ASR deneyleri, protokolleri tasarlanıp geliştirildi veri analiz. SC ve PS hücre boyutu deneyleri yürüttü. ASR ve OC el yazması yazdı. Yazarlar minnetle Prof. David R. Klug destek ekipman erişim sağlamak için kabul etmek istiyorum. Yazarlar Imperial College gelişmiş Hackspace imalat ve prototip oluşturma özellikleri erişim için teşekkür etmek istiyorum.

<ol>
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Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Adresli damlacık Microarrays kantitatif tek bir hücrede bulunan protein mutlak kopya sayısını belirlemek için hassas ve genişletilebilir bir yöntemdir.
Non-spesifik bağlama düzeyini sınırlama (NSB) bir sınır tespiti mümkün olduğunca düşük olarak ulaşmak için iletişim kuralına önemlidir. Protein ve diğer biyokimyasal türler özellikle sigara bağlamak için arabirimler damlacıkları içinde mevcut bir dizi — coverslip yüzey, antikor nokta ve yağ/su arabirimi. Pro...

Bu yöntemin amacı bereket bir hedef proteinin hücre popülasyondaki özneleri, tek hücre çözünürlük varyasyon tespit etmektir. Tek hücre Analizi birçok geleneksel ensemble biyokimyasal yöntemlerle kullanılamaz avantaj sağlar. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 öncelikle, tek hücre düzeyinde çalışan nüfusunun geleneksel ensemble biyokimyasal teknikleri ile oluşan sayı ortalaması alınarak kaybeden bir hücre zengin heterojenite yakalayabilirsiniz. Genellikle yapmak gibi çoğu iş-at biyokimyasal Yöntemler ile toplu, gerektiren, milyonlarca hücre bir sonucu elde etmek için çalışır. Tabii ki, tüm hücre popülasyonlarının değerlendirme sonuçlarını bağlı bir dizi faktöre, örneğin, heterojenite protein ifadesindeki nerede bazı önemli özellikleri protein bereket dağılımı özledim. Pratik bir bakış açısından, tek hücre teknikleri gerekli hassasiyeti onları çalışmaya bile daha duyarlı toplu teknikleri için yetersiz biyolojik malzeme miktarları ile çalışma yeteneğine sahip olun. Bu anahtar bir örnek gibi tümör hücreleri (CTCs) nerede kötü prognostik outlook olan hastalar için bile 10 CTCs bir tek 7.5 mL kan mevcut olabilecek daha az çizmek dolaşan nadir hücre tipleri çalışmadır. 6 burada tek hücre proteini ölçümleri antikor tabanlı tahlil petrol şapkalı damlacıkları istihdam bir antikor Mikroarray baskılı azaltılmış bir birim için gerçekleştirmek için gereken yöntemi mevcut.
Mikrosıvısal damlacık platformlarına yüksek işlem hacmi, damlacıkları ikinci ve yetenekli yalıtma ve hatta kültür, tek hücre başına binlerce bireysel damlacıkları biyokimyasal testleri geniş bir dizi gerçekleştirmek için elde edebilecektir. Damlacık tabanlı teknikleri de tek hücre analizi,7,8,9 ile hangi büyük ölçüde gücüyle destekli DropSeq1110 ve inDrop, dahil olmak üzere önemli son örnek için uygundur güçlendirme teknikleri. Malzeme sınırlı miktarda amplifikasyon hiçbir yöntem proteinler için yapmak ve tek hücre proteomik özellikle zorlu.
Damlacıkları birkaç yöntem tarafından analiz edilecek ve floresans mikroskobu yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır. Toplam iç yansıma Floresan (TIRF) mikroskopi gibi tek molekül teknikleri ile eşsiz sinyal-gürültü oranı görüntülenmeyecektir floresan molekülleri sağlar. 12 fani alan üstel çürümesi nedeniyle, TIRF iyi bir strateji karmaşık bir karışımı bir hedef molekül küçük miktarlarda saptamada yapma sadece fluorophores (sırasıyla 100nm) yüzeyine yüksek birbirine heyecanlı mısın. Zaman ve karmaşıklık sınırları tahlil ve TIRF doğal optik parça gücünü de yıkama adımları önlemek için yardımcı olur. Ancak, TIRF düzlemsel yüzeyler gerektirir ve bir düzlemsel yüzeyine hangi görüntü oluşumu damlacıkları akışı uygulanan TIRF mikroskobu örnekleri içerir. 13 bu amaçla, tek hücre proteomik teknikler kez mikrosıvısal çip çevresinde yüzey immobilize yakalama ajanlar bir Mikroarray biçimde tasarlayın. 4 , 14
