Agradecemos a todos os funcionários da facilidade de sequenciamento de alta taxa de transferência IGBMC, um membro do consórcio "França Génomique" (ANR10-INBS-09-08) e todos os serviços IGBMC gerais em particular os funcionários do centro de animais IGBMC. Este trabalho foi apoiado por concessões do CNRS, o INSERM, o AFM, a Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, do Estado francês fundo através da ANR no âmbito do programa d'Avenir Investissements rotulados ANR-10-IDEX-0002-02, o Labex INRT ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 e a ANR-AR2GR-16-CE11-009-01. Os financiadores não tinham qualquer papel no projeto de estudo, coleta de dados e análise, a decisão de publicar ou preparação do manuscrito. Sambakana foi suportada pelo Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer e o ANR-AR2GR-16-CE11-009-01 e V.U o Ministère de l'Enseignement et de la Recherche. ID é uma 'équipe labellisée' da Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer.

os ratos foram mantidos em conformidade com as diretrizes institucionais em matéria de cuidados e uso de animais de laboratório e em conformidade com as diretrizes nacionais de cuidado Animal (Comissão Europeia a Directiva 86/609/CEE; Francês o decreto 848-87). Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo Comitê de ética nacional francês.
 1. isolamento de tecido muscular rato <ol><li>sacrifício um adulto 6 a 8 semanas de idade por deslocamento cervical. Sterlise o membro lavando-o com 70% de etanol e dissecar os músculos do membro posterior (gastrocnêmio, tibial Anterior, quadríceps) usando uma tesoura de ponta fina e pinças. 
	Nota: Um rato deve render cerca de 500 mg de tecido.</li>
	<li>Picar os músculos num tubo de ensaio 2 mL contendo 1 mL de tampão de hipotônica gelada para uma preparação homogênea de pequeno (&#60; 2-3 mm 3) peças usando muito bem a tesoura e deixe o tubo tremendo em um agitador de bancada superior a 4 ° C, durante 5-10 min.</li>
</ol> 2. Lise do tecido Nota: consulte a tabela 1 para todas composições de buffer.
<ol><li>Transferir o homogeneizado para um tubo de fundo redondo de 14 mL e Resuspenda em 5 mL frio hipotônica buffer (EDTA-free inibidor da protease cocktail e PMSF).
	<ol><li>Homogenise tecido do músculo picada usando um solto homogenizacao (20-30 traços dentro 3min) ou um homogeneizador mecânico por 15 a 30 s em tubos de fundo redondo 14 mL. 
		Nota: A eficiência de Lise pode ser avaliada nesta fase, por microscopia de luz, e se necessário, perturbações adicionais podem ser realizadas.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Transferir o homogeneizado para os tubos de 15 mL e encher o volume de 10 mL com tampão hipotônica frio. Corrigir o homogenate conforme descrito abaixo antes de prosseguir com o próximo mouse.</li>
</ol> 3. Fixação <ol><li>Adicionar formol a concentração final de 1% e agitar durante 10 min à temperatura ambiente.</li>
	<li>Adicionar glicina a uma concentração final de 0,125 M em cada tubo de parar a fixação e agitar durante 5-10 min à temperatura ambiente.</li>
</ol> 4. Preparação de núcleos Nota: consulte a tabela 1 para todas composições de buffer.
<ol><li>Homogenise a fixo usando lisado um solto homogenizacao (traços de 5-10).
	<ol><li>Transferência para um tubo de 15 mL e centrifugar a 1.000 x g por 5 min a 4 ° C para obter núcleos e restos celulares.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Remover o sobrenadante e ressuspender o precipitado no buffer hipotônica fresco 5ml. Filtre o lisado através de um filtro de célula de 70 µm em um tubo de 50 mL. Re-filtro filtrado através de um filtro de célula de 40 µm.</li>
	<li>Transferir o filtrado para um tubo de 15 mL e centrifugar a 1.000 x g por 5 minutos a 4 ° C para obter a pelota nuclear. 
	Nota: Nesta fase, os núcleos podem ser imediatamente sonicated, ou partir congelado como um sedimento seco em nitrogênio líquido e armazenado a -80 ° C.</li>
</ol> 5. Sonication <ol><li>avaliar o volume da pelota nuclear (cerca de 50 µ l para homogeneização mecânico e homogenizacao) e ressuspender-no buffer sonication até 3 a 4 vezes do volume nuclear embalado e proceda à sonicação durante 10-15 min a 4 ° C, usando um sonicador . 
	Nota: A cromatina pode ser analisada imediatamente, conforme descrito abaixo (6) ou congelada e armazenada a -80 ° C.</li>
</ol> 6. Avaliar o tamanho do fragmento de cromatina seguindo Sonication Nota: consulte a tabela 1 para todas composições de buffer.
<ol><li>De-crosslink, tomar 30 µ l de cromatina em um tubo de ensaio de 1,5 mL e adicionar 20 µ l 5 M NaCl. Completar o volume a 500 µ l e incubar a 65 ° C durante a noite.
