IGBMC yüksek işlem hacmi sıralama tesis, "Fransa Génomique" Konsorsiyumu (ANR10-INBS-09-08) bir üyesi ve tüm IGBMC genel Hizmetleri tüm personel özellikle IGBMC hayvan tesis personel teşekkür ediyoruz. Bu eser CNRS, INSERM, AFM, Ligue Nationale contre le kanser gelen hibe tarafından desteklenen, Fransız Fonu aracılığıyla ANR programı ANR-10-IDEX-0002-02, Labex INRT ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 etiketli Investissements d'Avenir altında devlet ve ANR-AR2GR-16-CE11-009-01. Fon çalışma tasarım, veri toplama ve analizi, yayımlamaya karar veya el yazması hazırlanması herhangi bir rolü yoktu. S.J Ministère de l'Enseignement tarafından desteklenen Ligue Nationale contre le kanser ve ANR-AR2GR-16-CE11-009-01 ve V.U tarafından et de la Recherche. Ligue Nationale contre le kanser bir 'équipe labellisée' kimliğidir.

fareler sürekli bakım ve laboratuvar hayvanlarının kullanımı ile ilgili Kurumsal yönergelere uygun olarak ve uygun olarak ulusal hayvan bakım kuralları (Avrupa Komisyonu yönergesi 86/609/CEE; Fransızca kararname no.87-848). Tüm yordamları Fransız Ulusal Etik Komitesi tarafından kabul edildi.
 1. yalıtım kas dokusu <ol><li>kurban bir yetişkin 6 8 haftalık için fare ile servikal çıkığı. Sterlise % 70 etanol ile durulama tarafından bacak ve para cezası nokta makas ve forseps kullanarak arka bacak kasları (gastroknemius, Tibialis önünde, Quadriceps) teşrih. 
	Not: Bir fare yaklaşık 500 mg doku verim.</li>
	<li>2 mL içeren homojen bir hazırlık küçük buz gibi Hipotonik arabelleğe 1 mL tüp bebek kaslarında kıyma (&#60; 2-3 mm 3) kullanarak adet ince makas ve tezgah üst karıştırıcı 5-10 dakika süreyle 4 ° C'de sallayarak tüp terk</li>
</ol> 2. Doku lizis Not: tüm besteleri arabellek için Tablo 1 ' e bakınız.
<ol><li>Homogenate 14 mL yuvarlak alt tüp aktarmak ve 5 mL soğuk Hipotonik arabellekte (EDTA ücretsiz proteaz inhibitörü kokteyl ve PMSF) resuspend.
	<ol><li>Homogenise 15-30 s yuvarlak alt 14 mL tüpler için gevşek dounce (3 dakika içinde 20-30 vuruş) veya mekanik doku homogenizer kullanarak kıyılmış kas dokusu. 
		Not: Lizis verimliliğini tarafından ışık mikroskobu bu aşamada tespit edilebilir ve gerekirse, ek kesinti yapılabilir.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Homogenate 15 mL tüpler için transfer ve 10 mL soğuk Hipotonik arabellek kullanarak birime doldurun. Sonraki fare ile devam etmeden önce aşağıda açıklandığı gibi homogenate saptamak.</li>
</ol> 3. Fiksasyon <ol><li>formaldehit % 1 son toplama eklemek ve oda sıcaklığında 10 dakika çalkalanır.</li>
	<li>Glisin 0,125 M son bir konsantrasyon fiksasyon ve sallamak için oda sıcaklığında 5-10 dk durdurmak için her tüpün ekleyin.</li>
</ol> 4. Çekirdeklerin hazırlık Not: tüm besteleri arabellek için Tablo 1 ' e bakınız.
<ol><li>Sabit lysate gevşek dounce (5-10 vuruş) kullanarak Homogenise.
	<ol><li>15 mL tüp ve 1000 x g, santrifüj 4 ° C'de 5 min için çekirdek ve hücresel enkaz elde etmek için transfer.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Süpernatant kaldırmak ve Pelet taze 5 mL Hipotonik arabellekte resuspend. Lysate 70 µm hücre süzgeç aracılığıyla 50 mL tüp içine filtre. Filtrate 40 µm hücre süzgeç aracılığıyla yeniden filtre.</li>
	<li>Transfer filtrate 15 mL tüp ve santrifüj 1000 x g de 4 ° C'de nükleer Pelet elde etmek için 5 dakika. 
	Not: Bu aşamada çekirdeklerin hemen sonicated veya sıvı azot kuru bir Pelet donmuş ve-80 depolanan yaslama ° C.</li>
</ol> 5. Sonication <ol><li>nükleer Pelet (makine ve dounce homojenizasyon için yaklaşık 50 µL) hacmi değerlendirmek ve sonication tampon 3-4 kez Paketli nükleer birimin kadar resuspend ve bir sonicator kullanarak 4 ° C'de 10-15 dk için solüsyon içeren temizleyicide . 
	Not: Kromatin olabilir (6) aşağıda açıklandığı gibi hemen analiz veya dondurulmuş ve-80 depolanan ° C.</li>
</ol> 6. Kromatin parça boyutu Sonication takip değerlendirirken Not: tüm besteleri arabellek için Tablo 1 ' e bakınız.
<ol><li>İçin de-crosslink, Kromatin 30 µL 1,5 mL tüp içinde alıp 20 µL 5 M NaCl. 500 µL birime tamamlamak ve 65 ° C'de gecede kuluçkaya.
	<ol><li>Ertesi gün, bir tedavi (20 mg/mL stok), 10 µL 2 M Tris pH 6.8 ve 10 µL 0,5 M EDTA 42 ° C. gerçekleştir fenol-kloroform/kloroform ayıklama, 1 h, 1 µL İndinavir K ile gerçekleştirmek ve sodyum acetat 1 hacmi ile DNA çökelti e (3 M) ve 2 cilt % 100 etanol için bir h-80 ° C'de veya gecede -20 ° c</li>