Damlacıkları, kendilerini, düzlemsel yüzeylerde, sözde damlacık microarrays dizilerde oluşmuş. 15 , 16 , 17 dağınık şekilde organize damlacıkları dizilerden onlara uygun dizine, kolayca zaman içinde izlenen, ayrı ayrı ele alınması ve gerekirse, alındı sağlar. Damlacık microarrays yüksek yoğunluklu mikro-reaktörler müstakil veya microwell yapıları tarafından desteklenen elemanları küçük parça başına binlerce elde edebilirsiniz. 18 , 19 , 20 oluşturdular tarafından sıvı işleme robotlar, mürekkep püskürtmeli spotters, sıralı ifade tarafından microarrayers21,22,23,24,25, iletişim 26 ya da kendi kendine bir araya superhydrophillic gibi yüzeylerde lekeler desenli bir superhydrophobic yüzeye. 27 , 28 , 29
Bunu göz önünde bulundurarak, adresli damlacık Microarrays (ADM'ler) çok yönlülük, kayma adreslenebilirliği ve damlacık microarrays düşük hacimli teminatlarının tek molekül TIRF Mikroskopi için duyarlılık ile birleştirmek için tasarlanmıştır protein bereket ölçmek. 5 daha sonra buharlaşma önlemek için yağ ile kaplıdır bir antikor Mikroarray üzerinde tek hücreleri içeren bir damlacık Mikroarray oluşturan tek hücre Analizi ADM'ler etkinleştirin. Damlacıkları hacimleri üstünde-küçük parça içinde sürekli akışı Havacilik valving tarafından elde örnek kaybını önlemek için ayrı. 30 hedef protein tek bir hücreden mutlak miktarı son derece küçüktür; Ancak, damlacıkları azaltılmış hacmi için nispeten yüksek yerel yoğunlaşması sağlar bir sandviç antikor tahlil kullanarak algılanır - antikor ayrı bir bölgede ya da nokta, hangi sırayla bağlayan protein yakalar bir yüzey üzerinde immobilize umulur ki için bir fluorescently etiketli algılama antikor damlacık hacmindeki mevcut. Bir etiket içermeyen bir yaklaşım (yani protein hedefler doğrudan etiketli gerek yok), ADM'ler işlenmiş kan gibi birincil kaynakları hücrelerinden analiz için genellikle tabidir, iyi örnekleri ve Disosiye tümör biyopsi yanı sıra kültür hücrelerden gerekir ve onların lysates.
Buna karşılık, örneğin, heterojen bir ilaç belirlemede önemlidir varyasyon protein bolluk içinde bir hücre nüfus arasında ölçme ve hücresel işlevler ve yollar, altgrupları değerlendirme sağlamada yardımcı olacak ve onların Aksi takdirde toplu yöntemlerle maskeli nadir olayları tanımlayın yanı sıra davranış. Bu iletişim kuralı üretmek ve adresli damlacık microarrays kantitatif transkripsiyon faktörü p53 insan kanser hücrelerinin içinde bolluk belirlemek için nasıl kullanılacağını açıklar ve p53 kemoterapötik ilaçlara yanıt rolünü araştırmak için kullanılabilir olur. Hedef protein yakalama ve algılama antikorları seçimi ile belirlenir ve daha fazla veya farklı hedefleri içerecek şekilde değiştirilmiş. Genel Laboratuvar sarf malzemeleri el ile yağ ile şapkalı 10 nL damlacıkları dizi için gelen eş merkezli bir meme birleştiren bir basit aparatı oluşturmak için yönergeler sağlanmıştır. Her damlacık sonra sonra lysed tek bir hücre TIRF mikroskobu kullanılarak tek molekül çözümleme ile belirlenen protein ifade dolu olan sayede tam deneysel işlemi açıklanmıştır.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10010015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM high glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D6429</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Biochrom</td>
			<td>S0115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cell culture flasks</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>SIAL0639</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>Biochrom</td>
			<td>L2153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microarray</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcontact Arrayer</td>
			<td>DigiLab, UK</td>
			<td>OmniGrid Micro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcontact pin</td>
			<td>ArrayIt, USA</td>
			<td>946MP2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips (Nexterion)</td>
			<td>Schott, Europe</td>
			<td>1098523</td>
			<td>Size (mm): 65.0 x 25.0; Thickness (mm) 0.17</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p53 capture antibody</td>
			<td>Enzo</td>
			<td>ADI-960-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p53 detection antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 labelled</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-126</td>