	<ol><li>No dia seguinte, realizar um tratamento com 1 µ l da protease K (20 mg/mL de caldo), 10 µ l 2 M Tris pH 6,8 e 10 µ l de EDTA 0,5 M para 1 h, a extração de executar um fenol-clorofórmio clorofórmio/42 ° C. e precipitar o DNA com 1 volume de sódio acetat e (3 M) e 2 volumes de etanol 100% para um h-80 ° c, ou durante a noite em -20 ° C.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>O DNA de pelotas por centrifugação a 13.500 x g, durante 15 min. decantar o sobrenadante e lavar o sedimento completamente com álcool etílico 70% frio e centrifugar novamente por 5 min. decantar o sobrenadante e secar o sedimento.</li>
	<li>Resuspenda o pellet no volume original (30 µ l) de tampão TE. Medir a concentração de DNA em um Espectrofotômetro de absorvância a 260 nm/280 nm. Pipetar 500-1.000 ng de DNA juntamente com uma escada de tamanho de DNA em corredores separados de um gel de agarose 1,5% e executar eletroforese para avaliar o tamanho do fragmento da cromatina. 
	Nota: Tamanho do fragmento deve estar entre 200-500 pares de bases e não deve haver nenhum fragmento detectável de alto peso molecular correspondente à não - ou mal-fragmentado DNA. Se necessário, a solução de cromatina (etapa 5) pode ser re-lisada por mais tempo e então re-analisada conforme descrito acima, até o tamanho ideal é obtido.</li>
</ol> 7. Imunoprecipitação da cromatina (ChIP) Nota: consulte a tabela 1 para todas composições de buffer.
<ol><li>Contas de sepharose bloco a proteína G por alíquotas de 1 mL do chorume em etanol a 50%. Pelota as contas por centrifugacao a 400 x g por 1 min em uma bancada centrífuga e lavagem com 1 mL de 400g de x de centrifugar TE reserva e repita o Wash.
	<ol><li>Após a segunda centrifugação, re-suspender em 1 mL de tampão de diluição de ChIP com 25 µ l de BSA (estoque 20 mg/mL) e 20 µ l do fermento tRNA (estoque 10 mg/mL). Bloquear as contas pelo menos 2 h antes da sua utilização por rotação (40-60 rpm) em 4 ° C.</li>
		<li>Diluir 50 µ g de cromatina (etapa 5) 8 a 10 vezes com tampão de diluição do ChIP. Adicionar 50 µ l de chorume bloqueados do grânulo e incubar durante 2 h (40-60 rpm) de giro a 4 ° C. centrifugar a 400 x g a 4 ° C para obter previamente limpo da cromatina e transferi-lo para um tubo novo.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Para a imunoprecipitação, adicionar a quantidade apropriada de anticorpo primário (por exemplo, 1-2 µ g por 10 µ g de cromatina) e incubar durante uma noite com rotação em 4 ° C. 
	Nota: A quantidade ideal de anticorpo pode ser recomendada pelo fornecedor, ou pode ser determinada empiricamente através da realização de ChIP-qPCR com diferentes quantidades de anticorpos até enriquecimento ideal é observado. Também sepharose proteína G pode ser substituída pela proteína um sepharose dependendo do subtipo de anticorpo usado.</li>
	<li>Adicionar as contas bloqueadas no dia seguinte e incubar durante 1 h com rotação (40-60 rpm) em 4 ° C. centrifugar a 400 x g por 20-30 s para granular os grânulos, remover o sobrenadante e começar o ChIP lava.</li>
	<li>ChIP lavagens: executar as lavagens seguintes com os buffers: uma vez com baixa reserva de sal e depois duas vezes com tampão de sal alta, duas vezes com LiCl Buffer e finalmente duas vezes com tampão TE.
	<ol><li>Pelota os grânulos entre cada lavagem por centrifugação a 400 x g, durante 20-30 s em uma centrífuga de bancada e executar cada lavagem durante 10 min com rotação (40-60 rpm) a 4 ° C.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Para a eluição, retire a última lavagem e ressuspender os grânulos em tampão de eluição 250 µ l (preparadas) durante 15 minutos à temperatura ambiente e agitando.</li>
	<li>Centrífuga em 400 x g e recolher o eluato num tubo de fresco. Realizar essa etapa duas vezes e, em seguida, de-crosslink o eluído durante a noite com 20 µ l M de NaCl 5 e 1 µ l do RNase A (10 mg/mL), tratar com proteinase K e fenol-clorofórmio/clorofórmio extragir como na etapa 6.</li>
