir porselen spot plakadır. Bunlar yoksa, plastik microwell plakaları veya yarı mikro test tüpleri kullanın.</li>
	<li>Tek kullanımlık bir pipet kullanarak, boş ve olumlu denetim wells ek olarak her örnek de bakır nitrat çözümü (Reaktif 1) 5 damla ekleyin.</li>
	<li>İkinci bir tek kullanımlık pipet kullanarak, boş ve olumlu denetim wells ek olarak her örnek de neocuproine çözeltisi (Reaktif 2) 2 damla ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Üçüncü bir tek kullanımlık pipet kullanarak, her örnek iyi yanı sıra boş ve olumlu denetim wells, sodyum asetat çözüm (Reaktif 3) 2 damla ekleyin. Not: Çözüm döner açık mavi.</li>
	<li>Doğrudan bir elektrikli ocağın üzerine spot plaka 80 ° C'de ayarla porselen yerleştirin Not: Pinar Tabaklarda doğrudan plastik microwell ısı değil. Plastik tabak ayarlamak için sığ bir kaynar su banyosu hazırlamak. Isı yarı mikro test tüpleri bir küçük kaynar su banyosunda. Kesin zaman bir renk değişikliği kalınlığı ve kompozisyon spot plaka üzerinde bağlıdır uymaları gerekir. Dikkat: dikkat çekmek ne zaman yaralanmaları önlemek için işleme spot kalıplarını yanmak.</li>
	<li>Isıtma 10 dk sonra çıplak gözle gözlemlemek ve son renk değişikliği Not veya son renk değişikliği fotoğrafını çekin. Not: Kullanım beyaz bir arka plan daha iyi renk değişiklikleri görselleştirin.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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M., Al-Tamrah, S. A., Aly, F. A., Alwarthan, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+(S)(&#8722;)-cathinone+by+spectrophotometric+detection.">Determination of (S)(&#8722;)-cathinone by spectrophotometric detection.</a> J Pharmaceut Biomed. 17 (2), 321-326 (1998).</li><li>Namera, A., Kawamura, M., Nakamoto, A., Saito, T., Nagao, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+review+of+the+detection+methods+for+synthetic+cannabinoids+and+cathinones.">Comprehensive review of the detection methods for synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones.</a> Forensic Toxicol. 33 (2), 175-194 (2015).</li><li>Isaacs, R. C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+structure-reactivity+relationship+driven+approach+to+the+identification+of+a+color+test+protocol+for+the+presumptive+indication+of+synthetic+cannabimimetic+drugs+of+abuse.">A structure-reactivity relationship driven approach to the identification of a color test protocol for the presumptive indication of synthetic cannabimimetic drugs of abuse.</a> Forensic Sci. Int. 242, 135-141 (2014).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Bu renk testi protokolü üzerinden deneysel çalışma Al-Obaid ve arktarafından Yayınlanan adapte oldu. Yazarlar bir renk değişimi gösterdi 18 khat bitkiden çıkarılan cathinone varlığında ortaya çıkar. Değişiklikleri yayımlanmış protokolü için meşru yasadışı uyuşturucu algılama kendi uygulamasında öngörmek gerekliydi. Reaksiyon ölçeğini azaltmak için en önemli dikkate oldu. Bugünkü gazetede açıklanan protokol sokak örnekleri ve uyuşturucu ele geç...