	</ol></li> <li>DNA tarafından Santrifüjü 13.500 x g 15 dk. Decant süpernatant de cips ve Pelet soğuk % 70 etanol ve 5 dk. Decant süpernatant için tekrar santrifüj ile iyice yıkayın ve Pelet kuruması.</li>
	<li>Pelet TE arabellek özgün birimi (30 µL) içinde resuspend. 260 nm/280 nm Absorbans tarafından bir Spektrofotometre DNA konsantrasyon ölçmek. 500-1000 ng DNA ile birlikte ayrı bir % 1.5 özel jel hatlarının bir DNA boyutu merdiven pipette ve Elektroforez Kromatin parçası boyutunu değerlendirmek için gerçekleştirin. 
	Not: Parça boyutu 200-500 baz çifti arasında olmalıdır ve sigara - ya da kötü-parçalanmış için DNA karşılık gelen parçaları yok algılanabilir yüksek molekül ağırlıklı olmalıdır. Gerekirse, Kromatin çözüm (5. adım) daha uzun bir süre için yeniden sonicated olabilir ve en uygun boyutu elde edilir kadar yukarıda açıklandığı gibi yeniden analiz.</li>
</ol> 7. Kromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Not: tüm besteleri arabellek için Tablo 1 ' e bakınız.
<ol><li>Blok Protein G sepharose boncuk aliquoting 1 mL etanol içinde % 50 Bulamaç tarafından. Santrifüjü 400 x g 1 min bir benchtop için de tarafından boncuk santrifüj kapasitesi ve TE arabellek santrifüj 400 x g, 1 mL ile yıkayın ve yıkama tekrar Pelet
	<ol>Sonra ikinci Santrifüjü, yeniden askıya alma 1 ml çip seyreltme arabelleği 25 µL BSA (hisse senedi 20 mg/mL) ile ve 20 µL tRNA (hisse senedi 10 mg/mL) Maya <li>. Döndürme (40-60 rpm) 4 tarafından en az 2 kullanılmadan önce s boncuk engellemek ° C.</li>
		<li>Seyreltik 50 µg Kromatin (5. adım), 8-10 kez çip seyreltme tampon kullanarak. Engellenen boncuk Bulamaç 50 µL ekleyin ve 4'te (40-60 rpm) dönen 2s için kuluçkaya ° C. santrifüj 400 x g 4 ° C'de önceden temizlenmiş Kromatin elde edilir ve taze bir tüp transferi de.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>İmmunoprecipitation için birincil antikor (örneğin, 1-2 µg Kromatin 10 µg başına) uygun miktarda ekleyin ve gecede 4 döndürme kuluçkaya ° C. 
	Not: Antikor en uygun miktarda tedarikçi tarafından tavsiye edilebilir veya ampirik olarak optimum zenginleştirme görülmektedir kadar ChIP-qPCR antikor farklı miktarlarda ile gerçekleştirerek belirlenebilir. Ayrıca Protein G sepharose Protein A sepharose alt türü kullanılan antikor bağlı olarak değiştirilebilir.</li>
	<li>Engellenen boncuk ertesi gün eklemek ve döndürme (40-60 rpm) 4 1 h için kuluçkaya ° C. santrifüj 400 x g 20-30 s boncuk cips, süpernatant kaldırmak ve çip başlamak için de yıkar.</li>
	<li>ChIP yıkama: arabellekleri ile aşağıdaki yıkar gerçekleştirmek: bir kez düşük Salt arabellek ile ve sonra iki kez LiCl arabelleği, ile iki kez yüksek Salt arabellek ile ve son olarak iki kez TE arabelleği ile.
	<ol><li>Döndürme (40-60 rpm) 4 ° C'de 10 dakika her yıkama gerçekleştirmek ve boncuk Santrifüjü 400 x g 20-30 s bir tezgah üstü santrifüj içinde de tarafından her yıkama arasında cips.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Elüsyon için son yıkama kaldırmak ve sallayarak süre 15 dakika oda sıcaklığında (taze hazırlanmış) 250 µL elüsyon arabelleği boncuk resuspend.</li>
	<li>Santrifüj 400 x g ve toplamak yeni bir tüp eluate. Bu adım iki kez ve daha sonra de-crosslink eluate gecede 20 µL NaCl 5 M ve 1 µL RNase A ile gerçekleştirmek (10 mg/mL), İndinavir K ve fenol-kloroform/kloroform NG ile tedavihareket olduğu gibi adım 6.</li>
	<li>TE arabellek 50 µL içinde resuspend ve aliquots ChIP-qPCR için standart protokolleri 15 göre çip kalitesini kontrol etmek için kullanın.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Johnson, D. S., Mortazavi, A., Myers, R. M., Wold, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+mapping+of+in+vivo+protein-DNA+interactions.">Genome-wide mapping of in vivo protein-DNA interactions.</a> Science. 316 (5830), 1497-1502 (2007).</li><li>Furey, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChIP-seq+and+beyond:+new+and+improved+methodologies+to+detect+and+characterize+protein-DNA+interactions.">ChIP-seq and beyond: new and improved methodologies to detect and characterize protein-DNA interactions.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 13 (12), 840-852 (2012).