	<li>Resuspenda em 50 µ l de tampão TE e usar alíquotas para ChIP-qPCR conforme protocolos padrão 15, para verificar a qualidade do ChIP.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Johnson, D. S., Mortazavi, A., Myers, R. M., Wold, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+mapping+of+in+vivo+protein-DNA+interactions.">Genome-wide mapping of in vivo protein-DNA interactions.</a> Science. 316 (5830), 1497-1502 (2007).</li><li>Furey, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChIP-seq+and+beyond:+new+and+improved+methodologies+to+detect+and+characterize+protein-DNA+interactions.">ChIP-seq and beyond: new and improved methodologies to detect and characterize protein-DNA interactions.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 13 (12), 840-852 (2012).</li><li>Wade, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+Transcription+Regulatory+Networks+with+ChIP-seq+and+RNA-seq.">Mapping Transcription Regulatory Networks with ChIP-seq and RNA-seq.</a> Adv Exp Med Biol. 883, 119-134 (2015).</li><li>Alpern, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TAF4,+a+subunit+of+transcription+factor+II+D,+directs+promoter+occupancy+of+nuclear+receptor+HNF4A+during+post-natal+hepatocyte+differentiation.">TAF4, a subunit of transcription factor II D, directs promoter occupancy of nuclear receptor HNF4A during post-natal hepatocyte differentiation.</a> Elife. 3, e03613 (2014).</li><li>Martianov, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-specific+occupancy+of+an+extended+repertoire+of+CREM+and+CREB+binding+loci+in+male+germ+cells.">Cell-specific occupancy of an extended repertoire of CREM and CREB binding loci in male germ cells.</a> BMC Genomics. 11, 530 (2010).</li><li>Achour, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+identity+genes+regulated+by+super-enhancers+are+preferentially+down-regulated+in+the+striatum+of+Huntington's+disease+mice.">Neuronal identity genes regulated by super-enhancers are preferentially down-regulated in the striatum of Huntington's disease mice.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 24 (12), 3481-3496 (2015).</li><li>Joshi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TEAD+transcription+factors+are+required+for+normal+primary+myoblast+differentiation+in+vitro+and+muscle+regeneration+in+vivo.">TEAD transcription factors are required for normal primary myoblast differentiation in vitro and muscle regeneration in vivo.</a> PLoS Genet. 13 (2), e1006600 (2017).</li><li>Ohkawa, Y., Mallappa, C., Dacwag-Vallaster, C. S., Imbalzano, A. N., DiMario, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Myogenesis: Methods and protocols. 798, 517-531 (2012).</li><li>Dimauro, I., Pearson, T., Caporossi, D., Jackson, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+protocol+for+the+subcellular+fractionation+of+skeletal+muscle+cells+and+tissue.">A simple protocol for the subcellular fractionation of skeletal muscle cells and tissue.</a> BMC Res Notes. 5, 513 (2012).</li><li>Thomas, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PAK1+and+CtBP1+Regulate+the+Coupling+of+Neuronal+Activity+to+Muscle+Chromatin+and+Gene+Expression.">PAK1 and CtBP1 Regulate the Coupling of Neuronal Activity to Muscle Chromatin and Gene Expression.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 35 (24), 4110-4120 (2015).</li><li>Kuo, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+analysis+of+glucocorticoid+receptor-binding+sites+in+myotubes+identifies+gene+networks+modulating+insulin+signaling.">Genome-wide analysis of glucocorticoid receptor-binding sites in myotubes identifies gene networks modulating insulin signaling.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109 (28), 11160-11165 (2012).</li><li>Whyte, W. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Master+transcription+factors+and+mediator+establish+super-enhancers+at+key+cell+identity+genes.">Master transcription factors and mediator establish super-enhancers at key cell identity genes.</a> Cell. 153 (2), 307-319 (2013).</li><li>Benhaddou, A., Keime, C., Ye, T., Morlon, A., Michel, I., Jost, B., Mengus, G., Davidson, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+factor+TEAD4+regulates+expression+of+myogenin+and+the+unfolded+protein+response+genes+during+C2C12+cell+differentiation.">Transcription factor TEAD4 regulates expression of myogenin and the unfolded protein response genes during C2C12 cell differentiation.</a> Cell Death and Differentiation. 19 (2), 220-231 (2011).</li><li>Cowling, B. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reducing+dynamin+2+expression+rescues+X-linked+centronuclear+myopathy.">Reducing dynamin 2 expression rescues X-linked centronuclear myopathy.</a> J Clin Invest. 124 (3), 1350-1363 (2014).</li><li>. ChIP Analysis Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/fr/fr/home/life-science/epigenetics-noncoding-rna-research/chromatin-remodeling/chromatin-immunoprecipitation-chip/chip-analysis.html">https://www.thermofisher.com/fr/fr/home/life-science/epigenetics-noncoding-rna-research/chromatin-remodeling/chromatin-immunoprecipitation-chip/chip-analysis.html</a> (2017)</li></ol>