			<td>stock concentration 200&#956;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline-sodium citrate buffer</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15557-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betaine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>61962</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulphate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L3771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>384 well plate (low volume)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>CLS4511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen gas cylinder</td>
			<td>BOC</td>
			<td>Industrial grade, oxygen-free</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Droplets</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Patchman NP2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manual Microinjector</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>CellTram Vario</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette</td>
			<td>Origio, Denmark</td>
			<td>MBB-FP-L-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe pumps</td>
			<td>KD Scientific</td>
			<td>KDS-210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 &#956;L syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>81020</td>
			<td>Gas tight, PTFE Luer lock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>81327</td>
			<td>Gas tight, PTFE Luer lock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone isolator</td>
			<td>Grace Bio-Labs</td>
			<td>JTR24R-A-0.5</td>
			<td>6x4 well silicone isolator with adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser cutter</td>
			<td>VersaLASE</td>
			<td>VLS2.30 CO2 Laser 3W</td>
			<td>for laser cutting of custom isolators</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1mm thick acrylic sheet</td>
			<td>Weatherall-UK</td>
			<td>Clarex Precision Sheet 001</td>
			<td>for laser cutting of custom isolators</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive sheet</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used to adhere custom isolators to microarrayed coverslips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super glue</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>LOCPFG3T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>150 &#956;m ID/360 &#956;m OD fused silica tubing</td>
			<td>IDEX</td>
			<td>FS-115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.0 mm ID/1/16&#8221; OD PFA tubing</td>
			<td>IDEX</td>
			<td>1503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.014&#8221; ID/0.062&#8221; OD PTFE tubing</td>
			<td>Kinesis</td>
			<td>008T16-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.0 mm ID/2.0 mm OD FEP tubing</td>
			<td>IDEX</td>
			<td>1673</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumen (BSA)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP9700100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral oil</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M5904</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-pure water</td>
			<td>Millipore, Germany</td>
			<td>MilliQ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscopy &#38; Optics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TIRF microscope with encoded XY stage</td>
			<td>Nikon, Japan</td>
			<td>Nikon Ti-E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EM-CCD</td>
			<td>Andor Technologies, Ireland</td>
			<td>IXON DU-897E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser excitation source</td>
			<td>Vortran, USA</td>
			<td>Stradus 488-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical lysis laser source</td>
			<td>Continuum, USA</td>
			<td>Surelite SLI-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope filter cube for TIRF</td>
			<td>Chroma, USA</td>
			<td>z488bp</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope filter cube for Optical Lysis</td>
			<td>Laser 2000, UK</td>
			<td>LPD01-532R-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiji</td>
			<td>Open Source</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlab</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>version 7.14 or higher</td>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