Yasadışı uyuşturucu pazarında gelişmeye ve değişen bir pazara uyum devam ederek geleneksel bir iş benzer şekilde çalışır. Modern teknolojik gelişmeler, özellikle, karanlık Net1 ve geniş bilgiye kullanıcı yolu ile çevrimiçi Forumlar2arasında paylaşımı yoluyla artan online alışveriş güçlü iletişim küresel yayılmasını gördü. Kimya gelişmeler ile birlikte, yeni psikoaktif maddeler (NPS) hızlı ortaya çıkması uluslararası ve ulusal uyuşturucu kontrol için ciddi bir sorun oluşturdu.
NPS, uluslararası denetim altında uyuşturucu benzer etkileri var kötüye potansiyel olarak tehlikeli maddeler. Başlangıçta "yasal" alternatif olarak pazarlanan, 739 NPS için Birleşmiş Milletler ofisi uyuşturucu ve suç (UNODC) 2009 ve 20163arasında rapor edilmiştir. En son yıllık raporuna göre NPS rekor sayıda sınırda daha fazla sentetik cathinones4tanımlanan Avustralya, bu analiz, çoğunluğu ile ele geçirildi. Küresel ölçekte, sentetik cathinones ele geçirme vakaları giderek beri 2010 yılında ilk rapor artmaktadır ve en yaygın olarak ele geçirilen NPS5biridir.
NPS tarafından yarattığı sorunları tartışma6,7' nin büyük ölçüde yayımlanmış bir konu olmuştur. Adli tıp laboratuvarları ve kanun uygulayıcı personel yerine bulmak ve onların hızlı ortaya çıkışı sırasında NPS tanımlamak için uygun yöntemleri olmadan bir dezavantaj kaldı. NPS, sentetik cathinones, ele geçirilen malzeme dahil algılama içine kapsamlı araştırma olan istihdam Gaz Kromatografi-Kütle spektrometresi (GC-MS)8 ve sıvı Kromatografi-yüksek çözünürlüklü kütle spektrometresi (LC-HRMS)9 için doğrulama analizi. Artan talebi en az numune hazırlama için kızılötesi ve Raman spektroskopisi10 çalışmaları yanı sıra gerçek zamanlı kütle spektrometresi (DART-MS)11, doğrudan çözümlemesi gibi ortam iyonize kitle spektrometrik analizi gördü 12. hızlı, hassas analizi alanında ihtiyacını da Hukuk İcra13tarafından kağıt sprey iyonlaşma-kütle spektrometresi (PSI-MS) birleşme kullanmak için taşınabilir cihazların içine gördü. Birçok enstrümantal teknik hassas algılama ve nicel sonuçları ile doğrulayıcı analiz sunuyoruz. Ancak, yüksek üretilen iş analizi için onlar numune hazırlama, çalışma süreleri ve enstrüman eğitim ve bakım nedeniyle zaman alıcı olabilir.
Meşru renk testleri bir test örnek14belirli uyuşturucu sınıflarda olup önermek için tasarlanmıştır. Bilimsel çalışma grubu için analiz, ele geçirilen uyuşturucu (SWGDRUG) renk mor ötesi spektroskopisi ve uzun15yanında en düşük ayrımcılık güç teknik olarak test sınıflandırır. Ancak, onlar hala yaygın olarak kolluk ve diğer güvenlik personeli tarafından diğer teknikleri ile karşılaştırıldığında önemli ölçüde daha düşük bir maliyetle hızlı sonuçlar sağlamak için bir araç olarak istihdam edilmektedir. En büyük avantajı spot renge göre test yöntemleri onları taşınabilir test Kitleri kullanarak alanında gerçekleştirme olanağı sunulmaktadır.
Renk testleri selectivity test reaktif ve uyuşturucu sınıf bir renk değişikliği oluşturmak ilgi arasında meydana gelen bireysel kimyasal reaksiyonlar kullanır. Şu anki meşru test protokolleri sentetik cathinones sadece tespit için özel bir test eksikliği; özgüllük eksikliği ve tehlikeli maddeler içeren yaygın olarak kullanılan reaktifler kez istihdam edilmektedir. Diğer önerilen reaktifler çok sayıda mümkün sentetik cathinone maddeler16ekranlı değil.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, kolayca bilinmeyen kompozisyon yasadışı maddelerin sentetik cathinones ön elemeyi için ilgili taraflar tarafından istihdam edilecek bir basit renk testi Protokolü sunmaktır. İlgili taraflar kolluk, sınır koruma kuruluşları, adli tıp laboratuvarları ve diğer ilgili güvenlik personeli içerir. Önerilen yöntemleri elektron kabul bakır karmaşık reaktif ve elektron zengin sentetik cathinone ilaç molekülleri arasında meydana gelen bir azaltma-oksidasyon reaksiyonu istihdam. Geliştirilen bu kimyasal yöntemler kullanarak, bir sentetik cathinones varlığını önermek için meşru renk testi şeklinde uygulayabilirsiniz.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Chemicals&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Reagents and solvents&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>neocuproine hemihydrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>72090</td><td>&amp;ge;99.0%. Acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>copper(II) nitrate trihydrate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>61197</td><td>98.0%-103%</td></tr><tr><td>sodium acetate</td><td>Ajax Finechem</td><td>AJA680</td><td>anhydrous</td></tr><tr><td>hydrochloric acid</td><td>RCI Labscan</td><td>RP 1106</td><td>36%. Corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Powders&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ascorbic acid</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>104</td><td>L</td></tr><tr><td>benzocaine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E1501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>benzoic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>242381</td><td>&amp;ge;99.5%</td></tr><tr><td>boric acid</td><td>Silform Chemicals</td><td>R27410</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>caffeine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C0750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cellulose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>435236</td><td>microcrystalline</td></tr><tr><td>calcium chloride</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNILAB</td><td>960</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>citric acid</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>codeine phosphate</td><td>Glaxo</td><td>-</td><td>Acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>cysteine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>168149</td><td>L</td></tr><tr><td>dimethylsulfone</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M81705</td><td>98%</td></tr><tr><td>ephedrine HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>285749</td><td>99%. Acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>glucose</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>783</td><td>D, anhydrous</td></tr><tr><td>glutathione</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNILAB</td><td>234</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glycine</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>1083</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>lactose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>L254</td><td>D, monohydrate</td></tr><tr><td>levamisole HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>PHR1798</td><td>Acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>magnesium sulphate</td><td>Scharlau</td><td>MA0080</td><td>anhydrous, extra pure</td></tr><tr><td>maltose</td><td>AJAX Finechem LABCHEM</td><td>1126</td><td>Bacteriological</td></tr><tr><td>mannitol</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>O-acetylsalicylic Acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A5376</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phenethylamine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>241008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phenolphthalein</td><td>AJAX Finechem LABCHEM</td><td>368</td><td>Acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>potassium carbonate</td><td>Chem-Supply</td><td>PA021</td><td>AR, anhydrous</td></tr><tr><td>sodium carbonate</td><td>Chem-Supply</td><td>SA099</td><td>AR, anhydrous</td></tr><tr><td>sodium chloride</td><td>Rowe Scientific</td><td>CC10363</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>starch</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNILAB</td><td>1254</td><td>soluble</td></tr><tr><td>stearic acid</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNILAB</td><td>1255</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sucrose</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>530</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tartaric acid</td><td>AJAX Finechem UNIVAR</td><td>537</td><td>(+)</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Household products&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>artificial sweetener</td><td>ALDI Be Light</td><td>n/a</td><td>Contains aspartame</td></tr><tr><td>brown sugar</td><td>CSR</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>icing sugar</td><td>CSR</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>caster sugar</td><td>CSR</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>paracetamol tablet</td><td>Panadol</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>protein powder</td><td>Aussie Bodies ProteinFX</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>self-raising</td><td>Woolworths Australia Homebrand</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>plain flour</td><td>Woolworths Australia Homebrand</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Reference compounds&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>controlled or illegal substances</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cathinone-type substances&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-propanone HCl (MOPPP)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1024</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>1-phenyl-2-methylamino-pentan-1-one HCl</td><td>Lipomed</td><td>PTD-1507-HC</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,3-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,3-DMMC)</td><td>Chiron Chemicals</td><td>10970.12</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,4,5-trimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,4,5-TMMC)</td><td>Chiron Chemicals</td><td>10927.13</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,4-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,4-DMMC)</td><td>Chiron Chemicals</td><td>10971.12</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-benzylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1-butanone HCl (BMDB)</td><td>Chiron Chemicals</td><td>10925.18</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-fluoromethcathinone HCl (2-FMC)</td><td>LGC Standards</td><td>LGCFOR 1275.64</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-methylmethcathinone HCl (2-MMC)</td><td>LGC Standards</td><td>LGCFOR 1387.02</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-methylenedioxy-&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinobutiophenone (MDPBP) HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D973</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (DMMC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D962</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone HCl (MDMC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D942</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-methylenedioxy-N,N-dimethylcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D977</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone HCl (MDPV)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D951b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3-bromomethcathinone HCl (3-BMC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1035</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3-fluoromethcathinone HCl (3-FMC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D947b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3-methylmethcathinone HCl (3-MMC)</td><td>LGC Standards</td><td>LGCFOR 1387.03</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-bromomethcathinone HCl (4-BMC)</td><td>LGC Standards</td><td>LGCFOR 1387.11</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-fluoromethcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D969</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methoxymethcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D952</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methylethylcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D968</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methylmethcathinone HCl (4-MMC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D937b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methyl-N-benzylcathinone&amp;nbsp;HCl (4-MBC)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1026</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methyl-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D964</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methyl-&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinobutiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D974</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>cathinone HCl (bk-amphetamine)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D929</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>dibutylone HCl (bk-DMBDB)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1027</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>iso-ethcathinone HCl</td><td>Chiron Chemicals</td><td>10922.11</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>methcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D724</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>methylenedioxy-&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D960</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>N,N-diethylcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D957</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>N,N-dimethylcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D958</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>naphthylpyrovalerone HCl (naphyrone)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D981</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxycathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D959</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>N-ethylbuphedrone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1013</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>N-ethylcathinone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D938b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>pentylone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D992</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>pyrovalerone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D985</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-dimethylaminobutyrophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1011</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-dimethylaminopentiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1006</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-ethylaminopentiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1005</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinobutiophenone HCl (&amp;alpha;-PBP)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D1012</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinopentiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D986b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D956</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;beta;-keto-N-methyl-3,4-benzodioxyolylbutanamine HCl (bk-MBDB)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D948</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other substances&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>(-)-ephedrine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>M924</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(-)-methylephedrine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>M243</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+)-cathine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>M297</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)- 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D842</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)- N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDMA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D792c</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)-methamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D816e</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)-N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDEA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D739c</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)-N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butylamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D450a</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(+/-)-phenylpropanolamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>M296</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>(2S*,3R*)-2-methyl-3-[3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]glycidic acid methyl ester</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D903</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine HCl (mCPP)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D907</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazine HCl (TFMPP)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D906</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>1-benzylpiperazine HCl (BZP)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D905</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenylethylamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D922</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine HCl (DOM)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D470b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylthio-phenylethylamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D919</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D749</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-bromo-4-methylpropiophenone</td><td>Synthesised in-house</td><td>n/a</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-fluoroamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D946</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>2-fluoromethamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D933</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D453b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (MDP2P)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D810b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D396b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D758b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-fluoroamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D943b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-fluorococaine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D854b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-fluoromethamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D934</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-hydroxyamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D824b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methoxyamphetamine HCl (PMA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D756</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methoxymethamphetamine HCl (PMMA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D908b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methylmethamphetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D963</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>4-methylpropiophenone</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>517925</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>5-methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D954</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>amphetamine sulphate</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D420d</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>cocaine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D747b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>dimethamphetamine (DMA)</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D693d</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>gamma-hydroxy butyrate</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D812b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>heroin HCl</td><td>LGC Standards</td><td>LGCFOR 0037.20</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>ketamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D686b</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>methoxetamine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D989</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>methylamine HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M0505</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>phencyclidine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D748</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>phentermine HCl</td><td>Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI)</td><td>D781</td><td>Acute toxicity potential</td></tr><tr><td>triethylamine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T0886</td><td>Acute toxicity, corrosive, flammable</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12-well porcelain spot plates</td><td>HomeScienceTools</td><td>CE-SPOTP12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96-well microplates</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>650201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hot plate</td><td>Industrial Equipment and Control Pty Ltd.</td><td>CH1920 (Scientrific)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mL glass volumetric flasks</td><td>Duran</td><td>24 678 25 54</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Soda lime glass Pasteur pipettes</td><td>Marienfeld-Superior</td><td>3233050</td><td>230 mm length</td></tr></tbody></table>