Os autores declaram que eles têm não tem interesses financeiro concorrente.

Aqui nós descrevemos um novo protocolo para a preparação de cromatina de músculos esqueléticos de rato adulto e mostrar que este cromatina é adequada para experimentos de ChIP que detectar a ligação do fator de transcrição e modificações do histone covalente no núcleo da fibra muscular. Este protocolo envolve várias etapas críticas. O primeiro é rompimento de tecido que pode ser executado por homogenizacao ou por cisalhamento mecânico. O corte mecânico é mais rápido e mais reprodutíveis e é, portant...

Imunoprecipitação da cromatina (ChIP) acoplado a reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa (qPCR) e sequenciamento de alto throughput (ChIP-seq) tornaram-se os métodos de escolha para estudar a transcrição e epigenética regulação da expressão gênica em diversos tecidos e tipos de células1. Esta técnica permite a criação de perfil de todo o genoma de modificações covalentes cromatina, ocupação variante de histona e32,ligação do fator da transcrição.
Enquanto executando o ChIP de células cultivadas está bem estabelecida, ChIP de tecidos de mamíferos permanece mais desafiador. Preparação da cromatina para ChIP envolve várias etapas críticas que precisam ser otimizados para cada tipo de tecidos e células. Cromatina pode ser preparada do lisado celular de células cultivadas ou seguir a purificação de seus núcleos. No caso de tecidos de mamíferos, Lise eficiente, fixação de formaldeído e purificação dos núcleos são críticos para garantir ótima recuperação da cromatina. Além disso, a escolha de se corrigir os núcleos antes ou depois da sua purificação tem de ser determinado experimentalmente. Apesar destes obstáculos, ChIP tem sido realizado com sucesso de tecidos como o fígado, testículo ou cérebro4,5,6. No caso de músculo esquelético, o rompimento de um tecido tão fisicamente resistente, que apresenta um alto teor de proteínas estruturais e isolamento de seus núcleos é particularmente desafiadora. Tendo em conta esta especificidade, protocolos otimizados para outros tecidos não dão resultados satisfatórios para os músculos esqueléticos.
Aqui descrevemos um protocolo para isolar a cromatina ChIP-grau de tecido de músculo esquelético de rato que envolve fisicamente, rompendo o tecido, fixação de formaldeído e então o isolamento dos núcleos e sonication. A eficiência deste método para preparar a cromatina apropriada para ChIP deste tecido foi demonstrada por realização de ChIP-qPCR e ChIP-seq para vários fatores de transcrição, RNA polimerase II e de modificações do histone covalente7.
Esta nova técnica é muito mais rápida do que um protocolo relatado anteriormente8 composto por etapas de digestão tempo colagenase durante esse tempo, mudanças na localização de genômica de factores de transcrição e alterações na expressão do gene podem ter lugar. A rapidez com que os núcleos são isolados e fixa faz com que o método descrito aqui particularmente atraente para preparar a cromatina que capta mais fielmente o estado de ocupação genômica nativo. Além disso, apesar de tem outros métodos de extração de isolamento ou proteínas da cromatina de tecido muscular foram descritas8,9,10 e usado para experiências de ChIP-qPCR genes selecionados, sem ChIP-seq dados tem sido relatados como usá-los. O método relatado aqui é apropriado para transcrição fator e histona modificação ChIP-seq e, portanto, deve ser também apropriado para aplicações de captura do HiC cromatina conformação ou 3 / 4C.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>T 25 digital ULTRA-TURRAX</td>
			<td>T 18 ULTRA-TURRAX</td>
			<td>0009022800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMSF</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE SARL</td>
			<td>P7626-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease Inhibitor Cocktail-EDTA Free</td>
			<td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td>11873580001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein G Sepharose beads</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>P-3296</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>P-2308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainers 70um</td>
			<td>Corning BV</td>
			<td>431751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainers 40um</td>
			<td>Corning BV</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde EM grade</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>15710-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rnase A</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>12091039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol:Chloroform:Isoamyl Alcohol 25:24:1</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>P3803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>B4287-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>yeast tRNA</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>R5636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycogen Blue</td>
			<td>AMIBION</td>
			<td>AM9516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pol II ChIP Antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SC-9001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H3K27ac ChIP Antibody</td>
			<td>Active Motif</td>
			<td>39133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tead4 ChIP Antibody</td>
			<td>Aviva Systems Biology</td>
			<td>(ARP38276_P050)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IGEPAL</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH CHIMIE</td>
			<td>I-3021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E220 Focused Ultrasonicator</td>
			<td>Covaris E220</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Additional items</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loose Dounce</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml and 50 ml falcon tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>14 ml round bottom tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ml and 2 ml Eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 &#956;m and 40 &#956;m cell strainers (Corning)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

improved protocol for chromatin immunoprecipitation from mouse skeletal muscle

Descreveremos um protocolo eficiente e reproduzível para a preparação da cromatina do músculo esquelético de rato adulto, um tecido resistente fisicamente com um alto teor de proteínas estruturais. Músculos de membros dissecados de ratos adultos fisicamente são rompidos por homogeneização mecânica, ou uma combinação de picagem e douncing, em um buffer hipotônica antes da fixação de formaldeído do lisado celular. Os núcleos fixos são purificados por mais ciclos de homogeneização mecânica ou douncing e filtrações sequenciais para remover os resíduos de célula. Os núcleos purificados podem ser sonicated imediatamente ou posteriormente após congelamento. A cromatina pode ser sonicated com eficiência e é apropriado para experimentos de imunoprecipitação da cromatina, conforme ilustrado pelos perfis obtido por fatores de transcrição, RNA polimerase II e modificações do histone covalente. Os eventos de ligação detectados usando cromatina preparada pelo presente protocolo predominantemente são aqueles que ocorrem no núcleo da fibra muscular apesar da presença de cromatina de outro satélite de fibra-associado e células endoteliais. Este protocolo, portanto, é adaptado para estudar a regulação gênica no músculo esquelético rato adulto.