</li><li>Wade, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+Transcription+Regulatory+Networks+with+ChIP-seq+and+RNA-seq.">Mapping Transcription Regulatory Networks with ChIP-seq and RNA-seq.</a> Adv Exp Med Biol. 883, 119-134 (2015).</li><li>Alpern, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TAF4,+a+subunit+of+transcription+factor+II+D,+directs+promoter+occupancy+of+nuclear+receptor+HNF4A+during+post-natal+hepatocyte+differentiation.">TAF4, a subunit of transcription factor II D, directs promoter occupancy of nuclear receptor HNF4A during post-natal hepatocyte differentiation.</a> Elife. 3, e03613 (2014).</li><li>Martianov, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-specific+occupancy+of+an+extended+repertoire+of+CREM+and+CREB+binding+loci+in+male+germ+cells.">Cell-specific occupancy of an extended repertoire of CREM and CREB binding loci in male germ cells.</a> BMC Genomics. 11, 530 (2010).</li><li>Achour, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+identity+genes+regulated+by+super-enhancers+are+preferentially+down-regulated+in+the+striatum+of+Huntington's+disease+mice.">Neuronal identity genes regulated by super-enhancers are preferentially down-regulated in the striatum of Huntington's disease mice.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 24 (12), 3481-3496 (2015).</li><li>Joshi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TEAD+transcription+factors+are+required+for+normal+primary+myoblast+differentiation+in+vitro+and+muscle+regeneration+in+vivo.">TEAD transcription factors are required for normal primary myoblast differentiation in vitro and muscle regeneration in vivo.</a> PLoS Genet. 13 (2), e1006600 (2017).</li><li>Ohkawa, Y., Mallappa, C., Dacwag-Vallaster, C. S., Imbalzano, A. N., DiMario, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Myogenesis: Methods and protocols. 798, 517-531 (2012).</li><li>Dimauro, I., Pearson, T., Caporossi, D., Jackson, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+protocol+for+the+subcellular+fractionation+of+skeletal+muscle+cells+and+tissue.">A simple protocol for the subcellular fractionation of skeletal muscle cells and tissue.</a> BMC Res Notes. 5, 513 (2012).</li><li>Thomas, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PAK1+and+CtBP1+Regulate+the+Coupling+of+Neuronal+Activity+to+Muscle+Chromatin+and+Gene+Expression.">PAK1 and CtBP1 Regulate the Coupling of Neuronal Activity to Muscle Chromatin and Gene Expression.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 35 (24), 4110-4120 (2015).</li><li>Kuo, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+analysis+of+glucocorticoid+receptor-binding+sites+in+myotubes+identifies+gene+networks+modulating+insulin+signaling.">Genome-wide analysis of glucocorticoid receptor-binding sites in myotubes identifies gene networks modulating insulin signaling.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109 (28), 11160-11165 (2012).</li><li>Whyte, W. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Master+transcription+factors+and+mediator+establish+super-enhancers+at+key+cell+identity+genes.">Master transcription factors and mediator establish super-enhancers at key cell identity genes.</a> Cell. 153 (2), 307-319 (2013).</li><li>Benhaddou, A., Keime, C., Ye, T., Morlon, A., Michel, I., Jost, B., Mengus, G., Davidson, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+factor+TEAD4+regulates+expression+of+myogenin+and+the+unfolded+protein+response+genes+during+C2C12+cell+differentiation.">Transcription factor TEAD4 regulates expression of myogenin and the unfolded protein response genes during C2C12 cell differentiation.</a> Cell Death and Differentiation. 19 (2), 220-231 (2011).</li><li>Cowling, B. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reducing+dynamin+2+expression+rescues+X-linked+centronuclear+myopathy.">Reducing dynamin 2 expression rescues X-linked centronuclear myopathy.</a> J Clin Invest. 124 (3), 1350-1363 (2014).</li><li>. ChIP Analysis Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/fr/fr/home/life-science/epigenetics-noncoding-rna-research/chromatin-remodeling/chromatin-immunoprecipitation-chip/chip-analysis.html">https://www.thermofisher.com/fr/fr/home/life-science/epigenetics-noncoding-rna-research/chromatin-remodeling/chromatin-immunoprecipitation-chip/chip-analysis.html</a> (2017)</li></ol>