color spot test as a presumptive tool for the rapid detection of synthetic cathinones

Sentetik cathinones genel kolluk ve diğer sınır koruma kuruluşları tarafından yapılan uyuşturucu ele geçirme vakaları giderek yaygın yeni psikoaktif maddeler (NPS) büyük bir sınıf bulunmaktadır. Renk testi hızlı ve karmaşık olmayan kimyasal yöntemlerle belirli uyuşturucu sınıf olup gösteren bir meşru kimlik tekniktir. Onların görece yeni ortaya çıkması nedeniyle, sentetik cathinones belirli tanımlanması için bir renk testi şu anda kullanılabilir değil. Bu çalışmada, biz üç sulu reaktif çözümler istihdam sentetik cathinones, meşru tanımlaması için bir protokol tanıtmak: copper(II) nitrat, 2,9-Dimetil-1,10-pH (neocuproine) ve sodyum asetat. Küçük iğne kafalı boyutlu tutarları (yaklaşık 0.1-0.2 mg) şüpheli ilaçların plaka ve her reaktif sonra eklenir dropwise sırayla Isıtma bir ocağın üzerinde önce bir porselen spot wells için eklenir. Çok açık mavi bir renk değişim sarı-turuncu sonra 10 dk sentetik cathinones olası varlığını gösterir. Son derece istikrarlı ve belirli test reaktif sentetik cathinones adli bir laboratuvar için bilinmeyen örnekleri meşru tarama kullanmak için potansiyeli var. Ancak, renk değişikliği sonucu için bir ek Isıtma adım sıkıntı sınama laboratuvarı uygulama için sınırlar ve alan test için kolay bir çeviri olasılığını azaltır.