Para isolar núcleos, realizamos a homogeneização mecânica do tecido muscular dissecado e picada para 15 ou 45 s, 18.000 e 22.000 rpm (ver Tabela de materiais). Em todas as condições, núcleos poderiam separar os restos de tecido, mas o rendimento foi otimizado usando a velocidade mais baixa (figura 1A-B). Núcleos também podem ser preparados por douncing por 3-5 min (figura 1Ae dados não ...

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Improved Protocol for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Mouse Skeletal Muscle

Protocolo melhorado por imunoprecipitação da cromatina do músculo esquelético de rato

É apresentado um novo protocolo para a preparação da cromatina do músculo esquelético de rato adulto adaptado para o estudo da regulação gênica em fibras musculares por imunoprecipitação da cromatina.

We describe an efficient and reproducible protocol for the preparation of chromatin from adult mouse skeletal muscle, a physically resistant tissue with a ...

improved-protocol-for-chromatin-immunoprecipitation-from-mouse

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

8.4K visualizações.  Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire. É apresentado um novo protocolo para a preparação da cromatina do músculo esquelético de rato adulto adaptado para o estudo da regulação gênica em fibras musculares por imunoprecipitação da cromatina.

Vídeo: Improved Protocol for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Mouse Skeletal Muscle

Optimized Protocol for the Extraction of Proteins from the Human Mitral Valve

Analysis of the cellular proteome can help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases due to the development of technologies that permit the large-scale identification and quantification of the proteins present in complex biological systems.The knowledge gained from a proteomic approach can potentially lead to a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying diseases, allowing for the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic disease markers, and, hopefully, of therapeutic targets. However, the cardiac mitral valve represents a very challenging sample for proteomic analysis because of the low cellularity in proteoglycan and collagen-enriched extracellular matrix. This makes it challenging to extract proteins for a global proteomic analysis. This work describes a protocol that is compatible with subsequent protein analysis, such as quantitative proteomics and immunoblotting. This can allow for the correlation of data concerning protein expression with data on quantitative mRNA expression and non-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. Indeed, these approaches, when performed together, will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases, from mRNA to post-translational protein modification. Thus, this method can be relevant to researchers interested in the study of cardiac valve physiopathology.

The protein composition of the human mitral valve is still partially unknown, because its analysis is complicated by low cellularity and therefore by low protein biosynthesis. This work provides a protocol to efficiently extract protein for the analysis of the mitral valve proteome.

Protocolo otimizado para a extração de proteínas da válvula mitral humana

Analysis of the cellular proteome can help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases due to the development of technologies that permit ...

Bioquímica

A Filtration-based Method of Preparing High-quality Nuclei from Cross-linked Skeletal Muscle for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful method to determine protein binding to chromatin DNA. Fiber-rich skeletal muscle, however, has been a challenge for ChIP due to technical difficulty in isolation of high-quality nuclei with minimal contamination of myofibrils. Previous protocols have attempted to purify nuclei before cross-linking, which incurs the risk of altered DNA-protein interaction during the prolonged nuclei preparation process. In the current protocol, we first cross-linked the skeletal muscle tissue collected from mice, and the tissues were minced and sonicated. Since we found that ultracentrifugation was not able to separate nuclei from myofibrils using cross-linked muscle tissue, we devised a sequential filtration procedure to obtain high-quality nuclei devoid of significant myofibril contamination. We subsequently prepared chromatin by using an ultrasonicator, and ChIP assays with anti-BMAL1 antibody revealed robust circadian binding pattern of BMAL1 to target gene promoters. This filtration protocol constitutes an easily applicable method to isolate high-quality nuclei from cross-linked skeletal muscle tissue, allowing consistent sample processing for circadian and other time-sensitive studies. In combination with next-generation sequencing (NGS), our method can be deployed for various mechanistic and genomic studies focusing on skeletal muscle function.

We present a filtration-based protocol to isolate high-quality nuclei from cross-linked mouse skeletal muscle wherein we removed the need for ultracentrifugation, making it easily applicable. We show that chromatin prepared from the nuclei is suitable for chromatin immunoprecipitation and likely chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing studies.

Um método baseado na filtração de preparação de núcleos de alta qualidade a partir de músculo esquelético reticulado para imunoprecipitação com cromatina

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful method to determine protein binding to chromatin DNA. Fiber-rich skeletal muscle, however, has been a ...