counting proteins in single cells with addressable droplet microarrays

Sık sık hücresel davranış ve hücresel yanıt nerede birçok hücre yanıtları birlikte zengin tek hücre davranış karmaşık bir nüfus içinde maskeleme ortalama bir sonucu olarak havuza nüfus düzeyinde analiz edilir. Tek hücre proteini algılama ve miktar teknolojileri son yıllarda kayda değer bir etki yapmış. Burada bir pratik ve esnek tek hücre Analizi platform adresli damlacık microarrays üzerinde tabanlı açıklayın. Bu çalışma nasıl hedef proteinler mutlak kopya sayısına tek hücre çözünürlük ile ölçülen açıklar. Tümör baskılayıcı p53 ile toplam kanser vakalarının bir sigara sağlıklı p53 ifade deseni sergileyen % 50'den fazla insan kanseri en sık mutasyona uğramış gen var. Protokolü ile tam ifade değişkenlik belirlemek için tek molekül kararlılık içinde olan tek insan kanser hücreleri izole edilmiştir ve p53 protein kopya sayısı ölçülen 10 nL damlacıkları oluşturmak için adımları açıklar. Yöntem ilgi herhangi bir hedef proteinler mutlak kopya sayısını belirlemek için birincil malzeme dahil olmak üzere herhangi bir hücre türüne uygulanabilir.

P53 mutlak bazal protein kopya sayısı bir insan kolon kanseri hücre kültürünü, BE hücreleri tek hücre çözünürlük ile tespit edilmiştir. Biz nasıl p53 ifade büyüklükte birkaç emir üzerinde değişir ve hücre boyutu ve protein kopya sayısı içinde dinlenme BE hücre nüfus arasında bir zayıf pozitif korelasyon göstermek göstermek.
Sulu damlacıkları antikor spot yerlerde reçete ve yağ ile şapkalı a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Counting Proteins in Single Cells with Addressable Droplet Microarrays at JoVE.com

Counting Proteins in Single Cells with Addressable Droplet Microarrays

Burada adresli damlacık microarrays (ADM'ler), bir damlacık array tabanlı yöntemi mutlak protein bolluk içinde tek hücreleri belirlemek mümkün mevcut. Biz heterojenite tümör baskılayıcı protein p53 bir insan kanser hücre satırı ifade derecesinin ADM'ler kapasitesini göstermek.

Proteinler adresli damlacık Microarrays ile tek kişilik hücrelerde sayma

Often cellular behavior and cellular responses are analyzed at the population level where the responses of many cells are pooled together as an average ...

counting-proteins-in-single-cells-with-addressable-droplet-microarrays

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

8.4K Görüntüleme.  Imperial College London. Burada adresli damlacık microarrays (ADM'ler), bir damlacık array tabanlı yöntemi mutlak protein bolluk içinde tek hücreleri belirlemek mümkün mevcut. Biz heterojenite tümör baskılayıcı protein p53 bir insan kanser hücre satırı ifade derecesinin ADM'ler kapasitesini göstermek.

Video: Counting Proteins in Single Cells with Addressable Droplet Microarrays

Application of Laser Micro-irradiation for Examination of Single and Double Strand Break Repair in Mammalian Cells

Highly coordinated DNA repair pathways exist to detect, excise and replace damaged DNA bases, and coordinate repair of DNA strand breaks. While molecular biology techniques have clarified structure, enzymatic functions, and kinetics of repair proteins, there is still a need to understand how repair is coordinated within the nucleus. Laser micro-irradiation offers a powerful tool for inducing DNA damage and monitoring the recruitment of repair proteins. Induction of DNA damage by laser micro-irradiation can occur with a range of wavelengths, and users can reliably induce single strand breaks, base lesions and double strand breaks with a range of doses. Here, laser micro-irradiation is used to examine repair of single and double strand breaks induced by two common confocal laser wavelengths, 355 nm and 405 nm. Further, proper characterization of the applied laser dose for inducing specific damage mixtures is described, so users can reproducibly perform laser micro-irradiation data acquisition and analysis.