Çeşitli çalışmalar, bunların sonuçlarını Philp vd. açıklanan aracılığıyla test Protokolü doğrulandı 17. renk test yöntemi Karine sentetik cathinones bilinmeyen bir örnek üzerinden bir renk değiştirmek açık mavi sarı-turuncu (şekil 1) tespit edebilmektedir. Isıtma süresi olarak kabul edilir sonra olumlu test sonuçları ve diğer renk değişikliği, çok zayıf sarı dahil olmak üzere veya negatif...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones at JoVE.com

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Renk sentetik Cathinones hızlı tespiti için meşru bir araç olarak nokta testi

Burada sentetik cathinones, bir sınıf, yeni psikoaktif maddelerin tespiti için basit, ucuz ve seçmeli kimyasal spot test Protokolü mevcut. Kolluk Invading kaçak malzeme karşılaştıkları çeşitli alanlarda kullanıma uygun iletişim kuralıdır.

Synthetic cathinones are a large class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) that are increasingly prevalent in drug seizures made by law enforcement and ...

color-spot-test-as-presumptive-tool-for-rapid-detection-synthetic

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

24.6K Görüntüleme.  University of Technology Sydney (UTS). Burada sentetik cathinones, bir sınıf, yeni psikoaktif maddelerin tespiti için basit, ucuz ve seçmeli kimyasal spot test Protokolü mevcut. Kolluk Invading kaçak malzeme karşılaştıkları çeşitli alanlarda kullanıma uygun iletişim kuralıdır.

Video: Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores

Molecular cruciforms are X-shaped systems in which two conjugation axes intersect at a central core. If one axis of these molecules is substituted with electron-donors, and the other with electron-acceptors, cruciforms&#39; HOMO will localize along the electron-rich and LUMO along the electron-poor axis. This spatial isolation of cruciforms&#39; frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) is essential to their use as sensors, since analyte binding to the cruciform invariably changes its HOMO-LUMO gap and the associated optical properties. Using this principle, Bunz and Miljani&#263; groups developed 1,4-distyryl-2,5-bis(arylethynyl)benzene and benzobisoxazole cruciforms, respectively, which act as fluorescent sensors for metal ions, carboxylic acids, boronic acids, phenols, amines, and anions. The emission colors observed when these cruciform are mixed with analytes are highly sensitive to the details of analyte&#39;s structure and - because of cruciforms&#39; charge-separated excited states - to the solvent in which emission is observed. Structurally closely related species can be qualitatively distinguished within several analyte classes: (a) carboxylic acids; (b) boronic acids, and (c) metals. Using a hybrid sensing system composed from benzobisoxazole cruciforms and boronic acid additives, we were also able to discern among structurally similar: (d) small organic and inorganic anions, (e) amines, and (f) phenols. The method used for this qualitative distinction is exceedingly simple. Dilute solutions (typically 10-6 M) of cruciforms in several off-the-shelf solvents are placed in UV/Vis vials. Then, analytes of interest are added, either directly as solids or in concentrated solution. Fluorescence changes occur virtually instantaneously and can be recorded through standard digital photography using a semi-professional digital camera in a dark room. With minimal graphic manipulation, representative cut-outs of emission color photographs can be arranged into panels which permit quick naked-eye distinction among analytes. For quantification purposes, Red/Green/Blue values can be extracted from these photographs and the obtained numeric data can be statistically processed.

Cross-conjugated cruciform fluorophores based on 1,4-distyryl-2,5-bis(arylethynyl)benzene and benzobisoxazole nuclei can be used to qualitatively identify diverse Lewis acidic and Lewis basic analytes. This method relies on the differences in emission colors of the cruciforms that are observed upon analyte addition. Structurally closely related species can be distinguished from each other.

Karboksilik Asitler, Boronik Asitler ve Aminler nitel Kimlik haç fluorophores kullanarak

Molecular cruciforms are X-shaped systems in which two conjugation axes intersect at a central core. If one axis of these molecules is substituted with ...

Kimya

Rapid High-throughput Species Identification of Botanical Material Using Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

We demonstrate that direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry can be used to produce mass spectral profiles of botanical material, and that these chemical fingerprints can be used for plant species identification. The mass spectral data can be acquired rapidly and in a high throughput manner without the need for sample extraction, derivatization or pH adjustment steps. The use of this technique bypasses challenges presented by more conventional techniques including lengthy chromatography analysis times and resource intensive methods. The high throughput capabilities of the direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry protocol, coupled with multivariate statistical analysis processing of the data, provide not only class characterization of plants, but also yield species and varietal information. Here, the technique is demonstrated with two psychoactive plant products, Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) and Datura (Jimsonweed), which were subjected to direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry followed by statistical analysis processing of the mass spectral data. The application of these tools in tandem enabled the plant materials to be rapidly identified at the level of variety and species.