A Western Blotting Protocol for Small Numbers of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare cells, with the mouse bone marrow containing only ~25,000 phenotypic long term repopulating HSCs. A Western blotting protocol was optimized and suitable for the analysis of small numbers of HSCs (500 - 15,000 cells). Phenotypic HSCs were purified, accurately counted, and directly lysed in Laemmli sample buffer. Lysates containing equal numbers of cells were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the blot was prepared and processed following standard Western blotting protocols. Using this protocol, 2,000 - 5,000 HSCs can be routinely analyzed, and in some cases data can be obtained from as few as 500 cells, compared to the 20,000 to 40,000 cells reported in most publications. This protocol should be generally applicable to other hematopoietic cells, and enables the routine analysis of small numbers of cells using standard laboratory procedures.

A standard Western blotting protocol was optimized for analyzing as few as 500 hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells. Optimization involves careful handling of the cell sample, limiting transfers between tubes, and directly lysing the cells in Laemmli sample buffer.

Um Western que mancha o protocolo para o pequeno número de células-tronco hematopoiéticas

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare cells, with the mouse bone marrow containing only ~25,000 phenotypic long term repopulating HSCs. A Western ...

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins

It is now well-appreciated that post-translational modifications (PTMs) play an integral role in regulating a protein&#39;s structure and function, which may be essential for a given protein&#39;s role both physiologically and pathologically. Enrichment of PTMs is often necessary when investigating the PTM status of a target protein, because PTMs are often transient and relatively low in abundance. Many pitfalls are encountered when enriching for a PTM of a target protein, such as buffer incompatibility, the target protein antibody is not IP-compatible, loss of PTM signal, and others. The degree of difficulty is magnified when investigating multiple PTMs like acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation 2/3, and tyrosine phosphorylation for a given target protein. Studying a combination of these PTMs may be necessary, as crosstalk between PTMs is prevalent and critical for protein regulation. Often, these PTMs are studied in different lysis buffers and with unique inhibitor compositions. To simplify the process, a unique denaturing lysis system was developed that effectively isolates and preserves these four PTMs; thus, enabling investigation of potential crosstalk in a single lysis system. A unique filter system was engineered to remove contaminating genomic DNA from the lysate, which is a problematic by-product of denaturing buffers. Robust affinity matrices targeting each of the four PTMs were developed in concert with the buffer system to maximize the enrichment and detection of the endogenous states of these four PTMs. This comprehensive PTM detection toolset streamlines the process of obtaining critical information about whether a protein is modified by one or more of these PTMs.

Investigating multiple, endogenous post-translational modifications for a target protein can be extremely challenging. Techniques described here utilize an optimized lysis buffer and filter system developed with specific PTM-targeting, affinity matrices to detect the acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation 2/3, and tyrosine phosphorylation modifications for a target protein using a single, streamlined system.

Utilizando um sistema de enriquecimento de imunoprecipitação abrangente para identificar um perfil endógena modificação pós-traducional de proteínas alvo

It is now well-appreciated that post-translational modifications (PTMs) play an integral role in regulating a protein&#39;s structure and function, which ...

Measuring and Interpreting Oxygen Consumption Rates in Whole Fly Head Segments

Regulated metabolic activity is essential for the normal functioning of living cells. Indeed, altered metabolic activity is causally linked with the progression of cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and aging to name a few. For instance, changes in mitochondrial activity, the cell&#39;s metabolic powerhouse, have been characterized in many such diseases. Generally, the oxygen consumption rates of mitochondria were considered a reliable readout of mitochondrial activity and measurements in some of these studies were based on isolated mitochondria or cells. However, such conditions may not represent the complexity of a whole tissue. Recently, we have developed a novel method that enables the dynamic measurement of oxygen consumption rates from whole isolated fly heads. By utilizing this method, we have recorded lower oxygen consumption rates of the whole head segment in young versus aged flies. Secondly, we have discovered that lysine deacetylase inhibitors rapidly alter the oxygen consumption in the whole head. Our novel technique may therefore aid in uncovering new properties of various drugs, which may impact metabolic rates. Furthermore, our method may give a better understanding of metabolic behavior in an experimental setup that more closely resembles physiological states.

Measuring alterations in metabolic rates is central to understanding the progression of various diseases and aging. Here, we present a novel technique to measure whole head oxygen consumption that more closely resembles the physiological state and may aid in revealing novel drugs that modify mitochondrial activity.

Medindo e interpretando a taxas de consumo de oxigênio em toda a cabeça segmentos de voar

Regulated metabolic activity is essential for the normal functioning of living cells. Indeed, altered metabolic activity is causally linked with the ...