Confocal fluorescence microscopy and laser micro-irradiation offer tools for inducing DNA damage and monitoring the response of DNA repair proteins in selected sub-nuclear areas. This technique has significantly advanced our knowledge of damage detection, signaling, and recruitment. This manuscript demonstrates these technologies to examine single and double strand break repair.

Lazer mikro-ile kullanma için tek incelenmesi ve çift Strand Break onarım memeli hücrelerinde

Highly coordinated DNA repair pathways exist to detect, excise and replace damaged DNA bases, and coordinate repair of DNA strand breaks. While molecular ...

Kanser Araştırmaları

Generation and Isolation of Cell Cycle-arrested Cells with Complex Karyotypes

Chromosome mis-segregation leads to aneuploidy, a condition in which cells harbor an imbalanced chromosome number. Several lines of evidence strongly indicate that aneuploidy triggers genome instability, ultimately generating cells with complex karyotypes that arrest their proliferation. Isolation and characterization of cells harboring complex karyotypes are crucial to study the impact of an imbalanced chromosome number on cell physiology. To date, no methods have been established to reliably isolate such aneuploid cells. This paper provides a protocol for the enrichment and analysis of aneuploid cells with complex karyotypes utilizing standard, inexpensive tissue culture techniques. This protocol can be used to analyze several features of aneuploid cells with complex karyotypes including their induced senescence-associated secretory phenotype, pro-inflammatory properties, and ability to interact with immune cells. Because cancer cells often harbor imbalances in chromosome number, it is crucial to decipher how aneuploidy impacts cell physiology in normal cells, with the ultimate goal of uncovering both its pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects.

Aneuploidy leads to genome instability, which eventually produces cell cycle-arrested cells with complex karyotypes. This paper provides a simple and convenient method to isolate aneuploid cells with complex karyotypes that cease to divide.

Üretimi ve yalıtım karmaşık Karyotypes içeren hücrelerin hücre döngüsü tutuklandı

Chromosome mis-segregation leads to aneuploidy, a condition in which cells harbor an imbalanced chromosome number. Several lines of evidence strongly ...

Desthiobiotin-Streptavidin-Affinity Mediated Purification of RNA-Interacting Proteins in Mesothelioma Cells

The in vitro RNA-pulldown is still largely used in the first steps of protocols aimed at identifying RNA-binding proteins that recognize specific RNA structures and motifs. In this RNA-pulldown protocol, commercially synthesized RNA probes are labeled with a modified form of biotin, desthiobiotin, at the 3' terminus of the RNA strand, which reversibly binds to streptavidin and thus allows elution of proteins under more physiological conditions. The RNA-desthiobiotin is immobilized through interaction with streptavidin on magnetic beads, which are used to pull down proteins that specifically interact with the RNA of interest. Non-denatured and active proteins from the cytosolic fraction of mesothelioma cells are used as the source of proteins. The method described here can be applied to detect the interaction between known RNA binding proteins and a 25-nucleotide (nt) long RNA probe containing a sequence of interest. This is useful to complete the functional characterization of stabilizing or destabilizing elements present in RNA molecules achieved using a reporter vector assay.

Desthiobiotin labeling of a synthetic 25-nucleotide RNA oligo, which contains an adenine-rich element (ARE) motif, allows specific binding of cytosolic ARE-binding protein.

Desthiobiotin-Streptavidin-benzeşme arıtma mezotelyoma hücrelerdeki RNA etkileşim proteinlerin aracılı

The in vitro RNA-pulldown is still largely used in the first steps of protocols aimed at identifying RNA-binding proteins that recognize specific RNA ...