A method for species identification of botanical material by direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis is presented.

Gerçek Zamanlı Yüksek Çözünürlüklü Kütle Spektrometresi Doğrudan Analizi Kullanılarak Botanik Malzeme Hızlı Yüksek verim Türler Kimlik

We demonstrate that direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry can be used to produce mass spectral profiles of botanical material, ...

Fluorescent Paper Strips for the Detection of Diesel Adulteration with Smartphone Read-out

Three fluorescent molecular rotors of 4-dimethylamino-4-nitrostilbene (4-DNS) were investigated for their potential use as viscosity probes to indicate the content of kerosene in diesel/kerosene blends, a wide-spread activity to adulterate fuel. In solvents with low viscosity, the dyes rapidly deactivate via a so-called twisted intramolecular charge transfer state, efficiently quenching the fluorescence. Measurements of diesel/kerosene blends revealed a good linear correlation between the decrease in fluorescence and the increase of the fraction of the less viscous kerosene in diesel/kerosene blends. Immobilization of the hydroxy derivative 4-DNS-OH in cellulose paper yielded test strips that preserve the fluorescent indicator&#39;s behavior. Combination of the strips with a reader based on a smartphone and a controlling app allowed to create a simple field test. The method can reliably detect the presence of kerosene in diesel from 7 to 100%, outperforming present standard methods for diesel adulteration.

Here, we present a protocol to detect the adulteration of diesel with kerosene using test strips coated with a fluorescent viscosity probe together with a smartphone-based analysis system.

Floresan kağıt şeritler dizel katıştırma Smartphone okuma ile tespiti için

Three fluorescent molecular rotors of 4-dimethylamino-4-nitrostilbene (4-DNS) were investigated for their potential use as viscosity probes to indicate ...

Çevre

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites

The extraction and analysis of catecholamine neurotransmitters in biological fluids is of great importance in assessing nervous system function and related diseases, but their precise measurement is still a challenge. Many protocols have been described for neurotransmitter measurement by a variety of instruments, including high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, there are shortcomings, such as complicated operation or hard-to-detect multiple targets, which cannot be avoided, and presently, the dominant analysis technique is still HPLC coupled with sensitive electrochemical or fluorimetric detection, due to its high sensitivity and good selectivity. Here, a detailed protocol is described for the pretreatment and detection of catecholamines with high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) in real urine samples of infants, using electrospun composite nanofibers composed of polymeric crown ether with polystyrene as adsorbent, also known as the packed-fiber solid phase extraction (PFSPE) method. We show how urine samples can be easily precleaned by a nanofiber-packed solid phase column, and how the analytes in the sample can be rapidly enriched, desorbed, and detected on an ECD system. PFSPE greatly simplifies the pretreatment procedures for biological samples, allowing for decreased time, expense, and reduction of the loss of targets. 
Overall, this work illustrates a simple and convenient protocol for solid-phase extraction coupled to an HPLC-ECD system for simultaneous determination of three monoamine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA)) and two of their metabolites (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC)) in infants' urine. The established protocol was applied to assess the differences of urinary catecholamines and their metabolites between high-risk infants with perinatal brain damage and healthy controls. Comparative analysis revealed a significant difference in urinary MHPG between the two groups, indicating that the catecholamine metabolites may be an important candidate marker for early diagnosis of cases at risk for brain damage in infants.

We present a convenient solid-phase extraction coupled to high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (ECD) for simultaneous determination of three monoamine neurotransmitters and two of their metabolites in infants' urine. We also identify the metabolite MHPG as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of brain damage for infants.

Ayıklama ve çözümleme katekoiamin nörotransmitter ve onların metabolitleri yüksek basınçlı sıvı Kromatografi ile uygun bir yöntem

The extraction and analysis of catecholamine neurotransmitters in biological fluids is of great importance in assessing nervous system function and ...