Quantification of Protein Interaction Network Dynamics using Multiplexed Co-Immunoprecipitation

Dynamic protein-protein interactions control cellular behavior, from motility to DNA replication to signal transduction. However, monitoring dynamic interactions among multiple proteins in a protein interaction network is technically difficult. Here, we present a protocol for Quantitative Multiplex Immunoprecipitation (QMI), which allows quantitative assessment of fold changes in protein interactions based on relative fluorescence measurements of Proteins in Shared Complexes detected by Exposed Surface epitopes (PiSCES). In QMI, protein complexes from cell lysates are immunoprecipitated onto microspheres, and then probed with a labeled antibody for a different protein in order to quantify the abundance of PiSCES. Immunoprecipitation antibodies are conjugated to different MagBead spectral regions, which allows a flow cytometer to differentiate multiple parallel immunoprecipitations and simultaneously quantify the amount of probe antibody associated with each. QMI does not require genetic tagging and can be performed using minimal biomaterial compared to other immunoprecipitation methods. QMI can be adapted for any defined group of interacting proteins, and has thus far been used to characterize signaling networks in T cells and neuronal glutamate synapses. Results have led to new hypothesis generation with potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This protocol includes instructions to perform QMI, from the initial antibody panel selection through to running assays and analyzing data. The initial assembly of a QMI assay involves screening antibodies to generate a panel, and empirically determining an appropriate lysis buffer. The subsequent reagent preparation includes covalently coupling immunoprecipitation antibodies to MagBeads, and biotinylating probe antibodies so they can be labeled by a streptavidin-conjugated fluorophore. To run the assay, lysate is mixed with MagBeads overnight, and then beads are divided and incubated with different probe antibodies, and then a fluorophore label, and read by flow cytometry. Two statistical tests are performed to identify PiSCES that differ significantly between experimental conditions, and results are visualized using heatmaps or node-edge diagrams.

Quantitative Multiplex Immunoprecipitation (QMI) uses flow cytometry for sensitive detection of differences in the abundance of targeted protein-protein interactions between two samples. QMI can be performed using a small amount of biomaterial, does not require genetically engineered tags, and can be adapted for any previously defined protein interaction network.

Quantificação da dinâmica da rede de interação de proteínas usando co-imunoprecipitação multiplexada

Dynamic protein-protein interactions control cellular behavior, from motility to DNA replication to signal transduction. However, monitoring dynamic ...

Label-Free Immunoprecipitation Mass Spectrometry Workflow for Large-scale Nuclear Interactome Profiling

Immunoaffinity purification mass spectrometry (IP-MS) has emerged as a robust quantitative method of identifying protein-protein interactions. This publication presents a complete interaction proteomics workflow designed for identifying low abundance protein-protein interactions from the nucleus that could also be applied to other subcellular compartments. This workflow includes subcellular fractionation, immunoprecipitation, sample preparation, offline cleanup, single-shot label-free mass spectrometry, and downstream computational analysis and data visualization. Our protocol is optimized for detecting compartmentalized, low abundance interactions that are difficult to identify from whole cell lysates (e.g., transcription factor interactions in the nucleus) by immunoprecipitation of endogenous proteins from fractionated subcellular compartments. The sample preparation pipeline outlined here provides detailed instructions for the preparation of HeLa cell nuclear extract, immunoaffinity purification of endogenous bait protein, and quantitative mass spectrometry analysis. We also discuss methodological considerations for performing large-scale immunoprecipitation in mass spectrometry-based interaction profiling experiments and provide guidelines for evaluating data quality to distinguish true positive protein interactions from nonspecific interactions. This approach is demonstrated here by investigating the nuclear interactome of the CMGC kinase, DYRK1A, a low abundance protein kinase with poorly defined interactions within the nucleus.

Described is a proteomics workflow for identifying protein interaction partners from a nuclear subcellular fraction using immunoaffinity enrichment of a given protein of interest and label-free mass spectrometry. The workflow includes subcellular fractionation, immunoprecipitation, filter aided sample preparation, offline cleanup, mass spectrometry, and a downstream bioinformatics pipeline.

Fluxo de trabalho de espectrometria de massa de imunoprecipitação sem rótulos para perfis de interactom nuclear em larga escala

Immunoaffinity purification mass spectrometry (IP-MS) has emerged as a robust quantitative method of identifying protein-protein interactions. This ...

A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers

Incremental exercise testing is the standard means of assessing cardiorespiratory capacity of endurance athletes. While the maximal rate of oxygen consumption is typically used as the criterion measurement in this regard, two metabolic breakpoints that reflect changes in the dynamics of lactate production/consumption as the work rate is increased are perhaps more relevant for endurance athletes from a functional standpoint. Exercise economy, which represents the rate of oxygen consumption relative to performance of submaximal work, is also an important parameter to measure for endurance-athlete assessment. Ramp incremental tests comprising a gradual but rapid increase in work rate until the limit of exercise tolerance is reached are useful for determining these parameters. This type of test is typically performed on a cycle ergometer or treadmill because there is a need for precision with respect to work-rate incrementation. However, athletes should be tested while performing the mode of exercise required for their sport. Consequently, swimmers are typically assessed during free-swimming incremental tests where such precision is difficult to achieve. We have recently suggested that stationary swimming against a load that is progressively increased (incremental tethered swimming) can serve as a &#34;swim ergometer&#34; by allowing sufficient precision to accommodate a gradual but rapid loading pattern that reveals the aforementioned metabolic breakpoints and exercise economy. However, the degree to which the peak rate of oxygen consumption achieved during such a protocol approximates the maximal rate that is measured during free swimming remains to be determined. In the present article, we explain how this rapidly incremented tethered-swimming protocol can be employed to assess the cardiorespiratory capacity of a swimmer. Specifically, we explain how assessment of a short-distance competitive swimmer using this protocol revealed that his rate of oxygen uptake was 30.3 and 34.8 mL&#8729;min-1&#8729;kg-1BM at his gas-exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point, respectively.