Phospho Flow Cytometry with Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Single Cell Signaling Analysis and Biomarker Discovery

Aberrant cell signaling plays a central role in cancer development and progression. Most novel targeted therapies are indeed directed at proteins and protein functions, and cell signaling aberrations may therefore serve as biomarkers to indicate personalized treatment options. As opposed to DNA and RNA analyses, changes in protein activity can more efficiently evaluate the mechanisms underlying drug sensitivity and resistance. Phospho flow cytometry is a powerful technique that measures protein phosphorylation events at the cellular level, an important feature that distinguishes this method from other antibody-based approaches. The method allows for simultaneous analysis of multiple signaling proteins. In combination with fluorescent cell barcoding, larger medium- to high-throughput data-sets can be acquired by standard cytometer hardware in short time. Phospho flow cytometry has applications both in studies of basic biology and in clinical research, including signaling analysis, biomarker discovery and assessment of pharmacodynamics. Here, a detailed experimental protocol is provided for phospho flow analysis of purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells, using chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells as an example.

Here, a protocol for medium- to high-throughput analysis of protein phosphorylation events at the cellular level is presented. Phospho flow cytometry is a powerful approach to characterize signaling aberrations, identify and validate biomarkers, and assess pharmacodynamics.

Fosfo akış sitometresi ile floresan hücre barkodlama tek hücre Analizi ve biyomarker keşif sinyal

Aberrant cell signaling plays a central role in cancer development and progression. Most novel targeted therapies are indeed directed at proteins and ...

Using Microarrays to Interrogate Microenvironmental Impact on Cellular Phenotypes in Cancer

Understanding the impact of the microenvironment on the phenotype of cells is a difficult problem due to the complex mixture of both soluble growth factors and matrix-associated proteins in the microenvironment in vivo. Furthermore, readily available reagents for the modeling of microenvironments in vitro typically utilize complex mixtures of proteins that are incompletely defined and suffer from batch to batch variability. The microenvironment microarray (MEMA) platform allows for the assessment of thousands of simple combinations of microenvironment proteins for their impact on cellular phenotypes in a single assay. The MEMAs are prepared in well plates, which allows the addition of individual ligands to separate wells containing arrayed extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The combination of the soluble ligand with each printed ECM forms a unique combination. A typical MEMA assay contains greater than 2,500 unique combinatorial microenvironments that cells are exposed to in a single assay. As a test case, the breast cancer cell line MCF7 was plated on the MEMA platform. Analysis of this assay identified factors that both enhance and inhibit the growth and proliferation of these cells. The MEMA platform is highly flexible and can be extended for use with other biological questions beyond cancer research.

The purpose of the method presented here is to show how microenvironment microarrays (MEMA) can be fabricated and used to interrogate the impact of thousands of simple combinatorial microenvironments on the phenotype of cultured cells.

Kanser hücresel Phenotypes üzerinde Mikroçevresel etki Interrogate için Microdiziler kullanma

Understanding the impact of the microenvironment on the phenotype of cells is a difficult problem due to the complex mixture of both soluble growth ...

An Orthotopic Endometrial Cancer Model with Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy Made From In Vivo Propagated and Cultured VX2 Cells

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in North America and the incidence is rising worldwide. Treatment consists of surgery with or without adjuvant therapy depending on lymph node involvement as determined by lymphadenectomy. Lymphadenectomy is a morbid procedure, which has not been shown to have a therapeutic benefit in many patients, and thus a new method to diagnose lymph node metastases is required. To test novel imaging agents, a reliable model of endometrial cancer with retroperitoneal lymph node metastases is needed. The VX2 endometrial cancer model has been described frequently in the literature; however, significant variation exists with respect to the method of model establishment. Furthermore, no studies have reported on the use of cultured VX2 cells to create this model as only cells propagated in vivo have been previously used. Herein, we present a standardized surgical method and post-operative monitoring method for the establishment of the VX2 endometrial cancer model and report on the first use of cultured VX2 cells to create this model.