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

New analytical methods are urgently needed to enable high-throughput, yet comprehensive drug screening, given an alarming opioid and prescription drug crisis in public health. Conventional urine drug testing based on a two-tier immunoassay screen followed by a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method are expensive and prone to bias while being limited to targeted panels of known drugs of abuse (DoA). Herein, we outline an improved method for drug surveillance that allows for the resolution and detection of an expanded panel of DoA and their metabolites when using multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (MSI-CE-MS). Multiplexed separations of ten urine samples with a quality control by CE (&lt; 3 min/sample) in conjunction with full-scan data acquisition using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) under positive ion mode detection allows for the identification and quantification of DoA above recommended cut-off levels. An excellent resolution of drug isomers and isobars, including background interferences, are achieved when using MSI-CE-MS with an electrokinetic spacer between sample segments, where accurate mass/molecular formula together with the comigration of a matching deuterated internal standard and the detection of one or more bio-transformed metabolites facilitate DoA identification over a wider detection window. Additionally, urine samples can be analyzed directly without enzyme deconjugation for the rapid screening without complicated sample workup. MSI-CE-MS enables the surveillance of a broad spectrum of DoA that is required for the treatment monitoring of high-risk patients, including confirming prescribed drug adherence, revealing illicit drug use/substitution, and evaluating optimal dosage regimes as required for new advances in precision medicine.

Here we describe a high-throughput method for comprehensive drug surveillance that allows for the improved resolution and detection of large panels of drugs of abuse and their metabolites, with quality control based on multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.

Multisegment enjeksiyon-kılcal Elektroforez kütle spektrometresi kullanılarak yüksek üretilen iş ve kapsamlı uyuşturucu gözetim

New analytical methods are urgently needed to enable high-throughput, yet comprehensive drug screening, given an alarming opioid and prescription drug ...

Development of a Lateral Flow Immunochromatographic Strip for Rapid and Quantitative Detection of Small Molecule Compounds

Membrane-based lateral flow immunochromatographic strips (ICSs) are useful tools for low-cost self-diagnosis and have been efficiently applied to toxin, physiological index and clinical biomarker detection. In this protocol, we provide a detailed description of the steps to develop a rapid, sensitive and quantitative lateral-flow immunoassay (using AuNPs as a marker and mAbs as a probe). The procedure describes the preparation and characterization of colloidal gold, synthesis of the AuNP-mAb conjugate, assembly of the immunochromatographic strip, and methodological investigation of the assay. The results showed that the final strips can be further utilized for the rapid and convenient self-diagnosis of a small molecule, which may provide an alternative tool in the rapid and precise analysis of physiological and biological indices.

Küçük Molekül Bileşiklerinin Hızlı ve Nicel Tespiti için Yanal Akış İmmünokromatografik Şeridinin Geliştirilmesi

Membrane-based lateral flow immunochromatographic strips (ICSs) are useful tools for low-cost self-diagnosis and have been efficiently applied to toxin, ...

Biyokimya

DetectSyn: A Rapid, Unbiased Fluorescent Method to Detect Changes in Synapse Density

Synapses are the site of communication between neurons. Neuronal circuit strength is related to synaptic density, and the breakdown of synapses is characteristic of disease states like major depressive disorder (MDD) and Alzheimer's disease. Traditional techniques to investigate synapse numbers include genetic expression of fluorescent markers (e.g., green fluorescent protein (GFP)), dyes that fill a neuron (e.g., carbocyanine dye, DiI), and immunofluorescent detection of spine markers (e.g., postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95)). A major caveat to these proxy techniques is that they only identify postsynaptic changes. Yet, a synapse is a connection between a presynaptic terminal and a postsynaptic spine. The gold standard for measuring synapse formation/elimination requires time-consuming electron microscopy or array tomography techniques. These techniques require specialized training and costly equipment. Further, only a limited number of neurons can be assessed and are used to represent changes to an entire brain region. DetectSyn is a rapid fluorescent technique that identifies changes to synapse formation or elimination due to a disease state or drug activity. DetectSyn utilizes a rapid proximity ligation assay to detect juxtaposed pre- and postsynaptic proteins and standard fluorescent microscopy, a technique readily available to most laboratories. Fluorescent detection of the resulting puncta allows for quick and unbiased analysis of experiments. DetectSyn provides more representative results than electron microscopy because larger areas can be analyzed than a limited number of fluorescent neurons. Moreover, DetectSyn works for in vitro cultured neurons and fixed tissue slices. Finally, a method is provided to analyze the data collected from this technique. Overall, DetectSyn offers a procedure for detecting relative changes in synapse density across treatments or disease states and is more accessible than traditional techniques.