Yazarlar onlar rakip hiçbir mali çıkarları var bildirin.

Burada Kromatin yetişkin fare iskelet kasları ve gösteri bu Kromatin transkripsiyon faktörü bağlama ve kovalent Histon değişiklikler kas lif çekirdeği tespit çip deneyleri için uygun hazırlanması için yeni bir protokol açıklayın. Bu iletişim kuralı birkaç kritik adımları içerir. İlk dounce veya mekanik kesme tarafından gerçekleştirilen doku bozulma 's. Mekanik Kesme daha hızlı ve daha tekrarlanabilir ve bu nedenle yönteminin seçimi. Hiçbir uygun cihazı varsa, yine de, bozulma da douncing...

Kromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) kantitatif Polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (qPCR) birleştiğinde ve yüksek işlem hacmi sıralama (ChIP-seq) transkripsiyon çalışmaya seçim yöntemleri ve epigenetik gen ekspresyonu çeşitli dokularda düzenlenmesi olmuştur ve hücre-tip1. Bu teknik genom çapında kovalent Kromatin değişiklikler, Histon varyant doluluk ve transkripsiyon faktörü bağlama2,3profil oluşturma sağlar.
ChIP kültürlü hücrelerden performans iyi kurulmuş olmakla birlikte, küçük parça--dan memeli dokulara daha zor kalır. Kromatin küçük parça için hazırlanıyor her doku ve hücre türü için optimize edilmiş olması gereken birkaç kritik adımları içerir. Kromatin kültürlü hücre hücresel lysates veya kendi çekirdek aşağıdaki arıtma hazırlanabilir. Memeli dokular söz konusu olduğunda, verimli lizis, formaldehit fiksasyon ve çekirdekleri arıtma Kromatin en iyi kurtarma sağlamak için önemlidir. Ayrıca, deneysel olarak belirlenecek önce veya sonra kendi arıtma çekirdeklerin düzeltmek seçeneği vardır. Bu engellerin rağmen çip başarıyla karaciğer, testis veya beyin4,5,6gibi dokularda üzerinden yapıldı. İskelet kası durumunda bozulma dokusunun yapısal proteinlerin yüksek bir içerik ve izolasyon-in onun çekirdeği sergileyen böyle bir fiziksel olarak dayanıklı, özellikle zorlu 's. Bu özgüllüğü göz önüne alındığında, diğer dokular için en iyi duruma getirilmiş iletişim kuralları tatmin edici sonuçlar iskelet kasları için vermeyin.
Burada ChIP-grade Kromatin fiziksel olarak doku, formaldehit fiksasyon ve çekirdekleri ve sonication yalıtım engellemeden içerir fare iskelet kas dokusundan izole etmek için bir protokol açıklayın. Kromatin bu dokudan küçük parça için uygun hazırlamak için bu yöntem verimliliğini çeşitli transkripsiyon faktörleri, RNA polimeraz II ve kovalent Histon değişiklikler7için ChIP-qPCR ve ChIP-seq gerçekleştirerek gösterilmiştir.
Bu yeni teknik uzun collagenase sindirim adımları hangi zaman, genomik transkripsiyon faktörleri lokalizasyonu değişimler sırasında oluşan bir daha önce raporlanmış protokolü8 ' den çok daha hızlı ve değişiklikler gen ifadesinin içinde yer alabilir. Hangi ile çekirdekleri izole ve sabit hız burada açıklanan yöntemi daha sadakatle yerli genomik doluluk durumu yakalar Kromatin hazırlamak özellikle cazip kılıyor. Ayrıca, Kromatin yalıtım veya protein kas dokusunun çıkarılması için diğer yöntemleri olmasına rağmen açıklanan8,9,10 edilmiş ve seçili genler, hiçbir çip seq üzerinde ChIP-qPCR deneyler için kullanılan veri bunları kullanarak rapor edildi. Rapor burada yöntem transkripsiyon faktörü ve Histon değişikliği için ChIP-seq uygundur ve bu nedenle de 3/4 C veya hıc Kromatin conformation yakalama uygulamaları için uygun olmalıdır.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>T 25 digital ULTRA-TURRAX</td>
			<td>T 18 ULTRA-TURRAX</td>
			<td>0009022800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMSF</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE SARL</td>
			<td>P7626-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease Inhibitor Cocktail-EDTA Free</td>
			<td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td>11873580001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein G Sepharose beads</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>P-3296</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>P-2308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainers 70um</td>
			<td>Corning BV</td>
			<td>431751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainers 40um</td>
			<td>Corning BV</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde EM grade</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>15710-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rnase A</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>12091039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol:Chloroform:Isoamyl Alcohol 25:24:1</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>P3803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>B4287-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>yeast tRNA</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>R5636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycogen Blue</td>
			<td>AMIBION</td>
			<td>AM9516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pol II ChIP Antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SC-9001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H3K27ac ChIP Antibody</td>
			<td>Active Motif</td>
			<td>39133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tead4 ChIP Antibody</td>
			<td>Aviva Systems Biology</td>
			<td>(ARP38276_P050)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IGEPAL</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>I-3021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E220 Focused Ultrasonicator</td>
			<td>Covaris E220</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Additional items</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loose Dounce</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml and 50 ml falcon tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>14 ml round bottom tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ml and 2 ml Eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 &#956;m and 40 &#956;m cell strainers (Corning)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