As opposed to measurement during free swimming, which presents inherent challenges and limitations, determination of important parameters of cardiorespiratory function for swimmers can be made using a more feasible and easier to administer tethered-swimming rapidly incremented protocol with gas exchange and ventilatory data collection.

Um protocolo máximo de natação amarrada rapidamente incrementado para avaliação cardiorrespiratória dos nadadores

Incremental exercise testing is the standard means of assessing cardiorespiratory capacity of endurance athletes. While the maximal rate of oxygen ...

RIBO-seq in Bacteria: a Sample Collection and Library Preparation Protocol for NGS Sequencing

The ribosome profiling technique (RIBO-seq) is currently the most effective tool for studying the process of protein synthesis in vivo. The advantage of this method, in comparison to other approaches, is its ability to monitor translation by precisely mapping the position and number of ribosomes on a mRNA transcript.
In this article, we describe the consecutive stages of sample collection and preparation for RIBO-seq method in bacteria, highlighting the details relevant to the planning and execution of the experiment.
Since the RIBO-seq relies on intact ribosomes and related mRNAs, the key step is rapid inhibition of translation and adequate disintegration of cells. Thus, we suggest filtration and flash-freezing in liquid nitrogen for cell harvesting with an optional pretreatment with chloramphenicol to arrest translation in bacteria. For the disintegration, we propose grinding frozen cells with mortar and pestle in the presence of aluminum oxide to mechanically disrupt the cell wall. In this protocol, sucrose cushion or a sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation for monosome purification is not required. Instead, mRNA separation using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by the ribosomal footprint excision (28-30 nt band) is applied and provides satisfactory results. This largely simplifies the method as well as reduces the time and equipment requirements for the procedure. For library preparation, we recommend using the commercially available small RNA kit for Illumina sequencing from New England Biolabs, following manufacturer&#39;s guidelines with some degree of optimization.
The resulting cDNA libraries present appropriate quantity and quality required for next generation sequencing (NGS). Sequencing of the libraries prepared according to the described protocol results in 2 to 10 mln uniquely mapped reads per sample providing sufficient data for comprehensive bioinformatic analysis. The protocol we present is quick and relatively easy and can be performed with standard laboratory equipment.

Here we describe the stages of sample collection and preparation for RIBO-seq in bacteria. Sequencing of the libraries prepared according to these guidelines results in sufficient data for comprehensive bioinformatic analysis. The protocol we present is simple, uses standard laboratory equipment and takes seven days from lysis to obtaining libraries.

RIBO-seq em Bactérias: um Protocolo de Coleta de Amostras e Preparação de Bibliotecas para Sequenciamento NGS

The ribosome profiling technique (RIBO-seq) is currently the most effective tool for studying the process of protein synthesis in vivo. The advantage of ...

Measurement of Protein Import Capacity of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria

Mitochondria are key metabolic and regulatory organelles that determine the energy supply as well as the overall health of the cell. In skeletal muscle, mitochondria exist in a series of complex morphologies, ranging from small oval organelles to a broad, reticulum-like network. Understanding how the mitochondrial reticulum expands and develops in response to diverse stimuli such as alterations in energy demand has long been a topic of research. A key aspect of this growth, or biogenesis, is the import of precursor proteins, originally encoded by the nuclear genome, synthesized in the cytosol, and translocated into various mitochondrial sub-compartments. Mitochondria have developed a sophisticated mechanism for this import process, involving many selective inner and outer membrane channels, known as the protein import machinery (PIM). Import into the mitochondrion is dependent on viable membrane potential and the availability of organelle-derived ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore its measurement can serve as a measure of organelle health. The PIM also exhibits a high level of adaptive plasticity in skeletal muscle that is tightly coupled to the energy status of the cell. For example, exercise training has been shown to increase import capacity, while muscle disuse reduces it, coincident with changes in markers of mitochondrial content. Although protein import is a critical step in the biogenesis and expansion of mitochondria, the process is not widely studied in skeletal muscle. Thus, this paper outlines how to use isolated and fully functional mitochondria from skeletal muscle to measure protein import capacity in order to promote a greater understanding of the methods involved and an appreciation of the importance of the pathway for organelle turnover in exercise, health, and disease.

Mitochondria are key metabolic organelles that exhibit a high level of phenotypic plasticity in skeletal muscle. The import of proteins from the cytosol is a critical pathway for organelle biogenesis, essential for the expansion of the reticulum and the maintenance of mitochondrial function. Therefore, protein import serves as a barometer of cellular health.

Medição da Capacidade de Importação de Proteínas das Mitocôndrias Musculares Esqueléticas

Mitochondria are key metabolic and regulatory organelles that determine the energy supply as well as the overall health of the cell. In skeletal muscle, ...