This protocol presents a standardized method to grow VX2 cells in culture and to create an orthotopic VX2 model of endometrial cancer with retroperitoneal lymph node metastases in rabbits. Orthotopic endometrial cancer models are important for the pre-clinical study of novel imaging modalities for the diagnosis of lymph node metastases.

Retroperitoneal Lenfadenopati li Ortotopik Endometriyal Kanser Modeli In Vivo Propagated ve Kültürlü VX2 Hücrelerinden Yapılmıştır

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in North America and the incidence is rising worldwide. Treatment consists of surgery with or ...

Droplet Digital TRAP (ddTRAP): Adaptation of the Telomere Repeat Amplification Protocol to Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

The telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) is the most widely used assay to detect telomerase activity within a given a sample. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method allows for robust measurements of enzyme activity from most cell lysates. The gel-based TRAP with fluorescently labeled primers limits sample throughput, and the ability to detect differences in samples is restricted to two fold or greater changes in enzyme activity. The droplet digital TRAP, ddTRAP, is a highly sensitive approach that has been modified from the traditional TRAP assay, enabling the user to perform a robust analysis on 96 samples per run and obtain absolute quantification of the DNA (telomerase extension products) input within each PCR. Therefore, the newly developed ddTRAP assay overcomes the limitations of the traditional gel-based TRAP assay and provides a more efficient, accurate, and quantitative approach to measuring telomerase activity within laboratory and clinical settings.

Droplet Digital TRAP ddTRAP: Adaptation of the Telomere Repeat Amplification Protocol to Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

We successfully converted the standard telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay to be employed in droplet digital polymerase chain reactions. This new assay, called ddTRAP, is more sensitive and quantitative, allowing for better detection and statistical analysis of telomerase activity within various human cells.

Damlacık dijital tuzak (ddTRAP): telomere tekrar amplifikasyon protokolünün droplet dijital polimeraz zincir reaksiyonuna adaptasyon

The telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) is the most widely used assay to detect telomerase activity within a given a sample. The polymerase ...

In Vivo Targeting of Xenografted Human Cancer Cells with Functionalized Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles in Zebrafish

Developing nanoparticles capable of detecting, targeting, and destroying cancer cells is of great interest in the field of nanomedicine. In vivo animal models are required for bridging the nanotechnology to its biomedical application. The mouse represents the traditional animal model for preclinical testing; however, mice are relatively expensive to keep and have long experimental cycles due to the limited progeny from each mother. The zebrafish has emerged as a powerful model system for developmental and biomedical research, including cancer research. In particular, due to its optical transparency and rapid development, zebrafish embryos are well suited for real-time in vivo monitoring of the behavior of cancer cells and their interactions with their microenvironment. This method was developed to sequentially introduce human cancer cells and functionalized nanoparticles in transparent Casper zebrafish embryos and monitor in vivo recognition and targeting of the cancer cells by nanoparticles in real time. This optimized protocol shows that fluorescently labeled nanoparticles, which are functionalized with folate groups, can specifically recognize and target metastatic human cervical epithelial cancer cells labeled with a different fluorochrome. The recognition and targeting process can occur as early as 30 min postinjection of the nanoparticles tested. The whole experiment only requires the breeding of a few pairs of adult fish and takes less than 4 days to complete. Moreover, zebrafish embryos lack a functional adaptive immune system, allowing the engraftment of a wide range of human cancer cells. Hence, the utility of the protocol described here enables the testing of nanoparticles on various types of human cancer cells, facilitating the selection of optimal nanoparticles in each specific cancer context for future testing in mammals and the clinic.

Described here is a method for utilizing zebrafish embryos to study the ability of functionalized nanoparticles to target human cancer cells in vivo. This method allows for the evaluation and selection of optimal nanoparticles for future testing in large animals and in clinical trials.

Zebrabalığında Fonksiyonel Floresan Silika Nano partikülleri ile Ksenogreftli İnsan Kanser Hücrelerinin Vivo Hedeflemesinde

Developing nanoparticles capable of detecting, targeting, and destroying cancer cells is of great interest in the field of nanomedicine. In vivo animal ...