improved protocol for chromatin immunoprecipitation from mouse skeletal muscle

Biz Kromatin yetişkin fare iskelet kası, yapısal proteinler yüksek bir içerik ile fiziksel olarak dayanıklı bir doku üzerinden hazırlanması için verimli ve tekrarlanabilir bir protokol tanımlamak. Disseke bacak kasları yetişkin fareler üzerinden fiziksel olarak mekanik homojenizasyon veya kıyma ve douncing, önce formaldehit fiksasyon lysate hücrenin Hipotonik arabellekte bir arada tarafından bozulur. Sabit çekirdek mekanik homojenizasyon veya douncing ve hücre artıkları kaldırmak için sıralı filtrations daha fazla döngüleri tarafından saf. Arıtılmış çekirdeklerin hemen veya daha sonraki bir aşamada donma sonra sonicated. Kromatin verimli bir şekilde sonicated ve transkripsiyon faktörleri, RNA polimeraz II ve kovalent Histon değişiklikler için uygun Kromatin immunoprecipitation deneyleri için profilleri tarafından gösterildiği gibi elde edilir. Bu iletişim kuralı tarafından hazırlanan Kromatin kullanarak tespit bağlama olayları ağırlıklı olarak kas lif çekirdeği Kromatin fiber ilişkili diğer uydu ve endotel hücreleri varlığı rağmen meydana bunlar. Bu iletişim kuralı bu nedenle yetişkin fare iskelet kas gen düzenlemesi çalışmaya adapte.

Çekirdeklerin izole etmek için biz disseke ve kıyılmış kas dokusunun mekanik homojenizasyon 18.000 ve 22.000 RPM ( Tablo malzemelerigörmek) 15 veya 45 s için gerçekleştirilen. Her koşulda, çekirdeği doku enkazı ayrılmış ama verimi düşük hız (şekil 1A-B) kullanarak en uygun olan. Çekirdek de hazırlıklı douncing tarafından 3-5 dk (şekil 1Ave veri gösterilmez) ama mekani...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Improved Protocol for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Mouse Skeletal Muscle at JoVE.com

Improved Protocol for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Mouse Skeletal Muscle

Kromatin Immunoprecipitation üzerinden fare kas iskelet için geliştirilmiş iletişim kuralı

Kromatin yetişkin fare iskelet kas kas lifleri gen düzenlemesi çalışmanın Kromatin immunoprecipitation tarafından uyarlanmış üzerinden hazırlanması için yeni bir protokol sunulmuştur.

We describe an efficient and reproducible protocol for the preparation of chromatin from adult mouse skeletal muscle, a physically resistant tissue with a ...

improved-protocol-for-chromatin-immunoprecipitation-from-mouse

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

8.4K Görüntüleme.  Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire. Kromatin yetişkin fare iskelet kas kas lifleri gen düzenlemesi çalışmanın Kromatin immunoprecipitation tarafından uyarlanmış üzerinden hazırlanması için yeni bir protokol sunulmuştur.

Video: Improved Protocol for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Mouse Skeletal Muscle

Optimized Protocol for the Extraction of Proteins from the Human Mitral Valve

Analysis of the cellular proteome can help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases due to the development of technologies that permit the large-scale identification and quantification of the proteins present in complex biological systems.The knowledge gained from a proteomic approach can potentially lead to a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying diseases, allowing for the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic disease markers, and, hopefully, of therapeutic targets. However, the cardiac mitral valve represents a very challenging sample for proteomic analysis because of the low cellularity in proteoglycan and collagen-enriched extracellular matrix. This makes it challenging to extract proteins for a global proteomic analysis. This work describes a protocol that is compatible with subsequent protein analysis, such as quantitative proteomics and immunoblotting. This can allow for the correlation of data concerning protein expression with data on quantitative mRNA expression and non-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. Indeed, these approaches, when performed together, will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases, from mRNA to post-translational protein modification. Thus, this method can be relevant to researchers interested in the study of cardiac valve physiopathology.

The protein composition of the human mitral valve is still partially unknown, because its analysis is complicated by low cellularity and therefore by low protein biosynthesis. This work provides a protocol to efficiently extract protein for the analysis of the mitral valve proteome.

İnsan Mitral Valfinden Proteinlerin Çıkarılması İçin Optimize Edilmiş Protokol

Analysis of the cellular proteome can help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases due to the development of technologies that permit ...

Biyokimya

A Filtration-based Method of Preparing High-quality Nuclei from Cross-linked Skeletal Muscle for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful method to determine protein binding to chromatin DNA. Fiber-rich skeletal muscle, however, has been a challenge for ChIP due to technical difficulty in isolation of high-quality nuclei with minimal contamination of myofibrils. Previous protocols have attempted to purify nuclei before cross-linking, which incurs the risk of altered DNA-protein interaction during the prolonged nuclei preparation process. In the current protocol, we first cross-linked the skeletal muscle tissue collected from mice, and the tissues were minced and sonicated. Since we found that ultracentrifugation was not able to separate nuclei from myofibrils using cross-linked muscle tissue, we devised a sequential filtration procedure to obtain high-quality nuclei devoid of significant myofibril contamination. We subsequently prepared chromatin by using an ultrasonicator, and ChIP assays with anti-BMAL1 antibody revealed robust circadian binding pattern of BMAL1 to target gene promoters. This filtration protocol constitutes an easily applicable method to isolate high-quality nuclei from cross-linked skeletal muscle tissue, allowing consistent sample processing for circadian and other time-sensitive studies. In combination with next-generation sequencing (NGS), our method can be deployed for various mechanistic and genomic studies focusing on skeletal muscle function.