DetectSyn is an unbiased, rapid fluorescent assay that measures changes in relative synapse (pre- and postsynaptic engagement) number across treatments or disease states. This technique utilizes a proximity ligation technique that can be used both in cultured neurons and fixed tissue.

DetectSyn: Sinaps Yoğunluğundaki Değişiklikleri Tespit Etmek için Hızlı, Tarafsız Bir Floresan Yöntemi

Synapses are the site of communication between neurons. Neuronal circuit strength is related to synaptic density, and the breakdown of synapses is ...

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) syndrome. This hypothesis can be tested using in situ hybridization to detect the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a. In the past, such procedures, utilizing radioactive riboprobe, were difficult because of the complicated workflow that needs several days to perform and the added difficulty that the technique required the use of fresh frozen tissues maintained in an RNase-free environment. Recently, the development of short oligonucleotide probes has simplified in situ hybridization procedures and allowed the use of paraformaldehyde-prefixed brain sections, which are more widely available in laboratories. Here, we describe a detailed protocol using non-radioactive oligonucleotide probes on the prefixed brain tissues. Hybridization probes used for this study include dapB (a bacterial gene coding for dihydrodipicolinate reductase), ppiB (a housekeeping gene coding for peptidylprolyl isomerase B), and htr2a (a serotonin gene coding for 5-HT2A receptors). This method is relatively simply, cheap, reproducible and requires less than two days to complete.

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

This protocol describes a rapid and simplified in situ hybridization method ideal forparaformaldehyde-prefixed brain, thus reducing the need for prolonged complex steps while using fresh frozen tissues. The method is validated using the identification of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a in rats.

Çabuk<em&gt; In Situ</emSerotonin Sendromu ile Ratlarda Paraformaldehyde-öneki Beyin oligonükleotid Problar kullanarak&gt; Melezleme

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin ...

Nörobilim

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Fentanil Analoglarını Taramak için LC ve TIMS-TOF MS/MS'nin Ortogonalliğinin Toplanması

Fentanyl Analog Screening using LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

The use of fentanyl and the emergence of fentanyl analogs over recent decades has become an increasing concern to the community at large. Fentanyl and its analogs are the major contributors to fatal and nonfatal overdoses in the United States. Most recent cases of fentanyl-related overdose are linked to illicitly manufactured fentanyl and its associated extreme potency. In the present work, we describe a high-throughput analytical protocol for the screening of fentanyl analogs. The use of complementary liquid chromatography, trapped ion mobility spectrometry, and tandem mass spectrometry allow for the separation and assignment of hundreds of fentanyl analogs from a single sample in a single scan. The described approach takes advantage of the recent development of data-dependent acquisition and data-independent acquisition using parallel accumulation in the mobility trap followed by sequential fragmentation using collision-induced dissociation. The fentanyl analogs are confidently assigned based on their retention time, mobility, and MS fragmentation pattern.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Yazar Spotlight: Fentanil analoglarını güvenle ayırt etmek ve karakterize etmek için etkili bir metodoloji

A method for the screening of fentanyl analogs based on their retention time, mobility, and mass spectrometry fragmentation pattern.

LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS kullanılarak Fentanil Analog Tarama

The use of fentanyl and the emergence of fentanyl analogs over recent decades has become an increasing concern to the community at large. Fentanyl and its ...

Renk sentetik Cathinones hızlı tespiti için meşru bir araç olarak nokta testi

Özet

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Karboksilik Asitler, Boronik Asitler ve Aminler nitel Kimlik haç fluorophores kullanarak

Gerçek Zamanlı Yüksek Çözünürlüklü Kütle Spektrometresi Doğrudan Analizi Kullanılarak Botanik Malzeme Hızlı Yüksek verim Türler Kimlik

Floresan kağıt şeritler dizel katıştırma Smartphone okuma ile tespiti için

Ayıklama ve çözümleme katekoiamin nörotransmitter ve onların metabolitleri yüksek basınçlı sıvı Kromatografi ile uygun bir yöntem

Multisegment enjeksiyon-kılcal Elektroforez kütle spektrometresi kullanılarak yüksek üretilen iş ve kapsamlı uyuşturucu gözetim

Küçük Molekül Bileşiklerinin Hızlı ve Nicel Tespiti için Yanal Akış İmmünokromatografik Şeridinin Geliştirilmesi

DetectSyn: Sinaps Yoğunluğundaki Değişiklikleri Tespit Etmek için Hızlı, Tarafsız Bir Floresan Yöntemi

Çabuk

LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS kullanılarak Fentanil Analog Tarama

LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS kullanılarak Fentanil Analog Tarama