In Vitro Evaluation of Oncogenic Transformation in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells

Tumorigenesis is a multi-step process in which cells acquire capabilities&#160;that allow their growth, survival, and dissemination under hostile conditions. Different tests seek to identify and quantify these hallmarks of cancerous cells; however, they often focus on a single aspect of cellular transformation and, in fact, multiple tests are required for their proper characterization. The purpose of this work is to provide researchers with a set of tools to assess cellular transformation in vitro from a broad perspective, thereby making it possible to draw sound conclusions.
A sustained proliferative signaling activation is the major feature of tumoral tissues and can be easily monitored under in vitro conditions by calculating the number of population doublings achieved over time. Besides, the growth of cells in 3D cultures allows their interaction with surrounding cells, resembling what occurs in vivo. This enables the evaluation of cellular aggregation and, together with immunofluorescent labeling of distinctive cellular markers, to obtain information on another relevant feature of tumoral transformation: the loss of proper organization. Another remarkable characteristic of transformed cells is their capacity to grow without attachment to other cells and to the extracellular matrix, which can be evaluated with the anchorage assay.
Detailed experimental procedures to evaluate cell growth rate, to perform immunofluorescent labeling of cell lineage markers in 3D cultures, and to test anchorage-independent cell growth in soft agar are provided. These methodologies are optimized for Breast Primary Epithelial Cells (BPEC) due to its relevance in breast cancer; however, procedures can be applied to other cell types after some adjustments.

This protocol provides experimental in vitro tools to evaluate the transformation of human mammary cells. Detailed steps to follow-up cell proliferation rate, anchorage-independent growth capacity, and distribution of cell lineages in 3D cultures with basement membrane matrix are described.

İnsan Meme Epitel Hücrelerinde Onkojenik Dönüşümün İn Vitro Değerlendirilmesi

Tumorigenesis is a multi-step process in which cells acquire capabilities&#160;that allow their growth, survival, and dissemination under hostile ...

Multiparametric Tumor Organoid Drug Screening Using Widefield Live-Cell Imaging for Bulk and Single-Organoid Analysis

Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) hold great promise for preclinical and translational research and predicting the patient therapy response from ex vivo drug screenings. However, current adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-based drug screening assays do not capture the complexity of a drug response (cytostatic or cytotoxic) and intratumor heterogeneity that has been shown to be retained in PDTOs due to a bulk readout. Live-cell imaging is a powerful tool to overcome this issue and visualize drug responses more in-depth. However, image analysis software is often not adapted to the three-dimensionality of PDTOs, requires fluorescent viability dyes, or is not compatible with a 384-well microplate format. This paper describes a semi-automated methodology to seed, treat, and image PDTOs in a high-throughput, 384-well format using conventional, widefield, live-cell imaging systems. In addition, we developed viability marker-free image analysis software to quantify growth rate-based drug response metrics that improve reproducibility and correct growth rate variations between different PDTO lines. Using the normalized drug response metric, which scores drug response based on the growth rate normalized to a positive and negative control condition, and a fluorescent cell death dye, cytotoxic and cytostatic drug responses can be easily distinguished, profoundly improving the classification of responders and non-responders. In addition, drug-response heterogeneity can by quantified from single-organoid drug response analysis to identify potential, resistant clones. Ultimately, this method aims to improve the prediction of clinical therapy response by capturing a multiparametric drug response signature, which includes kinetic growth arrest and cell death quantification.

This protocol describes a semi-automated method for medium- to high-throughput organoid drug screenings and microscope-agnostic, automated image analysis software to quantify and visualize multiparametric, single-organoid drug responses to capture intratumor heterogeneity.

Toplu ve Tek-Organoid Analizi için Geniş Alan Canlı Hücre Görüntüleme Kullanılarak Multiparametrik Tümör Organoid İlaç Taraması

Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) hold great promise for preclinical and translational research and predicting the patient therapy response from ex ...