We present a filtration-based protocol to isolate high-quality nuclei from cross-linked mouse skeletal muscle wherein we removed the need for ultracentrifugation, making it easily applicable. We show that chromatin prepared from the nuclei is suitable for chromatin immunoprecipitation and likely chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing studies.

Kromatin İmmunopresipitasyon için Çapraz Bağlı İskelet Kasında Yüksek Kaliteli Nükleerlerin Hazırlanması İçin Filtrasyona Dayalı Bir Yöntem

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful method to determine protein binding to chromatin DNA. Fiber-rich skeletal muscle, however, has been a ...

A Western Blotting Protocol for Small Numbers of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare cells, with the mouse bone marrow containing only ~25,000 phenotypic long term repopulating HSCs. A Western blotting protocol was optimized and suitable for the analysis of small numbers of HSCs (500 - 15,000 cells). Phenotypic HSCs were purified, accurately counted, and directly lysed in Laemmli sample buffer. Lysates containing equal numbers of cells were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the blot was prepared and processed following standard Western blotting protocols. Using this protocol, 2,000 - 5,000 HSCs can be routinely analyzed, and in some cases data can be obtained from as few as 500 cells, compared to the 20,000 to 40,000 cells reported in most publications. This protocol should be generally applicable to other hematopoietic cells, and enables the routine analysis of small numbers of cells using standard laboratory procedures.

A standard Western blotting protocol was optimized for analyzing as few as 500 hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells. Optimization involves careful handling of the cell sample, limiting transfers between tubes, and directly lysing the cells in Laemmli sample buffer.

Bir Western Protokolü hematopoetik kök hücre küçük sayılar için kurutma

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare cells, with the mouse bone marrow containing only ~25,000 phenotypic long term repopulating HSCs. A Western ...

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins

It is now well-appreciated that post-translational modifications (PTMs) play an integral role in regulating a protein&#39;s structure and function, which may be essential for a given protein&#39;s role both physiologically and pathologically. Enrichment of PTMs is often necessary when investigating the PTM status of a target protein, because PTMs are often transient and relatively low in abundance. Many pitfalls are encountered when enriching for a PTM of a target protein, such as buffer incompatibility, the target protein antibody is not IP-compatible, loss of PTM signal, and others. The degree of difficulty is magnified when investigating multiple PTMs like acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation 2/3, and tyrosine phosphorylation for a given target protein. Studying a combination of these PTMs may be necessary, as crosstalk between PTMs is prevalent and critical for protein regulation. Often, these PTMs are studied in different lysis buffers and with unique inhibitor compositions. To simplify the process, a unique denaturing lysis system was developed that effectively isolates and preserves these four PTMs; thus, enabling investigation of potential crosstalk in a single lysis system. A unique filter system was engineered to remove contaminating genomic DNA from the lysate, which is a problematic by-product of denaturing buffers. Robust affinity matrices targeting each of the four PTMs were developed in concert with the buffer system to maximize the enrichment and detection of the endogenous states of these four PTMs. This comprehensive PTM detection toolset streamlines the process of obtaining critical information about whether a protein is modified by one or more of these PTMs.

Investigating multiple, endogenous post-translational modifications for a target protein can be extremely challenging. Techniques described here utilize an optimized lysis buffer and filter system developed with specific PTM-targeting, affinity matrices to detect the acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation 2/3, and tyrosine phosphorylation modifications for a target protein using a single, streamlined system.

Bir endojen translasyonel modifikasyon profil hedef proteinler için tanımlamak için bir kapsamlı Immunoprecipitation zenginleştirme sistemi kullanan

It is now well-appreciated that post-translational modifications (PTMs) play an integral role in regulating a protein&#39;s structure and function, which ...

Measuring and Interpreting Oxygen Consumption Rates in Whole Fly Head Segments

Regulated metabolic activity is essential for the normal functioning of living cells. Indeed, altered metabolic activity is causally linked with the progression of cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and aging to name a few. For instance, changes in mitochondrial activity, the cell&#39;s metabolic powerhouse, have been characterized in many such diseases. Generally, the oxygen consumption rates of mitochondria were considered a reliable readout of mitochondrial activity and measurements in some of these studies were based on isolated mitochondria or cells. However, such conditions may not represent the complexity of a whole tissue. Recently, we have developed a novel method that enables the dynamic measurement of oxygen consumption rates from whole isolated fly heads. By utilizing this method, we have recorded lower oxygen consumption rates of the whole head segment in young versus aged flies. Secondly, we have discovered that lysine deacetylase inhibitors rapidly alter the oxygen consumption in the whole head. Our novel technique may therefore aid in uncovering new properties of various drugs, which may impact metabolic rates. Furthermore, our method may give a better understanding of metabolic behavior in an experimental setup that more closely resembles physiological states.

Measuring alterations in metabolic rates is central to understanding the progression of various diseases and aging. Here, we present a novel technique to measure whole head oxygen consumption that more closely resembles the physiological state and may aid in revealing novel drugs that modify mitochondrial activity.

Ölçme ve oksijen Tüketim oranları tamamen yorumlama kafa kesimleri sinek

Regulated metabolic activity is essential for the normal functioning of living cells. Indeed, altered metabolic activity is causally linked with the ...

Quantification of Protein Interaction Network Dynamics using Multiplexed Co-Immunoprecipitation

Dynamic protein-protein interactions control cellular behavior, from motility to DNA replication to signal transduction. However, monitoring dynamic interactions among multiple proteins in a protein interaction network is technically difficult. Here, we present a protocol for Quantitative Multiplex Immunoprecipitation (QMI), which allows quantitative assessment of fold changes in protein interactions based on relative fluorescence measurements of Proteins in Shared Complexes detected by Exposed Surface epitopes (PiSCES). In QMI, protein complexes from cell lysates are immunoprecipitated onto microspheres, and then probed with a labeled antibody for a different protein in order to quantify the abundance of PiSCES. Immunoprecipitation antibodies are conjugated to different MagBead spectral regions, which allows a flow cytometer to differentiate multiple parallel immunoprecipitations and simultaneously quantify the amount of probe antibody associated with each. QMI does not require genetic tagging and can be performed using minimal biomaterial compared to other immunoprecipitation methods. QMI can be adapted for any defined group of interacting proteins, and has thus far been used to characterize signaling networks in T cells and neuronal glutamate synapses. Results have led to new hypothesis generation with potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This protocol includes instructions to perform QMI, from the initial antibody panel selection through to running assays and analyzing data. The initial assembly of a QMI assay involves screening antibodies to generate a panel, and empirically determining an appropriate lysis buffer. The subsequent reagent preparation includes covalently coupling immunoprecipitation antibodies to MagBeads, and biotinylating probe antibodies so they can be labeled by a streptavidin-conjugated fluorophore. To run the assay, lysate is mixed with MagBeads overnight, and then beads are divided and incubated with different probe antibodies, and then a fluorophore label, and read by flow cytometry. Two statistical tests are performed to identify PiSCES that differ significantly between experimental conditions, and results are visualized using heatmaps or node-edge diagrams.

Quantitative Multiplex Immunoprecipitation (QMI) uses flow cytometry for sensitive detection of differences in the abundance of targeted protein-protein interactions between two samples. QMI can be performed using a small amount of biomaterial, does not require genetically engineered tags, and can be adapted for any previously defined protein interaction network.

Multipleksed Co-İmmünopreyağış Kullanarak Protein Etkileşim Ağı Dinamiğinin Ölçülmesi

Dynamic protein-protein interactions control cellular behavior, from motility to DNA replication to signal transduction. However, monitoring dynamic ...

Label-Free Immunoprecipitation Mass Spectrometry Workflow for Large-scale Nuclear Interactome Profiling

Immunoaffinity purification mass spectrometry (IP-MS) has emerged as a robust quantitative method of identifying protein-protein interactions. This publication presents a complete interaction proteomics workflow designed for identifying low abundance protein-protein interactions from the nucleus that could also be applied to other subcellular compartments. This workflow includes subcellular fractionation, immunoprecipitation, sample preparation, offline cleanup, single-shot label-free mass spectrometry, and downstream computational analysis and data visualization. Our protocol is optimized for detecting compartmentalized, low abundance interactions that are difficult to identify from whole cell lysates (e.g., transcription factor interactions in the nucleus) by immunoprecipitation of endogenous proteins from fractionated subcellular compartments. The sample preparation pipeline outlined here provides detailed instructions for the preparation of HeLa cell nuclear extract, immunoaffinity purification of endogenous bait protein, and quantitative mass spectrometry analysis. We also discuss methodological considerations for performing large-scale immunoprecipitation in mass spectrometry-based interaction profiling experiments and provide guidelines for evaluating data quality to distinguish true positive protein interactions from nonspecific interactions. This approach is demonstrated here by investigating the nuclear interactome of the CMGC kinase, DYRK1A, a low abundance protein kinase with poorly defined interactions within the nucleus.

Described is a proteomics workflow for identifying protein interaction partners from a nuclear subcellular fraction using immunoaffinity enrichment of a given protein of interest and label-free mass spectrometry. The workflow includes subcellular fractionation, immunoprecipitation, filter aided sample preparation, offline cleanup, mass spectrometry, and a downstream bioinformatics pipeline.

Büyük Ölçekli Nükleer Etkileşimom Profilleme için Etiketsiz İmmünoprekütle Spektrometresi İş Akışı

Immunoaffinity purification mass spectrometry (IP-MS) has emerged as a robust quantitative method of identifying protein-protein interactions. This ...

A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers

Incremental exercise testing is the standard means of assessing cardiorespiratory capacity of endurance athletes. While the maximal rate of oxygen consumption is typically used as the criterion measurement in this regard, two metabolic breakpoints that reflect changes in the dynamics of lactate production/consumption as the work rate is increased are perhaps more relevant for endurance athletes from a functional standpoint. Exercise economy, which represents the rate of oxygen consumption relative to performance of submaximal work, is also an important parameter to measure for endurance-athlete assessment. Ramp incremental tests comprising a gradual but rapid increase in work rate until the limit of exercise tolerance is reached are useful for determining these parameters. This type of test is typically performed on a cycle ergometer or treadmill because there is a need for precision with respect to work-rate incrementation. However, athletes should be tested while performing the mode of exercise required for their sport. Consequently, swimmers are typically assessed during free-swimming incremental tests where such precision is difficult to achieve. We have recently suggested that stationary swimming against a load that is progressively increased (incremental tethered swimming) can serve as a &#34;swim ergometer&#34; by allowing sufficient precision to accommodate a gradual but rapid loading pattern that reveals the aforementioned metabolic breakpoints and exercise economy. However, the degree to which the peak rate of oxygen consumption achieved during such a protocol approximates the maximal rate that is measured during free swimming remains to be determined. In the present article, we explain how this rapidly incremented tethered-swimming protocol can be employed to assess the cardiorespiratory capacity of a swimmer. Specifically, we explain how assessment of a short-distance competitive swimmer using this protocol revealed that his rate of oxygen uptake was 30.3 and 34.8 mL&#8729;min-1&#8729;kg-1BM at his gas-exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point, respectively.

As opposed to measurement during free swimming, which presents inherent challenges and limitations, determination of important parameters of cardiorespiratory function for swimmers can be made using a more feasible and easier to administer tethered-swimming rapidly incremented protocol with gas exchange and ventilatory data collection.

Yüzücülerin Kardiyorespiratuar Değerlendirmesi için Hızla Artan Tethered-Swimming Maksimal Protokolü

Incremental exercise testing is the standard means of assessing cardiorespiratory capacity of endurance athletes. While the maximal rate of oxygen ...

RIBO-seq in Bacteria: a Sample Collection and Library Preparation Protocol for NGS Sequencing

The ribosome profiling technique (RIBO-seq) is currently the most effective tool for studying the process of protein synthesis in vivo. The advantage of this method, in comparison to other approaches, is its ability to monitor translation by precisely mapping the position and number of ribosomes on a mRNA transcript.
In this article, we describe the consecutive stages of sample collection and preparation for RIBO-seq method in bacteria, highlighting the details relevant to the planning and execution of the experiment.
Since the RIBO-seq relies on intact ribosomes and related mRNAs, the key step is rapid inhibition of translation and adequate disintegration of cells. Thus, we suggest filtration and flash-freezing in liquid nitrogen for cell harvesting with an optional pretreatment with chloramphenicol to arrest translation in bacteria. For the disintegration, we propose grinding frozen cells with mortar and pestle in the presence of aluminum oxide to mechanically disrupt the cell wall. In this protocol, sucrose cushion or a sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation for monosome purification is not required. Instead, mRNA separation using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by the ribosomal footprint excision (28-30 nt band) is applied and provides satisfactory results. This largely simplifies the method as well as reduces the time and equipment requirements for the procedure. For library preparation, we recommend using the commercially available small RNA kit for Illumina sequencing from New England Biolabs, following manufacturer&#39;s guidelines with some degree of optimization.
The resulting cDNA libraries present appropriate quantity and quality required for next generation sequencing (NGS). Sequencing of the libraries prepared according to the described protocol results in 2 to 10 mln uniquely mapped reads per sample providing sufficient data for comprehensive bioinformatic analysis. The protocol we present is quick and relatively easy and can be performed with standard laboratory equipment.

Here we describe the stages of sample collection and preparation for RIBO-seq in bacteria. Sequencing of the libraries prepared according to these guidelines results in sufficient data for comprehensive bioinformatic analysis. The protocol we present is simple, uses standard laboratory equipment and takes seven days from lysis to obtaining libraries.

Bakterilerde RIBO-seq: NGS Dizilimi için Örnek Toplama ve Kütüphane Hazırlama Protokolü

The ribosome profiling technique (RIBO-seq) is currently the most effective tool for studying the process of protein synthesis in vivo. The advantage of ...

Measurement of Protein Import Capacity of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria

Mitochondria are key metabolic and regulatory organelles that determine the energy supply as well as the overall health of the cell. In skeletal muscle, mitochondria exist in a series of complex morphologies, ranging from small oval organelles to a broad, reticulum-like network. Understanding how the mitochondrial reticulum expands and develops in response to diverse stimuli such as alterations in energy demand has long been a topic of research. A key aspect of this growth, or biogenesis, is the import of precursor proteins, originally encoded by the nuclear genome, synthesized in the cytosol, and translocated into various mitochondrial sub-compartments. Mitochondria have developed a sophisticated mechanism for this import process, involving many selective inner and outer membrane channels, known as the protein import machinery (PIM). Import into the mitochondrion is dependent on viable membrane potential and the availability of organelle-derived ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore its measurement can serve as a measure of organelle health. The PIM also exhibits a high level of adaptive plasticity in skeletal muscle that is tightly coupled to the energy status of the cell. For example, exercise training has been shown to increase import capacity, while muscle disuse reduces it, coincident with changes in markers of mitochondrial content. Although protein import is a critical step in the biogenesis and expansion of mitochondria, the process is not widely studied in skeletal muscle. Thus, this paper outlines how to use isolated and fully functional mitochondria from skeletal muscle to measure protein import capacity in order to promote a greater understanding of the methods involved and an appreciation of the importance of the pathway for organelle turnover in exercise, health, and disease.

Mitochondria are key metabolic organelles that exhibit a high level of phenotypic plasticity in skeletal muscle. The import of proteins from the cytosol is a critical pathway for organelle biogenesis, essential for the expansion of the reticulum and the maintenance of mitochondrial function. Therefore, protein import serves as a barometer of cellular health.

İskelet Kas Mitokondrilerinin Protein İthalat Kapasitesinin Ölçümü

Mitochondria are key metabolic and regulatory organelles that determine the energy supply as well as the overall health of the cell. In skeletal muscle, ...